Nyligen i min nyhetsfeed kom jag för att se en anteckning om att den 21 februari var den internationella modersmålsdagen, detta “väckte mitt intresse” ytterligare, så jag började läsa på vad firandet handlade om och det ledde mig in i området utrotningshotade språk.
Min familj på min mors sida talar ett döende språk som heter Meänkieli, som talas i Torne älvs dalen. Meänmaa (Meänkieli för “Vårt land”‘ är namnet på detta område i Meänkieli. Jag växte inte upp i detta område, jag lärde mig aldrig språket, och min mamma var inte intresserad av att lära ut det till mig och mina syskon även när vi tillbringar de flesta somrarna i Meänmaa.
Det fanns många gånger som vuxen att jag skulle ha haft användning av att kunna det meänkieliska språket, jag minns en gång jag var där uppe för att besöka familjen, min moster tog mig för att träffa min farfars bror, vi kunde inte kommunicera utan min moster, eftersom min farfars bror inte talade svenska, han talade Meänkieli och Finska som jag inte kunde tala.
Varför säger jag detta, Meänkieli råkar vara ett av de utrotningshotade språken och det leder mig till att få mer kunskap om hur många utrotningshotade språk det finns runt om i världen. Jag byggde en datapipeline från en dataset jag fick från The Endangered Languages Database
Datapipeline
Datapipelinen är enkel, jag använde Google Sheets och Google Data Studio för att skapa den här kartan.
Arkitekturen för datapipeline
Jag importerade datauppsättningen jag laddar ner från The Endangered Languages Database till Google Sheet, jag gjorde ingen datarensning snarare använde data som det är, det enda jag gjorde var att lägga till en rubrikrad i datauppsättningen i Google Sheet och sätta några kolumnnamn i den.
Endangered Languages
| id | language_code | Language | language_family | status | speakers | origin | details | desc1 | desc2 | Country | Region | Geo-locations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,645 | knw | !Xun | Ju; !Xun (Ekoka); Kung-Ekoka; !Kung; Ekoka-!Xû; Kung; !Ku; !Xu; !Hu; Qxü !Khung; !Xung; Ekoka; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000-18,000 | Kx’a | Southeastern !Xun, Northwestern !Xun, Central !Xun | South Africa;Namibia;Angola; | Africa | -28.74358,23.983154; -17.560247, 18.050537; -19.621892, 20.253296; -21.749296, 19.896240 | ||
| 3,956 | bpk | Ôrôê | Orowe; Boewe; Neukaledonien; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 590 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.4223,165.4678 | |||
| 1,933 | taa | (Lower) Tanana | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Dene (Athabaskan) | Minto-Nenana; Salcha; Chena | Tanana is the language of the Lower Tanana river, extending from Salcha through Fairbanks and Nenana to the Minto Flats. | USA; | North America | 65.157778, -149.37;64.521111, -146.980556;64.558056,-149.090556 | ||
| 1,043 | con | A’ingae | Kofane; Cofán; Kofán; A’i; A’ingaé; Colin; Kofan; A’ingae; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Isolate; South American | Colombia;Ecuador; | South America | 0.054639, -77.409417 | |||
| 3,581 | aas | Aasáx | Asax; Asá; Aasá; Assa; Asak; “Ndorobo”; “Dorobo”; Lamanik; Il Konono; Asa; Aasax; | Dormant | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; South Cushitic | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.1948,37.738 | |||
| 2,011 | abg; abag1245 | Abaga | Wagaba; Wagama; Vaga | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Nuclear Trans-New Guinea; Kainantu-Goroka; Siane-Yagaria; Kamano-Yagaria | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.12,145.66 | |||
| 3,584 | abf | Abai Sungai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Sabahan | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.587, 118.3695 | ||||
| 10,590 | aau | Abau | Green River; Djarok | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >7,000 | Sepik | Central; Down-River; Down-River Border; Up-River | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.97, 141.32 | ||
| 1,415 | abq; abaz1241 | Abaza | абаза бызшва; Abazintsy; Abazin; Ahuwa; Tapanta; Ashuwa; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 47,880 | Northwest Caucasian; Abkhaz-Adyghe; Abkhaz-Abazin | Ashkaraua/Ashkherewa (Ashkar, Ashkharywa, Ashxar, Shkaruau); Bezshagh; T’ap’anta; Psyzh-Krasnovostok; Abazakt; Apsua; Kubin-Elburgan; Kuvin | Abaza belongs to the Abkhazo-Adyghian group of the Caucasian languages. It is close to Abkhaz, but contains also elements characteristic of Kabardian. Of all languages spoken in the former USSR, Abaza phonetics are considered the most difficult. The Abaza language is divided into two dialects corresponding to the two kinship communities Tapanta and Shkaraua. There are five subdialects: Abazakt, Apsua, Kubin-Elburgan, Kuvin and Psyzh-Krasnovostok. (The Redbook of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, 2008) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 44.0,42.0 | |
| 9,669 | abp | Abellen Ayta | Abenlen; Ayta Abenlen Sambal; Aburlin Negrito; Sambal | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Luzon | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
| 1,763 | bsa; abin1243 | Abinomn | Avinomen; “Baso”; Foya; Foja; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.92, 138.89 | |||
| 3,847 | aob | Abom | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15 | Trans-New Guinea; Tirio | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8.424996376, 142.9303589 | ||||
| 10,638 | ado | Abu | Adjora; Adjoria; Azao | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,347 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Grass | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.24, 144.47 | |||
| 10,569 | aah | Abu’ | Abu’ Arapesh; Ua | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,560 | Torricelli; Arapeshan | Matapau | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.4, 142.8 | ||
| 1,381 | abz | Abui | Barue; “Barawahing”; Namatalaki; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Atimelang; Kobola; Alakaman; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||
| 10,730 | kgr | Abun | Karon Pantai; Madik; Yimbun | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3000 | Isolate; Pacific | Abun Ji /l/; Abun Ji /r/; Abun Ye; Abun Tat | “There are four identifiable dialects all of which are mutually intelligible, although intelligibility decreases when greater geographic distance is involved.” (Berry and Berry 1999:1) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.52, 132.19; -0.66, 131.91 | |
| 641 | aca | Achagua | Achagua; Xagua; Ajagua; Achawa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 283 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Colombia; | South America | 4.41666666667,-72.25 | |||
| 1,520 | guq | Aché | Axe; Guaiaqui; Guoyagui; Guayakí; Guayaki-Ache; Guayaki; Guayaquí; Guaiaqui; Guajaki; Guoyagui; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guaranian | Northern Aché; Yvyturuzu Aché; Ñacunday (Southern) Aché; Ypeti Aché | Paraguay; | South America | -25.25,-55.1666666667 | ||
| 3,591 | acz | Acheron | Garme; Asheron; Aceron; Achurun; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70,000 | Niger-Congo; Talodi | Eastern Acheron; Western Acheron; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.809,30.2453 | ||
| 647 | acr | Achi’ | Rabinal K’iche’; Achí; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 51,593 | Mayan; K’ichean | Cubulco, Rabinal. Some consider Cubulco a dialect of K’iche’, and many consider all of Achi’, Rabinal and Cubulco, to be just varieties of K’iche’. They are mutually intelligible. | Considered a dialect of K’iche’ by many linguists. | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.1666666667,-90.5 | |
| 648 | acu | Achuar | Achual; Achuar-Shiwiar; Achuale; Achuara; Jívaro; Maina | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,443 | Chicham family (Jivaroan) | Kaufman (2007: 69) considers Jívaro a “language area” with two emergent languages, Jívaro and Aguaruna. Shuar, Achuar, Aguaruna, and Huambisa are closely related languages or dialects of a single language. | Peru;Ecuador; | South America | -2.876318, -77.586775 | ||
| 1,004 | acv | Achumawi | Achumawi; Achomawi; Pitt River; Achoma’wi; Achowawi; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Palaihnihan | Downriver dialect groups: Madesiwi, Itsatawi, Ilmawi, Achumawi (proper); Upriver dialect groups: Atwamwi, Astariwawi, Kosalektawi, Hammawi, Hewisedawi | USA; | North America | 41.320107,-121.129761 | ||
| 650 | kjq | Acoma-Laguna | Western Keres Pueblo; Western Keresan; Acoma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Keresan | Acoma; Laguna | USA; | North America | 34.8964,-107.5816 | ||
| 6,909 | ads | Adamorobe Sign Language | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35 | Sign Language; African | Ghana; | Africa | 5.859378, -0.197951 | ||||
| 9,470 | adn | Adang | Alor; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.195, 124.484 | |||
| 2,827 | tiu | Adasen Itneg | Adasen; Addasen Tinguian; Addasen; Itneg, Adasen | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Cagayan Valley | Western Addasen; Eastern Addasen; | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | |||
| 1,130 | adi | Adi | 崩尼-博嘎爾语; Lho-Pa; Abhor; Abor; Boga’er Luoba; Luoba; Lhoba; Boga’er; Bengni-Boga’er; Bokar; Adi-Bokar; Na Bengni; Bengni; Miri; Abor-Miri; Miśing | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,190 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ashing; Bokar; Tangam; Shimong; Gallong; Minyong; Pasi; Pailibo; Bori; Karko; Pangi; Padam; Komkar; Ramo | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 28.526319,93.115814 | |
| 10,754 | dth | Adithinngithigh | Adetingiti | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | “According to Sutton (2001:459), this is a member of Northern Paman, and it is separate from Arraythinngith.” (AUSTLANG) | Australia; | Australia | -12.887711, 141.717248 | ||
| 3,593 | adt | Adnyamathanha | Adynyamathanha; Wailpi; Wailbi; Waljbi; Wipie; Ad’n’amadana; Anjimatana; Anjiwatana; Archualda; Benbakanjamata; Binbarnja; Gadjnjamada; Jandali; Kanjimata; Keydnjmarda; Mardala; Nimalda; Nuralda; Unyamootha; Umbertana; Adnyamathana; Anjamutina; Anyamatana; Kudnamietha; Kutchamoota; Keydnjamarda; Mardula; Nimbalda; Nimbaldi; Atnyamathanha; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Australia; | Australia | -30.83714135,139.1215397 | |||
| 581 | adz | Adzera | Azera, Acira, Atzera, Atsera | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Amari; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.39, 146.29 | ||
| 3,596 | aeq | Aer | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Jikrio Goth Aer; Jamesabad Aer | Pakistan; | South Asia | 25.272921, 69.290285 | |||
| 3,600 | aft | Afitti | Ditti; Unietti; Affitti; Dinik; Affiti; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Nyimang | Afitti; Ditti | Sudan; | Africa | |||
| 2,799 | ulf | Afra | Usku | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~115 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.5449,140.7499 | |||
| 10,069 | 5qc | Aftari | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest; Semnan area | Iran; | Near East | 35.36, 53.7 | ||||
| 3,879 | avo | Agavotaguerra | Agavotoküeng; Agavotoqüeng; Agavo-queng | Dormant () | 0 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Central | Agayotoguerra may be a dialect of Yawalapití. Ethnologue (2106) lists it as “unclassified” and related to Waurá [wau] and to Yawalapití [yaw]; for number of speakers it gives “10 (extinct)”. “The Agavotoqëng are a tropical forest tribe who live in the Xingú park, Mato Grosso state, Brazil; their village is on the east side of the Xingú River, between the Kuluene and Kurizevo rivers. The tribe numbers fewer than 100; they speak a language similar to that of the Yawalapití, from whom they may have broken away at some earlier time. The tribe maintains isolation form other groups in the Xingú Indian Park.” (Villas Boas, Orlando and Cláudio Villas Boas. 1973. Xingú: The Indians, their Myths.) | Brazil; | South America | -13.30, -53.44 | ||
| 6,661 | gtu | Aghu-Tharnggala | Aghu Tharnggalu; Kuku-Mini; Ikarranggali; Aghu-Tharrnggala; Aghu; Agu-Tarnggele; Aku-Danggela; Darnggele; Darnggelle; Aghu Tharnggala; Gogo Mini; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -15.11729919, 145.810382 | ||
| 921 | agx | Aghul | Agul; агъул чӀал; Ağul ç’al; агульский язык; Aghulshuy; Aguly; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <18,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Agul; Gekxun; Koshan; Keren; | Russia;Azerbaijan; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 41.75,47.6666666667 | ||
| 10,554 | aif | Agi | Metru | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 670 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.49, 142.39 | |||
| 1,565 | agr | Aguaruna | Aguajun; Ahuajun; Awaruna; Awahun; Awajún; Aguaruna; Aents | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~55,000 | Chicham family (Jivaroan) | Known to its speakers as iiniá chicham. | Peru; | South America | -5.0,-78.0 | ||
| 3,806 | aug | Aguna | Awuna; Agunaco; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,470 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Benin; | Africa | ||||
| 3,334 | wmi | Agwamin | Ak Waumin; Ak-Waumin; Egwamin; Ewamin; Gwamin; Wailoolo; Walamin; Walming; Waumin; Wawmin; Wimanja; Wommin; Wakaman; Warkaman; Warkeeman; Warkamin; Warkeemon;Wamin; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.83386864,144.2350367 | ||
| 10,816 | axam1237 | Ahamb | Axamb; Akhamb; Akamb; naujin sdrato [nauˈtʃin sndraˈto] ‘our language’ | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 968 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu; Southeastern Malekula | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.517, 167.652 | |||
| 3,690 | ahn | Àhàn | Ahaan; Ahan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Defoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.762, 5.724 | |||
| 761 | aht | Ahtna | Ahtena; Nabesna; Tanana; Ah-tena; Atna; Copper River; Mednovskiy; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | USA; | North America | 62.7547,-144.3164 | |||
| 669 | tba | Aikanã | Aikaná; Huarí; Warí; Masaká; Tubarão; Kasupá; Mundé; Corumbiara; Huari; Tubaro; Wari; Uari; Kolumbiara; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 175-200 | Isolate; South American | Masaká; | Brazil; | South America | -12.6666666667,-60.6666666667 | ||
| 10,552 | ymo | Aiku | Yangum Mon; Malek; Menandon; Minendon; Monanda; Monandu; Umgrak-Aiku | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 819 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
| 3,699 | ail | Aimele | Eibela; Kware; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Trans-New Guinea; Awyu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.751896, 142.745361 | |||
| 3,700 | aim | Aimol | Langrong; Aimal; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,640 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Langrong; | India; | South Asia | 24.4971,93.6145 | ||
| 3,692 | aic | Ainbai | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 110 | Border; Bewani | Laycock (1973) identifies the two Ainbai-speaking villages as speaking Pagi [pgi], but Brown (1980) classifies Ainbai as a separate language. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.1, 141.2 | |||
| 3,691 | aib | Ainu (China) | Aynu; Aini; Abdal; Eynu; Äynu; 艾努語 | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 12,000 | Turkic; Central Asian Turkic | China; | East Asia | 43.843, 87.633; 37.887, 77.417; 37.164, 79.941 | |||
| 1,212 | ain | Ainu (Japan) | Ainu Itak; Aynu itak; Kurili; アイヌ イタㇰ; アイヌ語; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Isolate | Hokkaido; Taraika; Sakhalin; Kuril | Japan; | East Asia | 43.0,143.0 | ||
| 10,644 | aki | Aiome | Ayom | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 620 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Middle Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.13, 144.76 | |||
| 10,330 | mmq | Aisi | Musak; Green Miao; Blue Miao; Red Miao; White Miao; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.405093, 145.175755 | |||
| 10,349 | nfl | Äiwoo | Reef; Ayiwo; Naaude; Aiwo; Gnivo; Nivo; Nifilole; Lomlom; Reef Islands; Reefs; Äiwo; Aïwo; Reef Islands-Santa Cruz Sub-Family | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,926 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Temotu | Although children are still learning Äiwoo, the language is in danger from rising sea levels. Speakers may need to move to Santa Cruz or Honiara to survive in the longer term, leading to an increase in the use of Pijin, and potentially the disappearance of the Äiwoo language. | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -9.438950, -171.205463;-10.303377, 166.306967 | ||
| 3,703 | aja | Aja | Ajja; Adja; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Kresh-Aja | Sudan; | Africa | 7.33333333333,25.6666666667 | |||
| 8,889 | muc | Ajumbu | Mbu’ | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200-300 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
| 1,269 | akq | Ak | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <80 | Sepik; Yellow River | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.6093,141.6604 | ||||
| 5,054 | soh | Aka | Sillok; Jebels Sillok; Jebel Silak; Fa-C-Aka; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few hundred | Eastern Jebel | Sudan; | Africa | 11.0112,34.2333 | |||
| 10,715 | akm | Aka-Bo | Bo; Ba | Dormant () | Great Andamanese; | India; | South Asia | 13.270513, 92.837538 | ||||
| 10,716 | ack | Aka-Kora | Kora; Khora; Aka-Khora; Aka-Cora; | Dormant () | Great Andamanese; | India; | South Asia | 13.390518, 93.040969 | ||||
| 651 | knj | Akateko | Acatec; Kanjobal (Western); Kanjobal, Western; Acateco; Acatec; San Miguel Acatán Kanjobal; Conob; Western Kanjobal; Western Q’anjob’al; Kanjobal de San Miguel Acatán; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,572 | Mayan; Q’anjob’alan-Chujean | Guatemala;Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.8333333333,-91.8333333333 | |||
| 3,698 | aik | Ake | Aike; Akye; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.947480, 8.835342 | |||
| 3,597 | aeu | Akeu | Aki; Akui; 阿克 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China;Myanmar;Thailand; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 21.5833,101.0166 | |||
| 941 | akv | Akhvakh | Axvax; Ашвaлъи мицIи; авахский язык; Akhwakh | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | Kaxib; | The Akhvakh language belongs to the Andi subgroup of the Avar-Ando-Dido or northwestern group of the Dagestan languages and is divided into two dialects: North-Akhvakh and South-Akhvakh. The first is homogeneous, while the latter is further divided into the Tlyanub and Tsegob subdialects. The difference between the South-Avar and North-Avar is rather considerable and users of the two dialects prefer communicating in the Avar language. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, 2008) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.3333333333,46.3333333333 | |
| 942 | sia | Akkala Saami | Ahkkil; Babino Saami; Akkalansaame; ču´kksuâlis; бабинский саамский язык; Аккала; Babinsk; Akkala Sami; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Uralic; Saami | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 67.774470, 32.126267 | |||
| 4,663 | miw | Akoye | Mahigi; Akoinkake; Lohiki; Obi; Mai-Hea-Ri; Maihiri; Angoya; Akoyi; Maiheari; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Trans-New Guinea; Angan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.814405, 145.675964; -7.963272, 145.775442 | |||
| 537 | aku | Akum | Anyar; Okum; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukunoid; Yukuben-Kuteb | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 6.73,9.9316 | |||
| 1,567 | aqz | Akuntsú | Akunsu; Akunts’u | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Tupian; Tuparian | The Akuntsú people are survivors of a genocide promoted by the colonizers and settlers of the Southeastern region of Rondônia during the last three decades of the 20th century. They were first contacted by the National Foundation of Indians of Brazil (FUNAI) only in 1995. | Brazil; | South America | -10.9, -63.6 | ||
| 1,568 | ako | Akuriyo | Tiriyometesem; Triometesen; Akurio; Akoerio; Akuri; Akurijo; Akuliyo; Oyaricoulet; Triometesem; Wama; Wayaricuri; | Cariban; Guianan | Suriname; | South America | 2.8442,-55.7556 | |||||
| 6,998 | syy | Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language | ABSL | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >150 | Sign Language; Near Eastern | Israel; | Near East | 30.377614, 34.886169 | |||
| 670 | akz | Alabama | Alibamu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250-300 | Muskogean | USA; | North America | 30.7158,-94.7028 | |||
| 943 | nog-tat | Alabugat Tatar | Nogai-Tatar; Tatar-Noghay; Alabugat Tatar-Nogai; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Turkic; Kipchak | Nogay | Outlying dialect of Nogay with deep influences from Tartar and other Turkic languages, in particular, Kalmyk. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 43.59, 46.66 | |
| 8,195 | ala | Alago | Aragu; Arago; Argo; Idoma Nokwu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Idomoid | Agwatashi; Keana; Doma; Assaikio; | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.110174, 9.142930;8.492577, 8.518839 | ||
| 5,988 | wbj | Alagwa | Alagwaisi; Alagwase; Alawa; Chasi; Asi; Wasi; Kialagwa; Wasai; Uwassi; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; South Cushitic | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.5,35.75 | |||
| 10,616 | amp | Alamblak | Arambak | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Eastern Sepik Hill | Karawari; Kuvenmas | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.66, 143.32 | ||
| 3,832 | alh | Alawa | Alaua; Allaura; Allawa; Allowa; Allowiri; Allua; Alowa; Galawa; Galleewo; Kallana; Kallaua; Leealowa; Warliburru; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17 | Gunwinyguan; Maran | Australia; | Australia | -15.53391918,134.2028228 | |||
| 8,792 | sant1448, sant1450 | Albarradas Zapotec | Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec; Zapotec; Albarradas; Zapoteco de Santo Domingo Albarradas | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,500 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Santo Domingo Albarradas; San Miguel | 1 of approx. 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI distinguish varieties of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approximately 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major groups (language areas): (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.066921, -96.200710 |
| 4,184 | gah | Alekano | Gahuku; Gafuku; Gahuku-Gama; Zo’maga; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Kainantu-Goroka | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.0,145.416666667 | |||
| 671 | ale | Aleut | Unangan; Unangam Tunuu; алеутский язык; Унáҥам Тунý; Унаңан; Unanghan; Amara; Aleutian; Ungangan; Unangany; アレウト語; アリュート語; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70-100 | Eskimo-Aleut; Aleut | dialects: Attu (Western), Atka and Unalaska (Eastern). The present-day Aleuts are bilingual. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, 2008) | Russia;USA; | Caucasus;Europe;North America;East Asia | 54.7212,-164.4433; 52.2304,-174.1978 | ||
| 10,642 | afk, afp | Alfendio | Arafundi; Nanubae; Aunda; Kapagmai; Tapei; Imboin; Lower Arafundi; Upper Arafundi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 633 | Arafundi | The Arafundi languages are closely related, possibly forming a dialect chain. In the Catalogue they are classified as three languages, but this is not the only possible categorization. Ethnologue (18th edition) includes two entries that correspond to what Laycock (1973) identifies as Alfendio: Nanubae [afk] and Tapei [afp]. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.75, 143.64 | ||
| 944 | cat-alg | Algherese Catalan | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000-30,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Catalan | An outlying dialect of Catalan, spoken in the northwest of Sardinia. It has been spoken in the area since Catalan invaders repopulated the city of Alghero (L’Alguer in Catalan) after expelling the indigenous Sardinian population in 1372 AD. | Italy; | Europe | 40.564318,8.328667 | ||
| 7,175 | 1kt | Alipur Sign Language | APSL | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; South Asian | India; | South Asia | |||||
| 3,833 | all | Allar | Alan; Alanmar; Alar; Allan; Chatans | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Dravidian; South-Central Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.108169,76.166224 | |||
| 3,693 | aid | Alngith | Alngidh; Alingid; Laynngithy; Lengiti; Lenngiti; Alngid; Limrett; Laynngith; Winduwinda; Alingit; Alŋit̯; Laynŋit̯; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -12.57310489,141.8691543 | ||
| 10,856 | Alto Huallaga Quechua | Upper Huallaga Quechua; Eastern Huánuco Quechua; | Quechuan; Quechua I; | According to Torero (1964), this (Alto Huallaga) is an area with separate characteristics, distinct from Huallaga Quechua. | Peru; | South America | ||||||
| 8,114 | qvm | Alto Marañón Quechua | Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua; Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua; Upper Marañón Quechua | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 83,400 | Quechuan; Quechua I | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Alto Marañón Quechua [qvm] is sometimes listed as an alternate name of Alto Huallaga [qub], as both are Ap-am-ah Central Quechuan languages. However, according to some linguists the two are different languages, and according to others they are dialects. This area corresponds to the Upper Marañón Valley in southwestern Huánuco; this variant should be close to Huallaga (Huánuco) Quechua (Willem Adelaar personal communication). | Peru; | South America | -9.932, -76.242 | ||
| 10,547 | dia | Alu | Dia; Galu; Metru; Sinagen | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,880 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.39, 142.25 | |||
| 3,567 | xua | Alu Kurumba | Alu Kurumba Nonstandard Kannada; Pal Kurumba; Hal Kurumba; Kurumba, Alu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.35, 76.80 | |||
| 1,329 | alp | Alune | Sapalewa; Patasiwa Alfoeren; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Kairatu; North Coastal Alune; Central West Alune; South Alune; Central East Alune; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.0637,128.3752 | ||
| 7,249 | yna | Aluo | 阿羅語; Ala; Naluo; Yala; Lila; Laka; Gan Yi | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <40,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 25.9368, 102.1839 | |||
| 672 | ems | Alutiiq | Sugpiaq; Pacific Gulf Yupik;; Sugpiak; “Eskimo”; Chugach “Eskimo”; Koniag-Chugach; Suk; Sugcestun; South Alaska “Eskimo”; Yupik (Pacific Gulf ); šuk/suk Sugpiaq; “Aleut”; アリュティーク語; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Yupik | Koniag, Chugach | USA; | North America | 57.793056, -152.394167 | ||
| 947 | alr | Alutor | Alyutor; Алюторский язык; nəməlʔu; Aliutor; Olyutor; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Chukotko-Kamchatkan; Chukotkan | Alutorskij (Alutor); Karaginskij (Koryak); Palanskij (Palana); | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 61.0,165.0 | ||
| 3,878 | avd | Alviri-Vidari | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Vidar; Alvir | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036, 48.2519 | ||||
| 5,249 | aly | Alyawarr | Alyawarra; Alyawarre; Aljawara; Iliaura; Yowera; Illiaura; Iljaura; Ilyuarra; Illyowra; Aliawara; Aliwara; Alja:wara; Yalyuwara; Alyawara; Jaljuwara; Ilawara; Ilja:wara; Iljauara; Iljawara; Illaura; Illura; Iloura; Ilyauarra; Ilyaurra; Ilyawara; Ilyowra; Ilywara; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,664 | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Australia; | Australia | -22.29152242,135.9637093 | |||
| 10,662 | amm | Ama | Sawiyanu; Waniabu; Neinbonei | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Left May | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.20, 141.66 | |||
| 1,330 | amq | Amahai | Amahei | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Makariki; Rutah; Soahuku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.3352, 128.9314 | ||
| 674 | amc | Amahuaca | Amawaka; Ameuhaque; Sayaco; Ipitineri; Amaguaco; Amawaka language area; | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Inuvaken; Viwivakeu; Nishinawa (extinct); Yumanawa (extinct); | Isconahua [isc] is either a dialect of Amahuaca or a separate language; Ethnologue lists it as a separate language. | Brazil;Peru; | South America | -10.5,-72.5 | |||
| 10,582 | aad | Amal | Amel; Alai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 388 | Sepik | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.05, 142.00 | |||
| 10,377 | kzg, xug, ryn, okn, ams, tkn, yox | Amami | Kikai; Kunigami; Northern Amami-Oshima; Oki-no-Erabu; Southern Amami-Oshima; Toku-no-Shima; Yoron; Ryukyuan; Oshima; Osima; Oosima; Northern Ryukyuan; Amami-Osima; Okinoerabu; Okierabu; Tokunosima; 奄美語; 奄美方言; 国頭語; 国頭方言; Shimayumuta; 島口; シマユムタ; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~37,000 | Japonic; Ryukyuan; Northern Ryukyuan | Onotsu; Nago; Sani; Naze; West Oki-No-Erabu; East Oki-No-Erabu; Kametsu | Pellard (2015), whose classification is used here, considers Okinawan and Amami to be separate. According to Niinaga (2015), Northern Okinawan dialects are grouped together with Amami dialects. According to other analyses, the Amami language consists of Kikai (kzg), Kunigami (xug), Northern Amami-Oshima (ryn), Oki-no-Erabu (okn), Southern Amami-Oshima (ams), Toku-no-Shima (tkn), and Yoron (yox). | Japan; | East Asia | 28.31,129.982;27.3738,128.619;28.1955,129.285;27.7736,128.961;27.0407,128.428 | |
| 10,670 | amn | Amanab | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Border; Waris | Northern; Western; Eastern | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -3.55, 141.18 | |||
| 3,836 | ama | Amanayé | Amanajé; Manaze; Amanage; Manaxo; Manajo; Manazo; Amanyé; Anambé; Guajá; Urubú; Amanajé; Amanayé language area; | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Xingu | Brazil; | South America | -3.7327,-49.1088 | |||||
| 3,694 | aie | Amara | Longa; Bibling | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <231 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | “… [T]here are two alternate names for the Amara language, Longa and Bibling. Though the Amara people recognize those names, they reported that they prefer their language to be called Amara.” (Carter, et al. 2012) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.516550, 148.765182; -5.485110, 148.676949; -5.533295, 148.588715 | ||
| 9,171 | aaz | Amarasi | Timor Amarasi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Ro’is Hero (Kopa); Ro’is; Kotos; Ro’is Tais Nonof; | Part of Uab Meto language chain. Similar to Uab Meto [aoz], but with differences in phonology, vocabulary, and discourse, with semantic shifts, structural differences, intelligibility problems. Ro’is Tais Nonof dialect has intonation like Ro’is dialect, vocabulary like Kotos dialect. Southwest tip of Timor Island. 80 villages. Kotos is central and east, Ro’is is west, Ro’is Tais Nonof is south, Ro’is Hero surrounded by Helong. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||
| 10,955 | amat1238, coat1244 | Amatec Zapotec | Amatlán Zapotec, Coatecas Altas Zapotec | Otomanguean; Zapotecan; Southern Trade Network | Coatecas Altas, Amatlán, Logueche | In Zapotec the language is known as /díʔʐzæ̂/. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||
| 10,639 | aew | Ambakich | Aion; Porapora | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 770 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Grass | Northern; Southern | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.20, 144.25 | ||
| 6,310 | ael | Ambele | Tinta; Ambala; Bata’o; Lembala; Tentwa’; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Alternate names are self-reported by Ambele-speaking people according to Ayotte and Ayotte, 2002. | Cameroon; | Africa | 5.868,9.765 | ||
| 10,606 | abt, wos | Ambulas | Abelam; Abulas; Ambelas; Hanga Hundi; Kwasengen; West Wosera | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 33,000 | Sepik; Ndu | Wosera; West Wosera; Maprik | Ethnologue (18th edition) lists separate entries for “Ambulas” [abt] and “Hanga Hundi” [wos], the latter of which is considered a dialect (called “West Wosera”) by Laycock (1973). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.78, 143.06 | |
| 4,589 | amj | Amdang | Mimi; Mima; Mututu; Biltine; Andang; Andangti; Mime; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Furan | Chad; | Africa | 14.624780, 20.944645; 13.719374, 20.768572; | ||||
| 8,740 | aqd | Ampari | Ampari Dogon; Ambeenge; Ampari; Pignari | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,200 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; West Dogon | Mali; | Africa | 14.257728, -3.90712 | |||
| 1,333 | law-amp | Ampibabo | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
| 2,012 | amt | Amto | Ki; Siwai; Siawi; Siafli | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 230 | Amto-Musan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.052936077, 141.3284454 | |||
| 1,646 | ame | Amuesha | Amuexa; Yanesha’; Amoesha; Yanesha; Amuese; Amueixa; Amoishe; Amagues; Amage; Omage; Amajo; Lorenzo; Amuetamo; Amaje; | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Western | Peru; | South America | -10.5,-75.4166666667 | |||||
| 8,556 | 1ot | Amur Nivkh | Nivx; Gilyak; амурский нивхский язык; Nivukhi; Ghilyak; Ghiliak; Gelyak; Giriyaaku; Нивхгу диф; Ньиғвӈгун; гиляцкий язык; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Nivkh | Nivkh is often regarded as an isolate, but, like Ainu, it may also be viewed as a small family, comprising two closely related, but mutually unintelligible, languages; attempts to demonstrate the existence of a genetic connection between Nivkh and other families have not given generally accepted results. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 53.2684,140.4107 | ||
| 1,382 | amg | Amurdak | Wureidbug; Amurag; A’moordiyu; Amarak; Amardak; Amurdag; Amurrag; Amurrak; Amurtak; Amuruk; Mamurug; Monobar; Namurug; Nga:mr:rak; Nga:mu:rak; Ngamurag; Ngamurak; Umoreo; Umoriu; Umorrdak; Wardadjbak; Woraidbug;Amarag; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3-5 | Iwaidjan | Gidjurra; Urrirrk; | Australia; | Australia | -11.149603,132.576973 | ||
| 8,598 | anw | Anaang | Anang; Annang; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 733,040 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Ikot Ekpene; Ukanafun; Abak; | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.193697,7.933819; 4.990398,7.763793; 4.943625,7.577806; 4.846049,7.749283; | ||
| 9,909 | akg | Anakalangu | Anakalang | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >25,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -9.576376, 119.586182 | |||
| 675 | anm | Anal | Namfau; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Mulsom; Laizo; | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 24.1517,93.9385 | |||
| 4,954 | pda | Anam | Pondoma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,070 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.811839, 145.008545 | |||
| 1,570 | aan | Anambé of Cairarí | Anambé | Dormant () | Ø | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Xingu | Not to be confused with Anambé of Ehrenreich. | Brazil; | South America | |||
| 5,448 | ajn | Andajin | Andidja; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Worrorran; Southern Worrorran | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.37660823,126.2592854 | ||
| 10,656 | aod | Andarum | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 830 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Ataitan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.49, 144.77 | ||||
| 10,777 | Ande | Morouas | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.470705,166.936238; | ||||
| 948 | ani | Andi | Qwannab; qwavannab micci; андийский язык; ანდიური ენა; къIaваннаб мицци; Andiy; Andii; Qandisel | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-20,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | Munin; Gagatl; Zilo; Rikvani; Kvanxidatl; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.75,46.25 | ||
| 1,334 | bzb | Andio | Masama; Andio’o; Imbao’o | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Saluan-Banggai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -.8514,123.1457 | |||
| 1,571 | anb | Andoa | Andoa; Gae; Siaviri; Semigae; Shimigae; Gaye; Arabela-Andoa; | Dormant () | Ø | Zaparoan | Peru; | South America | -2.6796,-76.2011 | |||
| 676 | ano | Andoque | Andoke; Cho’oje; Patsiaehé; Businka; Cha’oie; Paasi-ahá; Paasiaja | Isolate; South American | Colombia; | South America | -0.666666666667,-72.0 | |||||
| 10,821 | Anejom̃ | Aneityum | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -20.176517,169.813967; | ||||
| 10,806 | anz | Anem | Anêm | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 843 | Isolate; Pacific | “Some hypotheses relate Anem to other languages of New Britain, especially with Pete-Ata, and the East Papuan islands based on typology or pronouns (see Dunn et al. 2005a,b, Ross 2001, Thurston 1992) but the resemblances are much too minor to conclude a genealogical relation.” (Hammarström, forthcoming) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | |||
| 2,675 | myo | Anfillo | Southern Mao; Mao; South Mao; Anfilo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Gonga | Ethiopia; | Africa | 8.5049,34.7415 | |||
| 1,572 | aqt | Angaité | Angaite; Enenlhet; Enlit; Nempayvvoma; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 780 | Enlhet-Enenlhet (Mascoyan) | Koaklok; Koietevees; Konjanava | Paraguay; | South America | |||
| 10,673 | agg | Angor | Anggor; Senagi; Watapor | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,250 | Senagi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.72, 141.20 | |||
| 10,629 | aog, myd | Angoram | Kanda; Olem; Pondo; Sepik No. 1; Tjimundo; Maramba | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,514 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Lower Sepik | Ethnologue (21st ed.) contains a separate entry for a “Maramba” language [myd], supposedly belonging to the Yuat family. The people of Maramba village, however, speak Angoram (aka Kanda). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.08, 144.03 | ||
| 3,809 | blo | Anii | Gisida; Basila; Bassila; Baseca; “Winji-Winji”; “Ouinji-Ouinji”; Akpe; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <25,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ananjubi; Balanka; Akpe; Gikolodjya; Gilempla; Gisème; Giseda; | The preferred name of the language is Anii; other names may have derogatory connotations and should not be used. (Tompkins & Kluge 2008) | Togo;Benin; | Africa | 9.032,1.657; 9.234,1.554 | |
| 3,305 | anf | Animere | Anyimere; Kunda; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ghana; | Africa | 7.6129,.4064 | |||
| 2,025 | aoi | Anindilyakwa | Amakurupa; Andilagwa; Andiljangwa; Andiljaugwa; Andiljaukwa; Andilyaugwa; Anindhilyakwa; Anindilyaugwa; Aninhdhilyagwa; Awarikpa; En Indiljaugwa; Enindhilyagwa; Enindiljaugwa; Eninhdhilyagwa; Groote Eylandt; Ingura; Lamadalpu; Wani-Ndiljaugwa; Wanindilyaugwa; Wanindilyaugwa Ingura; Warnindilyakwa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Gunwinyguan; East Arnhem | Australia; | Australia | -14.05312996,136.6124148 | |||
| 3,840 | amx | Anmatyerre | Anmatjirra; Anmatjera; Unmatjera; Imatjera; Urmitchee; Nmatjera; Inmatjera; Anmatjara; Janmadjara; Janmatjiri; Yanmedjara; Yandmadjari; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 501-1000 | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Western Anmatyerre; Eastern Anmatyerre; | Australia; | Australia | -21.98277477,133.4290339 | ||
| 4,904 | nun | Anong | Anung; Anoong; Añú; Nu; Lu; Lutzu; Lutze; Kiutze; Khanung; Kwinp’ang; Khupang; Kwingsang; Fuch’ye; Anu; Nu-tzŭ; Kuhpang; 阿儂語; ရဝမ် | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~ 4040 (40 in China) | Sino-Tibetan; Nungish | Gwaza; Cholo; Miko | China;Myanmar; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 27.100, 98.700 | ||
| 10,643 | anj | Anor | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Middle Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.98, 144.80 | ||||
| 3,110 | ant | Antakirinya | Kadjilaranda; Madutara; Mbenderinga; Ngonde; Njuntundjara; Tangara; Untergerrie; Walarangunja; Walarenunga; Yandairunga; Aldolinga; Aluna; Andagarinja; Andagarinya; Andagirinja; Andegilliga; Andekarinja; Andgari; Andigari; Andigarina; Andigarinya; Andigiri; Andigirinji; Andingiri; Andjirigna; Andjiringna; Andrgrinji; Anjirigna; Antakarinja; Antakerinya; Antakirinja; Antegarinya; Antekarinja; Anterrikanya; Antigari; Antigerinya; Antikarinya; Antikirinya; Antin-gari; Antakerrinya; Unterrgerrie; Anderkerinja;Antakarinya; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -27.05245189,134.4007513 | |||
| 3,592 | adg | Antekerrepenh | Andigibinha; Antekerrepinhe; Andakerebina; Undekerebina; Walwallie; Williwilli; Yanindo; Andeberegina; Andegerebenha; Antakiripina; Willi-willi;Andegerebinha; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Very few | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Australia; | Australia | -23.23189623,139.9715594 | |||
| 2,013 | aui | Anuki | Gabobora; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 574 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.6522,149.7656 | |||
| 1,335 | auq; anus1237 | Anus | Koroernoes; Korur | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 320 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.1268, 139.5126 | |||
| 3,872 | aud | Anuta | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | up to 340 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -11.611, 169.85 | ||||
| 3,851 | aor | Aore | Dormant | 0 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.5767,167.1638 | ||||
| 10,637 | kbx | Ap Ma | Ap Ma Botin; Botin; Kambot; Karaube; Keram | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,500 | Isolate | Kambaramba | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.35, 144.09 | ||
| 655 | apy | Apalaí | Apalai; Aparai; Apalay; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 317 | Cariban | Brazil; | South America | 0.0,-54.0 | |||
| 657 | apt | Apatani | Apa; Patan; Apa Tani; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~14,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | 27.5,93.75 | |||
| 656 | api | Apiaká | Apiacá; Apiake; | Dormant () | Ø | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Tupi-Kawahib | Brazil; | South America | -11.1519,-57.3113 | |||
| 658 | apn | Apinayé | Apinage; Apinayé; Apinajé; Apinagé; | Jean; Northern Je | Brazil; | South America | -5.5,-48.0 | |||||
| 3,202 | apu | Apuriná | Ipuriná; Kangite; Apurinã; Ipurina; Apurinã; Ipurinãn; Popengare; Cangaiti; Cacharary | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Brazil; | South America | -9.0,-67.0 | |||
| 1,347 | apx | Aputai | Ilputih; Opotai; Tutunohan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Lurang; Ilputih; Welemur | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -7.6511, 126.4086 | ||
| 3,857 | ard | Arabana-Wangkangurru | Arbana; Ngarabana; Arabuna; Arrabunna; Arrabonna; Arubbinna; Arapina; Arapani; Urapuna; Urabuna; Urabunna; Urroban; Wangarabana; Wongkurapuna; Wangarabunna; Nulla; Rabuna;Arabana; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -31.30521924,138.428335 | ||
| 660 | arl | Arabela | Chiripuno; Chiripunu; Arabela-Andoa; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Zaparoan | Peru; | South America | -2.0,-75.1666666667 | |||
| 949 | arg | Aragonese | Aragoieraz; Altoaragonés; Aragonés; Fabla Aragonesa; Patués; High Aragonese; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Western Aragonese; Southern Aragonese; Central Aragonese; Eastern Aragonese; | “Eastern Aragonese” is sometimes used by some groups to refer to the variety of Catalan spoken in Eastern Aragon, though Catalan is a different language from Aragonese. Both languages are native languages in Aragon. | Spain; | Europe | 42.2935,-.4394 | |
| 3,829 | akr | Araki | Banks-Inseln; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.632, 166.952 | |||
| 3,578 | aaf | Aranadan | Aranatan; Eranadans | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.35, 75.8 | |||
| 3,858 | aro | Araona | Cavina; Carina; | Pano-Tacanan; Takana | No recognized dialect differences. | Bolivia; | South America | -12.4473,-68.1372 | ||||
| 661 | arp | Arapaho | Arrapahoe; Northern Arapaho; Arapaho-Atsina; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Algic; Algonquian; Arapahoan | Gros Ventre; Besawunena; Haʔanahawunena; Arapaho; Nawathinehena; | USA; | North America | 43.0139,-108.8214 | ||
| 1,705 | arj | Arapaso | Arapaço; Araspaso; Koneá; Arapasso; | Dormant () | 0 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Brazil; | South America | 0,-66 | |||
| 3,032 | axg | Arára of Mato Grosso | Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Aripuanã; Arara; Arara do Beiradão; Arara do Rio Branco | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | ||||||
| 663 | awt | Araweté | Bïde; Asuriní; Asuriní do Xingú; Asuriní do Coatinema; Awaeté; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 339 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Xingu | Brazil; | South America | -5.1347,-52.3388 | |||
| 2,047 | awm; araw1272 | Arawum | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 73 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang; Rai Coast; Kabenau | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.5093,145.8929 | ||||
| 962 | aae | Arbëreshë | Italo-Albanian; Albanian; Arber; Arbresh; Arnaut; Škip; Shqipēri; Shquipni; Arbëreshë Albanian; Arbëreshë; Albanesisch; Albanian, Arbëreshë | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100,000 | Indo-European; Albanian; Tosk | Sicilian Albanian; Central Mountain Albanian; Campo Marino Albanian; Calabrian Albanian; | Outlying dialect of (Tosk) Albanian (Moseley, 2005) | Italy; | Europe | 40.9321,14.8645 | |
| 3,859 | arv | Arbore | Arbora; Erbore; Irbore; Arborie; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,441 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.0,36.75 | |||
| 721 | aqc | Archi | арчинский язык; аршаттен чIат; Archintsy; Archin; Arshashdib; Archib; Archsel; არჩიბული ენა | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,237 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.0,46.8333333333 | |||
| 1,219 | aem | Arem | A-Rem; Chomrau; Chombrau; Umo | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | The term Arem (Vietnamese spelling of areːm) seems to be an exonym (Ferlus 2013:1). | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.1771,105.3369 | ||
| 7,001 | aed | Argentine Sign Language | Lengua de Señas Argentina; LSA | No estimate available | Sign Language; South American | Often abbreviated as “LSA” | Argentina; | South America | -34.80, -59.18 | |||
| 3,685 | agj | Argobba | Argoba; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,860 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Ethiopic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 10.5958,39.9792 | |||
| 1,349 | agf | Arguni | Argoeni | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.6632, 132.5418 | |||
| 3,856 | aqr | Arhâ | Ara; Neukaledonien; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.3047,165.0146 | |||
| 3,849 | aok | Arhö | Aro; Neukaledonien; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 62 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.274,165.0503 | |||
| 2,887 | aac | Ari | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Trans-New Guinea; Gogodalic | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8,142.40 | ||||
| 3,594 | aea | Ariba | Kurtjar; Araba; Rib; Ribh; A:rap; Aripa; Ngariba; Areba | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.120653,141.833361 | ||
| 3,579 | aai | Arifama-Miniafia | Miniafia-Arifama; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,470 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Arifama; Miniafia; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.518239975,149.349884 | ||
| 664 | ark | Arikapú | Arikapu; Aricapú; Aricapu; Maxubí; Mashubi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Jabutian | Hein van der Voort (2012) has shown that Mashubi (Maxubí), formerly identified as a separate language, is in fact just Arikapú. | Brazil; | South America | -12.0527,-64.7259 | ||
| 1,672 | ari | Arikara | Ree; Ricara; Arikari; Arikaris; Arikaree; Ris; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Caddoan | USA; | North America | 47.648,-101.8327 | |||
| 963 | rup | Aromanian | Armãneashti; Armãneascã; Armãneshce; Rrămăneashti; Machiduneashti; Armân; Arumanian; Armina; Vlach; Arumun; Aromunian; Macedo-Romanian; Macedo-Rumanian; Other Roumanian Lects; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Eastern Romance | Bulgaria;Romania;Greece;Macedonia;Albania;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Serbia; | Europe | 40.2292,21.1376 | |||
| 2,834 | atz | Arta | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 16.216, 121.599 | ||||
| 3,835 | alx | Aru | Alang; Alatil; Amol; Eru | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 270 | Torricelli; Palei; Mol; Oru | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.45706296, 142.539093 | |||
| 665 | arx | Aruá | Aruaxi; Aruashí; Cinta Larga; Gavião; Zoró; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Tupian; Mondean | Aruáshi; | Brazil; | South America | -12.0285,-64.7094 | ||
| 10,650 | msy | Aruamu | Ariawia; Ariawiai; Gumasi; Makarub; Makarup; Mikarew; Mikarew-Ariaw; Mikarup | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,350 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.29, 144.84 | |||
| 10,566 | aur | Aruek | Djang; Jang | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 614 | Torricelli; Kombian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.38, 142.72 | |||
| 10,551 | lsr | Aruop | Alatil; Lau’u; Lauisaranga; Lausurankin; Lawu Srenge; Srenge | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.46, 142.48 | |||
| 667 | atx, arut1244 | Arutani | Auaqué; Awaké; Auaké; Auake; Awake; Aoaqui; Oewaku; Uruak; Uruák; Urutani; Orotani; Ahuaqué; Oewacu; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 in Saúba, Brazil and 4 in Upper Paragua, Venezuela | Isolate; South American | Probably dormant, possible one or two semi-speakers. There is now enough documentation in several wordlists collected from 1958 to 2007 to show it has no discernible affiliation with any other language or family (Zamponi in press.) | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 4.07, -62.87; 3.85, -62.58 | ||
| 3,582 | aat | Arvanitika | Albanian; Arber; Arbresh; Arnaut; Škip; Shqipēri; Shquipni; Arvanitika; Arvanitika Albanian; Arvanitic; Arberichte; Albanesisch; Albanian, Arvanitika | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 | Indo-European; Albanian; Tosk | Northwestern Arvanitika; South Central Arvanitika; Thracean Arvanitika | Greece; | Europe | 38.1863, 23.6096 | ||
| 1,350 | asz; asss1237 | As | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5-6 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea; Raja Ampat-South Halmahera | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.742007,131.683156 | ||||
| 2,687 | seo | Asaba | Duranmin; Akiapmin; Suarmin; Wani | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 145 | Isolate | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.0526,141.9818 | |||
| 1,718 | cni | Asháninka | Asháninga; Campa (Axininca); Asháninca; Ashaninca; Asháninka; “Campa”; | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Campa | Brazil;Peru; | South America | ||||||
| 1,308 | cpc, cjo, prq, cpu, cpy, cpb | Ashéninka | Ashéninga (Upper Perené; Ashéninka Perené; “Perené Campa”; Ashéninca Perené); Ajyíninka (Ajyéninka, Apurucayali Campa, Ashaninca, Ashéninca Apurucayali, Axininka Campa); Pajonal (Ashéninca, Atsiri); Pichis Ashéninca (Pichis Campa); South Ucayali Ashéninka; Ucayali Ashéninca; “Campa” (considered pejorative). | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Campa | Ethnologue lists 8 Ashéninga languages: Ajyíninka Apurucayali [cpc] Ashéninka Pajonal [cjo] Ashéninka Perené [prq] Ashéninka, Pichis [cpu] Ashéninka, South Ucayali [cpy] Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa [cpb] Nanti [cox] Nomatsiguenga [not] Most other classifications have only 3 of these as distinct: Ashéninka, Nanti, Nomatsiguenga. | Brazil;Peru; | South America | -10.933333, -75.266667 | ||||
| 1,577 | adi-ash | Ashing | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | |||||
| 1,578 | ask | Ashkun | Ashkund; Ashkuni; Wamayi; Wamai; Askun; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <7,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Nuristani | Suruviri; Ashuruveri; Gramsukraviri; | Afghanistan; | Near East | 34.9973,71.0746 | ||
| 3,866 | atn | Ashtiani | Astiani; Ashtiyani; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 21,100 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Ashtiani; Tafresh; | Iran; | Near East | 34.4861,51.0562 | ||
| 9,329 | 08a | Aširat Northeastern Neo-Aramaic | Asirat Northeastern Neo-Aramaic; Assyrian; NENA; Ashirat Neo-Aramaic | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Halmun; Halmon; Lewən; Šamməsdin dialects (Nočiya, Iyyəl, Marbišo); Tiyari dialects (Bnerumta, Čāl, Sarspido, Tall Tammər, Walṭo); Txuma dialects (Arbuš, Berəjnaye, Gəssa, Gundək, Mazra, Txuma Gawaya, Ṭāl) | Turkey;Iraq;Syria; | Europe;Near East | ||||
| 5,191 | sjg | Assangori | Sungor; Soungor; Assoungor; Azanguri; Asong; Asungore; Bognak-Asungorung; Madungore; Assagori; Azangori; Asongori; Erenga; Shaale; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23,500 | Taman | Sebunkik; Walad Dulla; Erenga; Murasi; Sungor; Girga; | Sudan;Chad; | Africa | 13.75,21.5 | ||
| 677 | asb | Assiniboine | Assiniboin; Stoney; Hohe; Assinaboin; Nakon; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <150 | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dakota | Dakotan is a Siouan dialect complex, with three well defined dialect areas: Stoney, currently spoken in southwestern Alberta; Assinibone, in southern Saskatchewan and northern Montana; and Sioux, spoken widely in North and South Dakota, Minnesota, and in southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Intelligibility between these dialect areas is low, although speakers can communicate after a while with some difficulty, and they are perhaps best considered emergent languages. | USA;Canada; | North America | 48.4466,-114.8783; 50.3536,-103.4841 | ||
| 966 | ast | Asturian | Asturiano; Leonese; Leonés; Astur-Leonese; Asturian-Leonese; Asturianu | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 110,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Central Asturian; West Asturian; Western Asturian; Eastern Asturian; Leonese; | Some people wish to consider the differences between Asturian and the varieties spoken in Cantabria, Spain as distinct enough to merit special consideration. | Spain;Portugal; | Europe | 43.357138,-5.865532; 42.596565,-5.571648; 41.504464,-5.746056; 41.49945,-6.271331; 41.585661,-6.524609 | |
| 3,871 | aua | Asumboa | Asumbua; Asumuo; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Temotu | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -11.2982,166.4868 | |||
| 3,129 | asun1236 | Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec | North Central Zimatlan Zapotec, Zapoteco de Asunción Mixtepec, Central Zapotec, | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | San Pablo Cuatro Venados, Magdalena Mixtepec, San Bernardo Mixtepec, Asunción Mixtepec. | 1 of approximately 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI count each variety of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approx. 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major language areas: (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.88, -96.87 |
| 1,579 | asr | Asuri | Ashree; Asura; Assur; Maleta; Mundari; Mundari-Ho; Asur | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | Manjhi; Brijia | India; | South Asia | 22.4719,84.9023 | ||
| 1,720 | asu | Asuriní do Tocantins | Asuriní; Assuriní; Assuriní do Tocantins; Asuriní do Trocará; Akwaya; Akuawa; Parakaná; Asurí; Mudjetire; Suru do Tocantins; Asurini; Tocantins Asuriní; Assurini; Asuriní do Tocantins; Akwáwa; Asurini, Tocantins | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 384 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Teneteharan | Brazil; | South America | ||||
| 678 | asn | Asuriní of Xingú | Asuriní de coatinema; Asurini do Xingu; Asuriní do Koatinema; Awaeté; Xingú Asuriní; Assurinikin | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Xingu | Brazil; | South America | -3.9095,-52.4707 | |||||
| 3,865 | atm | Ata | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Bisayan | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 9.6081,122.9155 | ||||
| 3,842 | amz | Atampaya | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -11.48211057,142.3743784 | |||
| 3,852 | aph | Athpariya | Athpare; Rai; Athapre; Ath Paharia Rai; Athpre; Arthare; Arthare-Khesang; Jamindar Rai; Jindā | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 3,658 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 26.952,87.3399 | |||
| 3,864 | atk | Ati (Philippines) | Inati; Bisaya | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian | Barotac Viejo Nagpana (southern dialect); Malay (northern dialect); Sogodnin (high speech register) | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 11.15, 122.51 | ||
| 10,782 | Ati (Vanuatu) | Polonombauk; Meris | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 85 | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.393926,166.966450; | ||||
| 10,781 | Atin | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.441585, 166.980183; | |||||
| 1,581 | ato | Atong (Cameroon) | Etoh; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.044967, 9.748787 | |||
| 1,582 | aot | Atong (India) | A’tong | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | unknown | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India; | South Asia | 25.2844,91.1755 | |||
| 679 | atw | Atsugewi | Atsugewi; Hat Creek; | Dormant () | 0 | Palaihnihan | Atsuge (Hat Creek Atsugewi), Apwaruge (Dixie Valley Atsugewi) | USA; | North America | 40.75,-121.0 | ||
| 1,673 | atj | Attikamek | Cree; Atikamekw; Tête de Boule; Attimewk; Atihkamekw; Atikamek; Attikamekw; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Algic; Algonquian; Cree-Montagnais | Canada; | North America | 48.0,-74.0 | |||
| 10,544 | avt | Au | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,200 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.6, 142.1 | ||||
| 10,749 | aul | Aulua | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 750 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Boinelang; Onesso | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.36, 167.70 | |||
| 3,876 | aux | Auré | Aurê; Aurá | Dormant () | 0 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Xingu | Brazil; | South America | -2.9649,-46.2084 | |||
| 2,448 | aut | Austral | Tubuai-Rurutu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Tubuai; Rimatara; Raivavae; Rurutu; | French Polynesia; | Pacific | -23.3775,-149.4909 | ||
| 2,066 | asf | Australian Sign Language | Auslan; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,500 | Sign Language; Australian | Australia; | Australia | -35.3075, 149.124417 | |||
| 8,630 | oci-auv | Auvergnat | Auvergnat Occitan; Auvernhas; Auverne; Occitan; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Bas-Auvergnat; Haut-Auvergnat; | A variety of Occitan. | France; | Europe | ||
| 10,669 | smf | Auwe | Simog | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 270 | Border; Waris | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.34, 141.25 | |||
| 1,351 | auu | Auye | Auwje; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Trans-New Guinea; Paniai Lakes | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.5627,135.9915 | |||
| 681 | avv | Avá | Avá-Canoeiro; Canoeiros; Canoe; Canoa; Abá; Awana; Canoeiro; Ava-Canoeiro; Awana; Awá; Guajá; Awá Guajá; Ayaya; Wazaizara; Ava; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Teneteharan | Brazil; | South America | -14.0847,-48.0418 | |||
| 10,209 | tmb | Avava | Katbol; Navava; Bangsa’; Tembimbe-Katbol; Taremp; Tisvel; Mallicolo | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Bangasa; Nevaar; Nivat; Timbembe | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.184, 167.477 | ||
| 4,084 | dix | Aveteian | Dixon Reef; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.33, 167.52 | |||
| 10,790 | Avok | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.501248,167.730344; | |||||
| 523 | kwi | Awa Pit | Coaiquer; Cuaiquer; Quaiquer; Kwaiker; Awa; Awapit; (Awa-)Coaiquer; Awa-Quaiquer; Coaiker; Cuqiquer; Koaiker; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <17,464 | Barbacoan; Northern Barbacoan | Colombia;Ecuador; | South America | 1.5,-78.25 | |||
| 6,631 | awk | Awabakal | Arwarbukarl; Awabagal; Hunter River and Lake Macquarie; Kuringgai; Kuri; Lake Macquaire Newcastle tribe; Lake Macquarie; Geawegal; Gwegal; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Cameeragal; Awabagal; Wonarua; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -33.09, 151.588 | ||
| 682 | agu | Awakateko | Aguacatec; Aguacateco; Awakatek | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,272 | Mayan; Mamean | Chalchiteko, Awakateko | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.4166666667,-91.3333333333 | ||
| 10,648 | aya | Awar | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,153 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.14, 144.84 | ||||
| 3,880 | awh | Awbono | Kvolyab; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Bayono-Awbono | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.06, 139.72 | |||
| 3,948 | bob | Aweer | “Boni”; Waata; Wata; Sanye; Wasanye; Waboni; Bon; Ogoda; Wata-Bala; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <200 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | The name “Boni” may be pejorative; “Aweer” is the preferred name. | Kenya;Somalia; | Africa | -.8294,40.8142 | ||
| 1,352 | awr | Awera | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.7084, 136.0395 | ||||
| 684 | awet1244 | Awetí | Awety; Awetö; Aueto; Aueti; Auiti; Auití; Aweti; Auetö; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 225 | Tupian, Maweti-Guarani | Brazil; | South America | -12.20, -53.22 | |||
| 2,030 | 1j1 | Awiakay | Arafundi | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Arafundi | The Arafundi languages are closely related, possibly forming a dialect chain. In the Catalogue they are classified as three languages, but this is not the only possible categorization. Awiakay is not found in Laycock (1973). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.7, 143.6 | ||
| 293 | auj | Awjilah | Awjila; Aujila; Augila; Aoudjila; Awgila; Awdjila; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 2,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Libya; | Africa | 26.6278,24.5214 | |||
| 7,989 | awn | Awngi | Awiya; Awi; Agaw; Agau; Agew; Agow; Awawar; Damot; Kwollanyoch; Hawiya; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Central Cushitic | Kunfal; | Ethiopia; | Africa | |||
| 10,755 | gwm | Awngthim | Angutimi, Mamangidigh | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -12.587833, 142.023835 | |||
| 10,592 | kmn | Awtuw | Autu; Kamnum | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Sepik; Ram | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.58, 142.50 | |||
| 3,446 | typ | Awu Laya | Kuku-Thaypan; Gugu Dhayban; Kuku Thaypan; Koko Laia; Kokowara; Coo-coo-warra; Wu-Laya; Laya; Awu-Alaya; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -15.039972,143.360461 | ||
| 10,601 | aww | Awun | Awon; Auwan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 384 | Sepik; Yellow River | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.80, 142.00 | |||
| 1,353 | auw | Awyi | Auyi; Awye; Awje; Awji; Nyao; Njao; Beapawa; Embiawo | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Border; Taikat | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.91666666667, 140.583333333 | |||
| 8,125 | quy | Ayacucho Quechua | Ayacucho; Ayacucho-Chanka; Chanka; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 850,000 | Quechuan; Quechua IIC | Huancavelica; Western Apurimac; Northwestern Ariquipa Quechua; | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987) | Peru; | South America | -13.85, -74.32 | |
| 2,591 | zoq | Ayapanec Zoque | Ayapanec; Ayapaneco; Ayapa; Zoque, Tabasco; Zoque de Tabasco; Zoque de Ayapanec; Zoque; Nuumte Oote; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Mixe-Zoquean; Zoquean | Widely reported from Daniel Suslak’s research that there are only 2 speakers who don’t talk to each other. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.223405, -93.111446 | ||
| 3,883 | ayd | Ayapathu | Abadja; Ai ebadu; Aiabadu; Aiyabotho; Aiyaboto; Ajabadha; Ajabatha; Ajibyrdu; Apatya; Badja; Baldya; Balfja; Jabuda; Kikahiabilo; Koka Ai-ebadu; Koka-aiebadu; Koko Aiebadu; Koko-Badja; Koko-Baldya; Koko-Baltjayiahjaba;Ayabadhu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.47173612,143.2934448 | ||
| 6,770 | axe | Ayerreyenge | Jaroinga; Jarionga; Yaroinga; Yarroinga; Yorrowinga; Yarrowin; Yuruwinga; Bularnu; Ayerrerenge; Aroinga; Yaringa; Yorrawinga; Jurangka; Manda; Pulanja; Bulanja; Bulanu; aroinga; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | |||
| 10,698 | ayq | Ayi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 430 | Sepik; Tama | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.96, 142.41 | ||||
| 7,250 | yyz | Ayizi | 阿夷子語 | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 24.5964, 103.7329 | ||||
| 8,111 | ayc | Aymara | Aymará; Aymara, Southern; Southern Aymara; 2 varieties: Aymara (Central)/Aymara (Southern); Aimara; Tupe; | Aymaran | Central Aimara (Bolivia); Southern Aimara (Peru) | Ethnologue lists Aymara [aym] as a macro-language consisting of Central Aymara [ayr] (Bolivia) and Southern Aymara [ayc] (Peru). For most linguists, what Central Aymara [ayr] and Southern Aymara [ayc] are not separate languages. | Peru;Argentina;Bolivia;Chile; | South America | ||||
| 8,790 | ayoq1235 | Ayoquezco | Ayoquezco Zapotec; Zapotec; Zapotec, Ayoquezco; Western Ejutla Zapotec; Zapoteco de Santa María Ayoquezco; Central Sapoteko | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 880 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Ayoquezco de Aldama, Santa Cruz Nexila, San Andrés Zabache | 1 of approx. 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI count each variety of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approx. 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major language areas: (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.66, -96.86 |
| 685 | ayo | Ayoreo | Ayoré; Zamuco; Morotoco; Moro; Pyeta Yovai; Ayuréo; Avoreo; Pyeta; Yovai; | Zamucoan | Tsiricua; | Bolivia;Paraguay; | South America | -18.719,-59.6228 | ||||
| 489 | ayu | Ayu | Aya | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | only in the hundreds | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.293779, 8.615738 | |||
| 8,030 | koe-baa | Baale | Baalesi; Baallessiye; Baaye; Bale; Dok; Ðok; Dhok; Dhuak; Kachepo; Kec̆ipo; Kic̆epo; Zilmamo; Zilmamu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~9,000 | Surmic; Southwest Surmic | “Although ethnically the Baale people form a close bond with Tirma and Chai people, their language is quite distinct from the latter. The Baale call their language Baalesi. They are also referred to as Zilmamo, which is the name of their country, situated west and south of Jeba town, towards the border with Sudan. The Gimira call the Baale people and their language Baaye, whereas the Anywak refer to them as Dok” (Dimmendaal 2002:2). | Sudan;Ethiopia; | Africa | |||
| 5,568 | bvj | Baan | Baan-Ogoi; Goi; Ogoi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Kesari; Ka-Ban; | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.649881, 7.282008 | ||
| 421 | mbf | Baba Malay | Chinese Malay; Baba; Straits Malay; Bahasa Peranakan; Malay, Baba | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Melacca; Penang; Singapore | According to Lee (2014), it is still disputed whether Baba Malay is a creole because it lacks lots of things considered by many scholars necessary for a language to fit the definition of a creole language. Baba Malay may be a mixed language, a simplified trade language, or perhaps a real creole. | Malaysia;Singapore; | Southeast Asia | 1.75, 103.08 | ||
| 10,836 | bbz | Babalia Creole Arabic | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,940 | Creole; Arabic Based | Chad; | Africa | 12.113056, 15.049167; | ||||
| 10,899 | bbk | Babanki | Kejom; Kedjom | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Volta-Congo; Bantoid; Southern; Wide Grassfields; Narrow Grassfields; Ring; Center | ||||||||
| 1,081 | bde | Bade | Bede; Bedde; Gidgid; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Southern Bade; Western Bade; Gashua Bade; | Nigeria; | Africa | 12.8333333333,10.5 | ||
| 4,384 | khd | Bädi Kanum | Kanum; Enkelembu; Knwne; Kenume; Kanum (Bädi); Kanum, Bädi | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Morehead-Upper Maro | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.83333333333,140.75 | |||
| 3,913 | bia | Badimaya | Widimaya; Parti-Maya; Bidungu; Bardimaya Baadeemaia Badimaia Badimala Badimara Bardimaia Barimaia Bidungu Padimaia Padinaia Parimaia Patimara Patimay Waadal Wardal Badi-maia Wallawe Yamadgee Yamaji; Bardimaya; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Kartu | Australia; | Australia | -29.123373,116.706047 | |||
| 6,349 | jbi | Badjiri | Budjari; Badyidi; Badjidi; Badjeri; Baddyeri; Byjerri; Baderi; Poidg-erry; Badjedi; Bädjäri; Poidgerry; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.71870395,144.8719484 | ||
| 4,949 | pbp | Badyara | Badara; Badian; Badjara; Badyaranke; Pajade; Pajadinka; Gola; Bigola; Padjade; Bandjana; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >12,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal;Guinea;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 12.4043,-13.5736 | |||
| 3,891 | bcg | Baga Binari | Barka; Binari; Kalum; Mborin; Baga; Temne; Pukur; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mansoanka-Fore-Mboteni | Guinea; | Africa | 10.4013,-14.4799 | |||
| 3,905 | bgo | Baga Koga | Barka; Koga; Koba; Baga; Temne; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Guinea; | Africa | 10.026644,-14.040625 | |||
| 3,936 | bmd | Baga Manduri | Barka; Mandari; Maduri; Manduri; Baga; Temne; Baga Mandun | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Guinea; | Africa | 10.835666, -14.542517 | |||
| 3,904 | bgm | Baga Mboteni | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 4,900 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mansoanka-Fore-Mboteni | Guinea; | Africa | 10.7415,-14.5513 | ||||
| 3,981 | bsp | Baga Sitemu | Barka; Sitemuú; Tchitem; Stem Baga; Rio Pongo Baga; Baga; Temne; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Marara; | Guinea; | Africa | 10.5,-14.5 | ||
| 1,584 | bfz-bag | Baghati | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <4,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 31.194, 77.0471 | ||||
| 5,080 | bqg | Bago-Kusuntu | Bago; Koussountou; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Bago; Kusuntu; | Togo; | Africa | |||
| 2,118 | bpi | Bagupi | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 58 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.0454, 145.5822 | ||||
| 1,122 | kva | Bagvalal | Bagulal; Kvanadin; багвалинский язык; Barbalin; багулальский язык; кванадинский язык; ბაგვალალური ენა; Bagvalin; Bagwalal; Kvanada; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000-6,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | Tlisi; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.5833333333,46.1666666667 | ||
| 1,514 | yha | Baha Buyang | Paha Buyang; Western Buyang; Guangnan Buyang; Buyang Zhuang; Buyang; Buyang, Baha; 巴哈布央語 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Buyang | Some Chinese scholars consider it a dialect of Buyang. | China; | East Asia | 23.4146,105.7632 | |||
| 10,620 | bjh | Bahinemo | Bahenemo; Gahom; Inaru; Wogu; Yigai | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.56, 142.83 | |||
| 1,586 | bhj | Bahing | Bhojpuri; Khaling; Rai; Bāhing; Baying, Bayung, Kiranti-Bayung | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Khaling; Dobo Lo; Rokhung; Namber Sacha; Banenge; Proca Lo | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.3126,86.5571 | |||
| 1,354 | bsu; baho1237 | Bahonsuai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.2186,121.6845 | ||||
| 3,896 | bdj | Bai | Bari; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | South Sudan; | Africa | 8.0592,25.5102 | |||
| 3,887 | bbf | Baibai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 271 | Baibai-Fas | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.463972092, 141.358078 | ||||
| 1,752 | snn, sey | Baicoca-Siecoca | Bain Coca; Sieko Coca; Siona; Sioni; Pioje; Pioche-Sioni; Ganteyabain; Ganteya; Ceona; Zeona; Koka; Kanú; Kokakañú; Pai Coca; Secoya; Sekoya; Airo Pãi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,174 | Tucanoan; Western Tucanoan | Baicoca (Ecuadorian Siona); Colombian Siona; Airo Pãi (Peruvian Secoya) Paicoca | Ethnologue distinguishes Siona [snn], Secoya [sey], and Macaguaje [mcl]. Others consider these variants of a single language. Ethnologue acknowledges that “Ethnically [Siona [snn] is] different from the Secoya [sey], but they use the same language.” | Peru;Colombia;Ecuador; | South America | -0.5712, -74.8828 | |
| 7,229 | bkx | Baikeno | Baikenu; Vaikenu; Vaikino; Biqueno; Ambeno; Ambenu; Uab Meto; Uab Pah Meto; Oecussi; Oe Cusi; Oekusi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Tai Boko; Uis Tasae; Kais Metan; | East Timor; | Pacific | -9.33, 124.26 | ||
| 5,614 | bqh | Baima | Bai Ma; Pe; 白馬語 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | Southern Baima; Northern Baima; Western Baima | /pe⁵³/ bod | China; | East Asia | 33.1531,103.8696 | |
| 1,131 | bcz | Bainouk-Gunyaamolo | Banyum; Banyun; Bagnoun; Banhum; Bainuk; Banyuk; Banyung; Elomay; Elunay; Ñuñ; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Gujaaxet; Gunyamoolo; | Senegal;Gambia; | Africa | 12.7421,-16.1141 | ||
| 3,890 | bcb | Bainouk-Samik | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,850 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | 12.5733,-16.2652 | ||||
| 1,418 | 1id | Baïnounk Gubëeher | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Smallest of the major Baïnounk languages (DoBES 2006) | Senegal; | Africa | 12.531272, -16.353248 | |||
| 1,419 | 0tz | Baïnounk Gujaher | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | 12.579, -16.283 | |||||
| 3,925 | bjm | Bajelani | Bajalani; Gurani; Chichamachu; Bajoran; Bejwan; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran;Iraq; | Near East | 35.4259,46.2551 | |||
| 5,989 | bkc | Baka (East Region, Cameroon) | Bayaka; Bayaga; Bibaya; “Babinga”; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000-50,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Gabon;Cameroon; | Africa | 2.58333333333,13.5833333333 | |||
| 10,229 | 5h1 | Baka (Far North Region, Cameroon) | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic | Baka is an endangered Chadic language of northern Cameroon first reported by Blench, Aviwaï and Smith 2009. Not to be confused with Baka [bkc] of Gabon and southern Cameroon, or Baka [bdh] of South Sudan and DRC. | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
| 1,791 | bkq | Bakairí | Bakairi; Kura; Bacairí; Kurâ; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Cariban; Pekodian | Eastern Bakairi; Western Bakairi | Two dialects: Eastern Bakairi (in seven villages in the Bakairi Indigenous Reservation (Área Indígena Bakairi); Western Bakairi (in two villages in the Santana Indigenous Reservation Área Indígena Santana) near Nobres. | Brazil; | South America | -14.0,-55.0 | |
| 5,513 | bki | Baki | Burumba; Paki; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.7013,168.145 | |||
| 538 | kme | Bakole | Bakolle; Kole; Bamusso; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.5764,8.8439 | |||
| 1,082 | bbs | Bakpinka | Begbungba; Uwet; Iyongiyong; Iyoniyong; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,416 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.3644,8.2397 | |||
| 1,356 | bls | Balaesang | Balaesan; Balaisang; Pajo; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
| 539 | bdn | Baldemu | Mbazla; Baldamu; Baldare; Balda; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Cameroon; | Africa | 10.5742,14.5623 | |||
| 5,007 | bcn | Bali | Bibaali; Maya; Abaali; Ibaali; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Not to be confused with [mhk] Mungaka (aka Bali) of Cameroon. | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.859380, 10.970208 | ||
| 3,907 | bgx | Balkan Gagauz Turkish | Balkan Turkic; Gagauz; Türkische Sprache in Bulgarien; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 331,000 | Turkic; Oghuz | Karamanli; Kyzylbash; Yuruk; Gajol; Gerlovo Turks; Tozluk Turks; Surguch; | Turkey;Bulgaria;Macedonia; | Europe | 41.4633,22.6977 | ||
| 5,342 | rmn | Balkan Romani | Balkan Romani; Romany; Gypsy; Cigány; Zigeuner; European Romany; Romani, Balkan | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 611,800 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Zargari; Tinners Romani; Tinsmiths; Dzambazi; Ursári; Paspatian; Arlija; Greek Romani; Ironworker Romani; East Bulgarian Romani; | Turkey;Germany;Russia;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Lithuania;France;Iran;Italy;Greece;Macedonia;Moldova;United Kingdom;Poland;Czech Republic;Netherlands;Switzerland;Finland;Austria;Croatia;Latvia;Slovakia;Hungary;Albania;Belarus;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Slovenia;Serbia;Montenegro; | Europe;Caucasus;Near East;East Asia | 42.6666666667,21.1666666667 | ||
| 7,329 | bft | Balti | Sbalti; Baltistani; Bhotia of Baltistan; Baltī; Sbalt; Bhōṭiā of Baltistan | At risk (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 270,000 (Pakistan); 337,000 (Worldwide) | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 35.900731,74.409599 | |||
| 5,341 | rml | Baltic Romani | Romani, Baltic; Romany; Zigeuner; European Romany; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 58,460 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Lithuanian Romani; White Russian Romani; Estonian Romani; White Russia Romani; Polish Romani; North Russian Romani; Latvian Romani; | Turkey;Germany;Russia;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Lithuania;France;Italy;Greece;Macedonia;United Kingdom;Poland;Czech Republic;Netherlands;Switzerland;Finland;Austria;Croatia;Latvia;Slovakia;Hungary;Albania;Belarus;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Slovenia;Serbia;Montenegro; | Europe;Caucasus;East Asia | 60.0,38.0 | ||
| 6,993 | bfk | Ban Khor Sign Language | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >400 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | |||||
| 3,895 | bcw | Bana | Baza; Koma; Ka-Bana; Parole des Bana; Mizeran; Mbana; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Gili; Gamboura; | Cameroon; | Africa | 10.4166666667,13.5833333333 | ||
| 10,640 | byz | Banaro | Banar; Banara; Waran | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,569 | Isolate | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.57, 144.33 | |||
| 1,792 | jaa-kit | Banawá | Banawá Yafí; Baniwá-Jafí; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Arawan | Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2016) considers Banawá Yafí (Kitiya) [200 speakers] and Jarawara [160 etnic] to be dialects of Jamamadí [jaa] (a.k.a. Canamanti, Kanamanti, Madi, Yamamadí). Listed by Campbell (2012) as: Madi (Jarawara [Jarauára, Jaruára], Jamamadi, Banawá [Banivá, Baniwá-Jafí, Kitiya, Banavá, Banauá, Jafí]). Listed by Kaufman (2007) as: Banawá emergent language in the Jamamadí language area of the Arawan family. | Brazil; | South America | |||
| 2,245 | bqj | Bandial | Banjaal; Banjal; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Elun; Affiniam; Bandial; | Senegal; | Africa | 12.5317,-16.1553 | ||
| 3,897 | bdy | Bandjalang | Bandjelang; Bogganger; Bundala; Gidabal; Yugumbe; Badjalang; Badjelang; Budulung; Buggul; Bundjalung; Paikalyung; Bandjalong; Bunjellung; Bundela; Bundel; Watchee; Woomargou; Bandjerang; Pangerang; Dadarawa; Arakwal; Gundurimba; Tugurimba; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Pama-Nyungan; Bandjalangic | Yugumbir; Gidabal; | Australia; | Australia | -28.617377, 153.004160 | ||
| 3,798 | bgf | Bangandu | Temne; Bagando; Bangando; Bangantu; Southern Bangantu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,700 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | North Bangato; Baagato; | Cameroon;Congo; | Africa | |||
| 1,588 | gbm-ban | Bangani | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 29.8692, 79.0686 | ||||
| 8,172 | dba | Bangime | Dogon; Bangeri Me; Bangerime; Bangeri-me; Banger-me; Baŋgi me; Numadaw; Numa-Daw; Dyeni; Dyɛni; Yeni; Yɛni; Noumandan; Elebo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200-3,000 | Isolate; African | Mali; | Africa | ||||
| 2,706 | mfb | Bangka | Lom; Belom; Mapor; Maporese; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Urban; North; Central; South; Lom; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.335839,106.038567 | ||
| 3,208 | bwi | Baniwa | Baniwa; Baniva; Baniva do Içana; Suicí; Ualiperi; Siusi; Baniua do Içana; Maniba; Baniba; Issana; Dakenei; Karútana-Baniwa; Karútana-Baniva; Baniba; Baniua do Içana; Kohoroxitari; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >9,554? | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Karutana (Carútana); Baniwa; | Sources confuse other languages that are also called “Baniwa” (spelling varies). Yavitero (Baniva de Guainía) [yvt] is a different language. | Brazil;Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 2.66666666667,-66.8333333333 | |
| 4,015 | bxw | Bankagooma | Banka; Bankagoma; Bankagoroma; Bankaje; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Mali; | Africa | 11.4261,-5.6744 | |||
| 8,732 | dbw | Bankan Tey | Walo; Oualo; Bankan Tey Dogon | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,320 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; Nangan | Mali; | Africa | 15.1, -2.9 | |||
| 5,810 | abb | Bankon | Abo; Bo; Abaw; Bon; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.41666666667,9.58333333333 | |||
| 1,590 | bap | Bantawa | Kiranti; Rai; Bantawa Rai; Bantaba; Bontawa; Bantawa Yüng; Bantawa Yong; Bantawa Dum; Rungchenbung; Rungchengbung; Rungchhenbung; Rungtśhenbung | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 371,056 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Intermediate Bantawa; Southern Bantawa (Hatuwali dialect); Northern Bantawa (Dilpali dialect); Western Bantawa (Amchoke dialect); Eastern Bantawa (Dhankuta dialect) | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.0994,87.0048 | ||
| 4,021 | bao | Bará | Waimaha; Waimaja; Bará; Northern Barasano; Barasano; Waípinõmakã; Bará-Tuyuka | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | (Eastern) Waimaha; (Pamoa) Bara | Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2016) say that “Bará” is pejorative; their primary name for the language is Waimaha [bao]. | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.333333333333,-70.25 | |
| 1,123 | tat-bar | Baraba Tatar | барабинский язык; Параба; 巴拉巴鞑靼语; Baraba dili; Paraba | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8,000 | Turkic; Kipchak | A dialect of Siberian Tatar | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 55.149606, 78.330788 | ||
| 5,252 | rbp | Barababaraba | Baraparapa; Burraburburaba; Barrababarraba; Boorabirraba; Burappa; Burabura; Booraboora; Burapper; Karraba; Boort; Baraba Baraba; Baraba-Baraba; Baraba-baraba; Barappur; Bareber Bareber; Barraba-barraba; Beraba-Beraba; Birraba-birraba; Boora-boora; Burrabura-ba; Burrappa; Burrapper; Bureba; Burreba-burreba; Perapa-Perapa; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Australia; | Australia | ||||
| 4,565 | bva; bare1279, saka1296 | Barain | Barein; Baraïn; Guilia; Jalkia; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Komi/Komiya; Sakaya/Jalking; Guilia/Giliya; Jalkia/Jalkiya; | Chad; | Africa | 11.0326,17.5630 | ||
| 1,591 | brd | Baram | Barhamu; Brahmu; Bhramu; Bramu; Bhrāmu; Baraamu; Baramu; Bhra:mu; Ba:rhmu; Balbang | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 53 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | Greg Anderson: Baram is endangered for sure, possibly in the seriously endangered category. | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.041,84.629 | ||
| 4,593 | brm | Barambu | Barambo; Amiangba; Amiangbwa; Balambu; Abarambo; Duga; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 3.5,27.0 | |||
| 1,357 | brs; bara1371 | Baras | Ende; ToriBara | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Kaili-Pamona | Possibly a dialect of Inde (Da’a) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.8838,119.3774 | ||
| 4,024 | bsn | Barasano | Barasana; Southern Barasano; Paneroa; Banera yae; Come masa; Comematsa; Edulia; Eduria; Hanera oka; Janera; Taibano, Taiwaeno; Taiwano | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,924 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Ethnologue gives Barasana-Eduria (bsn) (also called Southern Barasana), where Tukanoanists distinguish Barasano from Eduria (Taiwano) as distinct languages. | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | -0.166666666667,-70.6666666667 | ||
| 10,859 | boi | Barbareño | Šmuwič; Chumash; | Awakening () | Chumashan; | 34.043946, -118.916536 | ||||||
| 3,892 | bcj | Bardi | Baadi; Bard; Baardi; Badi; Barda; Ba:di; Bad; Ba:d; Baada; Baard; Boardybahrde; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Nyulnyulan; Western Nyulnyulan | Bardi; Jawi; Baard | Australia; | Australia | -16.50302678,122.9331577 | ||
| 1,864 | bae | Baré | Bare; Mitua; Barauna; Barawana; Barauana; Ihini; Arihini; Maldavaca; Cunipusana; Yavita; Ihini; Balé; Bale; | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 1.0,-67.0 | |||||
| 686 | mot | Barí | Motilón; Motilon; Motilone; Dobokubí; Dobocubi; Dobocubí; Motilón (Chibchan); Barira; Cunausaya, | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 9.0,-73.0 | |||
| 4,008 | bxo | Barikanchi | “As a pidgin, this language has no native speakers.” | Pidgin or Creole; Hausa based | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||||
| 6,649 | bjb | Barngarla | Parnkala; Parnkalla; Banggarla; Bangala; Banggala; Bahanga-La; Bungeha; Bungela; Pangkala; Pakarla; Pankalla; Punkalla; Kortabina; Pankarla; Bahanga-la; Kooapidna; Bungala; Bahngala; Pankala; Parkalla; Parn-ka-la; Punkirla; Willeuroo; Arkaba-tura; Wanbirujurari; Willara | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -30.99936857, 136.9137803 | |||
| 3,792 | bbi | Barombi | Lombi; Lambi; Rombi; Rambi; Lombe; Balombi; Barumbi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
| 3,960 | bpt | Barrow Point | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.46601552,144.4487843 | |||
| 1,592 | sgh-bar | Bartangi | Bartang; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,425 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Tajikistan; | Near East | 38.219736,72.11835 | |||
| 3,978 | bsg | Bashkardi | Bashaka; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,030 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Southern Bashaka; Northern Bashaka; | Iran; | Near East | 28.5169,57.7551 | ||
| 1,383 | bst | Basketo | Basketto; Baskatta; Mesketo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~60,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.566667, 36.266667 | |||
| 3,807 | bsr | Bassa-Kontagora | Basa; Basa-Kontagora; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.495914, 5.562996 | |||
| 7,713 | bsc | Bassari | Basari; Tenda Basari; Biyan; Onëyan; Onian; Ayan; Wo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-25,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal;Guinea;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | ||||
| 2,845 | ayt | Bataan Ayta | Mariveles Ayta; Bataan Sambal; Ayta, Bataan | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 527 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Luzon | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
| 2,849 | bya | Batak | Babuyan; Tinitianes; Palawan Batak; Battak; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Palawanic | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
| 10,889 | btx | Batak Karo | Karo Batak | 570,000 | Austronesian | Spoken by Karo people of North Sumatra. The speakers refer to themselves as Kalak Karo (in their language) or Orang Karo (in Indonesian) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 3.141907, 98.227524; 3.341581, 98.337405; 3.170928, 98.699262 | |||
| 1,268 | btq | Batek | Bateq; Bateg; Batok; Kleb; Tomo; Nong; Lebir | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~960 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Menraq-Batek | Batek De’; Batek Iga; Batek Teq; Batek Nong | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 4.6695,102.5051 | ||
| 3,984 | btv | Bateri | Bateri Kohistani; Batera Kohistani; Baterawal; Baterawal Kohistani; Dardu | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,251 (Pakistan); 29,051 (Worldwide) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 34.9073,72.8675 | |||
| 1,595 | bhm | Baṭḥari | Boṭaḥārī; Bathari; Bautahari; Botahari; Bathara; Batahari; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Modern South Arabian | Yemen;Oman; | Near East | 18.0,56.0 | |||
| 540 | btc | Bati (Cameroon) | Bati Ba Ngong; Bati de Brousse; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.2012,10.7858 | |||
| 3,995 | bvt | Bati (Indonesia) | Gah; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.61, 130.81 | |||
| 3,360 | wdj | Batjamalh | Batyamal; Wadjiginy; Wogaity; Wagaydy; Bachamal; Wogait; Wogati; Wagaitj; Worgait; Worgite; Waggait; Waggite; Waggote; Waggate; Wagatsch; Waogatsch; Wogatj; Wogaidj; Wadyiginy; Waggites; Wargad; Wogadj; Worgaid; Worgaidj; Wogite; Wadjigin; Wadjigi:n; Wagjingi; Wadjingy; Wadyiginy Proper; Amijangal; Batjamal; Batymal; Murinwargad; Murrinh Bathemarl; Murrinh Patjtjamalh; Patjtjamalh; Wa(o)gatsch; Wadadjingi; Wadjagidj; Wagaidj; Wa-gait; Waggute; Wagite; Wangites; Wargite; Wogath; Wogites; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <12 | Isolate; Australian | Pungupungu; | Australia; | Australia | -13.137203,130.284308 | ||
| 1,124 | bbl | Batsbi | Bats; Tsova-Tush; batsba motjiti; Bac; Tush; Batsaw; Batsi; ბაცბური ენა; წოვათუშური ენა; бацбийский язык; цова-тушинский; цоватский язык; бацбур мотlтl | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Northeast Caucasian; Nakh | Georgia; | Caucasus | 42.045117, 45.302274 | |||
| 10,990 | bata1295 | Batta | Batanta | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~150 | May be on a continuum with the Tepin (Tipin) dialect of Salawati. | Austronesian; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea; Raja Ampat-South Halmahera | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.872323,130.770766 | ||
| 6,772 | xby | Batyala | Badtjala; Batjala; Ngulungbara; Butchulla; Badjela; Badtala; Badyala; Bidhala; Dulingbara; Gnoolongbara; Koolaburra; Olungbura; Patyala; Thoorgine | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Waka-Kabic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -25.44486229,153.1539929 | |||
| 1,845 | brg | Baure | Bauré; Chiquimiti; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Baure; Carmelito; Joaquiniano; | Bolivia; | South America | -13.0833333333,-64.1666666667 | ||
| 1,596 | bgr | Bawm Chin | Bawm; Banjogi; Bawng; Bawn; Bom; Chin (Bawm); Chin, Bawm | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | unknown | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | The Chittagong hill tracts in Southeast Bangladesh are composed of the Rangamati and Bandarban districts. Rowangchari and Thanci are the subdistricts of the Bandarban district and Bethel Para is in the Ruma subdistrict of the Bandarban district. Data such as wordlist from a sociolinguistic survey was taken in both districts. | India;Myanmar;Bangladesh; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 22.5,92.25 | ||
| 5,055 | byg | Baygo | Baigo; Bego; Beko; Beigo; Béogé; Beygo; | Dormant | 0 | Daju; Western Daju | No known speakers | Sudan; | Africa | 11.7436,24.6423 | ||
| 4,019 | byl | Bayono | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Bayono-Awbono | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.22, 139.62 | ||||
| 5,990 | bda | Bayot | Baiote; Baiot; Bayotte; Bayote; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,150 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Essin; | Senegal;Gambia;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 12.4218,-16.4149 | ||
| 3,982 | bsw | Bayso | Baiso; Alkali; Gidicho; Gedicho; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,200 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.25,37.75 | |||
| 1,675 | scs-bea | Bearlake | Bearlake Slavey; Bear Lake; North Slavey | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 580 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | scs is for Slavey. Ethnologue has Bearlake as a dialect of Slavey. | Canada; | North America | 65.2161, -123.4362 | ||
| 9,809 | bek | Bebeli | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 780 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | “Documentation projects by Dr. Hiroko Sato and particularly Morokea village community members; cultural revitalization projects, particularly on their traditional dances and songs, in Mosa village for a few decades, and that helps Mosa community members be aware of the importance of their language and culture and they use Bebeli language more than those in the other two villages.” | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.335340, 150.10173; -5.39172, 150.152181; -5.304133, 150.201489 | |||
| 1,358 | bed; bedo1237 | Bedoanas | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.7263,132.5582 | ||||
| 584 | bkf | Beeke | Beke; Ibeeke; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 0.9997,28.7951 | |||
| 541 | bnz | Beezen | Bezen; | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukunoid; Yukuben-Kuteb | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.7518,10.0744 | |||||
| 1,361 | bep; beso1237 | Behoa | Besoa | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 speakers, 5,000 of whom live in the language area | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Kaili-Pamona | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.7163,120.4211 | |||
| 9,729 | beg | Belait | Balait Jati; Lemeting; Meting | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Malaysia;Brunei; | Southeast Asia | 4.582, 114.233; 4.454, 114.32; 4.731, 114.742 | |||
| 3,999 | bxb | Belanda Bor | De Bor; Bor; Bor-Belanda; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Nilotic; Western Nilotic | South Sudan; | Africa | 6.4954,27.7404 | |||
| 4,010 | bxq | Bele | Beele; Àbéélé; Bellawa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.217625, 10.364777 | |||
| 10,924 | nyal1254 | Belep | Nyelâyu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1600 | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -19.750000,163.666700 | ||||
| 1,580 | byw | Belhariya | Belhare; Athpariya; Athpahariya; Athpare; Athpagari; Belhariye | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | small number of speakers | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 26.9666666667,87.3 | |||
| 3,898 | bey | Beli (Papua New Guinea) | Akuwagel; Mukili; Makarim | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,453 | Torricelli; Maimai | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.685606003, 142.3839417 | |||
| 3,932 | blm | Beli (Sudan) | Behli; Beili; Jur Beli; ‘Beli; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,600 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Sopi; Bahri Girinti; Wulu; | South Sudan; | Africa | 6.4736,29.2675 | ||
| 1,597 | brw | Bellari | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.6952,76.4648 | ||||
| 8,731 | dbt | Ben Tey | Beni; Ben Tey Dogon | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; Nangan | Mali; | Africa | 14.9, -3.0 | |||
| 10,413 | bdp | Bende | Sibhende; Kibende; Si’bende; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 27,000-41,290 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | -6.381068, 31.068306 | |||
| 588 | bng | Benga | Qaqet; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon;Equatorial Guinea; | Africa | 1.16666666667,9.41666666667 | ||||
| 1,360 | bgy; beng1287 | Benggoi | Bengoi; Kobi-Benggoi; Uhei-Kaclakin; Uhei Kachlakan; Uhei-Kahlakim; Isal; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 320 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; East Seram | Balakeo; Benggoi; Lesa; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.0748,130.0918 | ||
| 283 | rif-ben | Beni Iznassen | Beni Snassen; Iznacen; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Morocco; | Africa | 34.916700, -2.316700 | ||||
| 2,119 | bie; bepo1240 | Bepour | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few dozen speakers or less | Trans-New Guinea; Madang; Croisilles; Northern Adelbert; Kumil-Tibor; Kumil | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.60,145.44 | ||||
| 566 | bxv | Berakou | Babalia; Bubalia; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Bolo Djarma; Mondogossou; Yiryo; Manawadji; | Chad; | Africa | 12.8492,15.032 | ||
| 3,969 | brc | Berbice Creole Dutch | Berbice Dutch | Dormant | 0 | Pidgin or Creole; Dutch based creole | Guyana; | South America | 6.1667,-57.7167 | |||
| 10,972 | west2616 | Bering Aleut | Western Aleut | Awakening () | 0 | Eskimo-Aleut | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 55.20,166.00 | |||
| 10,621 | bit | Berinomo | Bitara; Apowasi; Perbi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 178 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.42, 142.46 | |||
| 2,308 | bes | Besme | Huner; Hounar; ‘Unar; Beseme; Besemme; Bodor; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,230 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Chad; | Africa | 9.6386,16.018 | |||
| 3,899 | bfe | Betaf | Betaf, Tebi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Orya-Tor; Tor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.12,139.25 | |||
| 4,018 | byf | Bete | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.016386,9.766867 | ||||
| 361 | eot | Beti | Eotile; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 5.2495,-3.3233 | |||
| 1,453 | xub | Betta Kurumba | Betta Kurumba Nonstandard Tamil; Kadu Kurumba; Urali Kurumba; Kurumba, Betta | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-6,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.5,76.75 | |||
| 6,025 | kap | Bezhta | Bezheta; Kapucha; бежитинский язык; капучинский язык; бежкьалас миц; bežƛʼalas mic; Bexita; Bezhita; Bezhti; Kapuchin; Bechitin; Kupuca; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,200 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Tsezic | Khocharkhotin; Bezhta; Tlyadaly; | Caucasian language belonging to the Tsezic subgroup (also called Dido subgroup) of the northwestern group (Avar-Ando-Dido) of the Dagestan languages. Bezhta is also called the Kapucha language, a name which originates in the Georgian name for the village of Bezhita. There is no scholarly agreement on the genealogical classification of the Bezhta (Kapucha) language. E. Bokarev considers it to belong to the Dido subgroup, whereas Georgian linguist, E. Lomatadze, thinks it is a dialect of the Kapucha-Hunzib language. Bezhta is divided into three dialects: Bezhta, Tljadali and Hochar-Hota. The vocabulary has been greatly affected by Avar and Georgian, through which there have also been some borrowings from Arabic, Turkish and Persian. During the Soviet era the biggest influence was Russian. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.1369,46.1508 | |
| 1,598 | bhd | Bhadrawahi | Bradrawah; Baderwali; Badrohi; Bhaderbhai Jamu; Bhaderwali Pahari; Bhadrava; Bhadri; Bahi; Bhadarwahi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <69,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | Padari; Bhalesi; Padar | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 33.8886,76.3 | ||
| 1,599 | bhd-bha | Bhalesi | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 33.3947, 76.1352 | ||||||
| 3,909 | bhe | Bhaya | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Pakistan; | South Asia | 25.48,69.31 | ||||
| 1,601 | unr-bhu | Bhumij | Sadar Bhumij; Bhumij Munda; Bhumij Thar; Bhumiɟ | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | over 100,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | Greg Anderson: Language is locally endangered. Bhumij are heavily Hinduized and often switch to Indo-Aryan language(s) when adopting Hindu religious practices. | India; | South Asia | 22.552,85.804 | ||
| 7,810 | bif | Biafada | Beafada; Biafar; Bidyola; Bedfola; Dfola; Fada; Ganjoola; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 44,900 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 11.537292, -15.227014 | |||
| 1,363 | bhw | Biak | Village X; Biak-Numfor; Noefoor; Mafoor; Mefoor; Nufoor; Mafoorsch; Myfoorsch; Noefoorsch; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Korim; Mandusir; Bosnik; Samberi; Warsa; Monoarfu; Jenures; Vogelkop; Mios Num; Wadibu; Sundei; Mapia; Sorido; Sampori; Mofu; Opif; Wardo; Sorendidori; Kamer; Ariom; Bo’o; Fairi; Penasifu; Padoa; Rumberpon; Korido; Dwar; Wari; Sor; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.036, 136.01; -0.731, 135.558; -1.041, 134.892; -1.765, 136.164; -0.861, 134.062 | ||
| 6,773 | xbp | Bibbulman | Pibelmen; Pepelman; Peopleman; Piblemen; Bibulman; Bibulmun; Bibu:lmoun; Bibbulmun; Bebleman; Pibilum; Bibilum; Bajongwongi; Bibilum; Bibuulmoun; Meeraman; Murram | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Nyungic | Australia; | Australia | -34.90830698,117.173752 | |||
| 4,020 | bym | Bidjara | Bitjara; Bithara; Bidjera; Minkabari; Peachera; Peechera; Pitjara; Pitteroo; Wilya;Bidyara; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -25.30623867,147.1137388 | |||
| 1,312 | bnk | Bierebo | Bonkovia-Yevali; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900-1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Yopuna (aka Yevali); Malvasi (aka Mapremo); Yana; Yakana (aka Iakanaga); Yaningi (aka Tavio or Ianigi); Ruwo (aka Burupika); Bonkovio (aka Bonkovia); | Bierebo is a dialect network with seven varieties, which are not all mutually intelligible. The names of the dialects correspond to the names of villages where they are spoken, except for Yana, Yakana, and Yaningi (all meaning ‘what?’); these 3 varieties are spoken on the East coast in Lokopui area. The Yana and Yakana varieties are moribund, while the other varieties are fairly stable. | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.6539,168.1539 | |
| 3,970 | brj | Bieria | Bieri; Vovo; Wowo; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vovo; Bieria; | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.8045,168.2446 | ||
| 3,918 | biu | Biete | Bete; Baite; Biate | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 19,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 25.6514,93.2409 | |||
| 3,908 | bhc; biga1238 | Biga | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.017855,139.269037 | ||||
| 10,756 | xbe | Bigambal | Bigambul, Bigumbil | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Uncertain | Australia; | Australia | -28.166667, 150.166667 | |||
| 1,468 | ibh | Bih | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Chamic | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 12.840,108.045 | |||||
| 542 | byb | Bikya | Furu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.8309,10.0277 | |||
| 4,603 | byn | Bilen | Bilin; Bogo; Bogos; Bilayn; Balen; Beleni; Belen; Bilein; Bileno; North Agaw; Blin | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~90,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Eritrea; | Africa | 15.75,38.5 | |||
| 5,561 | nbj-bil | Bilinarra | Pilinara; Bunara; Boonarra;Bilinara; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Australia; | Australia | -17.26732129,130.8928481 | |||
| 2,509 | tls | Biliru | Tambotalo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.4655,167.1027 | |||
| 10,808 | blb | Bilua | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,740 | Isolate; Pacific | “Bilua is sometimes grouped with the other Central Solomons languages and beyond (Wurm 1975b) but closer inspection shows that a genealogical relation is not demonstrable (Dunn and Terrill 2012, Terrill 2011)” (Hammarström, forthcoming). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.748003,156.660565; | |||
| 10,888 | bhp | Bima | Bimanese | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500,000 (1989) | Austronesian, Centra-Eastern Malayo Polynesian, Bima-Sumba group, Bima | One out of 120 languages in the Lesser Sunda Islands spoken in eastern Indonesia | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||
| 10,692 | bhl | Bimin | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Mountain Ok | Bim Weng; Nimtew Weng | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.39, 142.04 | |||
| 5,008 | byj | Bina | Bogana; Binawa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 5,554 | wmb-bin | Binbinka | Binbinga; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Mirndi | Australia; | Australia | -16.552078,134.786606 | |||
| 5,445 | gup | Bininj Gun-wok | Proto Bininj Gun-wok; Mayali; Kunwinjku; Kuninjku; Gunawitji; Gundeidjeme; Gundeijeme; Gundja-jeimi; Gunwingo; Gunwingu; Gunwinygu; Koorungo; Kulunglutchi; Kulunglutji; Kundangyohmi; Maielli; Majali; Mangaridji; Mangeri; Margulitban; Neinggu; Unigangk; Urnigangg; Wengei; Wengej; Wengi; Witji; Gunwinjgu; Bininj Gun-Wok; Gunwiggu;Gunwinggu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,600 | Gunwinyguan; Gunwinggic | Gumadir; Muralidban; Gundjeipme; Naiali; Gunei; | Australia; | Australia | -12.26525431,133.6466651 | ||
| 9,749 | bny | Bintulu | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | ||||||
| 1,602 | biy | Birhor | Birhar; Bīrhaṛ; Bihor; Birhore; Mankidi; Mankidia; Birhɔɽ; Mundari; Mundari-Ho | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | India; | South Asia | 21.7594,85.935 | |||
| 6,657 | bzr, xgi | Biri | Biria; Birri Gubba; Birigaba; Biriaba; Breeaba; Perembba; Perenbba; Wirri; Wiriwiri; Wierdi; Widi; Juipera; Garingbal | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Yambina; Yetimarala; Biri; Yilba; Barada; Garingbal; Wiri; Gangulu; Yangga; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.478349,115.462875 | ||
| 3,965 | bqq | Biritai | Ati; Aliki; Biri; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.92, 137.68 | |||
| 560 | bvq | Birri | Biri; Viri; Bviri; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Unclassified; Central Sudanic?; Central African Republic | Munga; Mboto; | Central African Republic; | Africa | 5.5,25.1666666667 | ||
| 3,812 | brl | Birwa | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | South Africa;Botswana; | Africa | ||||||
| 7,935 | ije | Biseni | Buseni; Amegi; Northeast Central Ijo; Ịjọ; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,800 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Western Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 1,246 | bpy | Bishnupuriya | Bishnupriya;Bisna Puriya; Bishnupria Manipuri | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Eastern Zone | Rajar Gang; Madai Gang/Madoi Gang | India;Myanmar;Bangladesh; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 24.297,92.4499 | |||
| 543 | bwh | Bishuo | Biyam; Furu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.9032,10.0991 | |||
| 10,619 | bnw | Bisis | Yambiyambi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 395 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.46, 143.06 | |||
| 10,628 | bir, bic | Bisorio | Bi; Gne; Sidi; Iniai; Inyai-Gadio-Bisorio; Bikaru; Bigalu; Bugalu; Pikaru | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200? | Trans-New Guinea; Engan | Bikaru | Ethnologue (18th edition) lists “Bikaru” [bic] as a separate language, despite also listing it as a dialect of Bisorio. The entry for Bikaru follows Laycock’s (1973) tentative assignment of the language to the Sepik family, but Conrad and Lewis (1988) argue that Bikaru is a dialect of Bisorio (Trans-New Guinea family). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.78, 143.21 | |
| 4,023 | bzi | Bisu | Mbisu; Misu; Mibisu; Mbi; Laopin; Lawa; Lua; Pin; 畢蘇語; 米蘇語; 米畢蘇語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,740 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Huaipa; Dakao; Lanmeng | Closely related to Laomian and the Lawpan variety of Sinsali, less so to the rest of Sinsali, Cong, and Sangkong; together these languages form the Bisoid subgroup of Southern Loloish (Bradley 2007). | China;Myanmar;Thailand;Laos; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 19.75,100.0 | |
| 1,239 | bgk | Bit | 布興話; Kha Bit; Khabit; Khbit; Pasing; Phsing; Phsin; 布興語 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Bit-Khang | China;Laos; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 21.1254,101.4697 | |||
| 10,632 | bwm | Biwat | Munduguma; Mundugumor; Mundokuma; Mundukumo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,642 | Yuat | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.39, 143.87 | |||
| 1,454 | blp | Blablanga | Gema; Goi; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -8.206,159.4638 | |||
| 9,469 | beu | Blagar | Belagar; Balagur; Kaera; Pura; Tarang; Pi Abaŋ Hur; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Apurí; Pura; Bakalang; Limarahing | “Blagar is not a single monolithic language, but a cluster of related varieties often displaying significant variation.” (Steinhauer 2014) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.302799, 124.343837 | |
| 3,962 | bpw | Bo | Po; Sorimi | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 76 | Left May | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.297861099, 141.5878754 | |||
| 4,026 | bzn | Boano (Maluku, Indonesia) | Buano; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,240 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.96, 127.95 | |||
| 1,365 | bzl | Boano (Sulawesi, Indonesia) | Bolano; Djidja; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,350 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
| 5,991 | bgb | Bobongko | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Saluan-Banggai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
| 3,069 | sab | Bocotá | Buglere; Bokota; Bogota; Bofota; Bobota; Bocota; Bukueta; Nortenyo; Murire; Veraguas Sabanero; Bokotá; Bogotá; Sabanero; Boncota; Muoy; | Chibchan; Isthmic | Sabanero, Bokotá | Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 8.5,-81.25 | ||||
| 5,929 | mym-bod | Bodi | Podi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,570 | Surmic; Southeast Surmic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.402267,36.005147 | |||
| 561 | boy | Bodo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Central African Republic; | Africa | |||||
| 10,743 | boq | Bogaya | Bogaia; Pogaya | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.54, 142.25 | |||
| 585 | bqu | Boguru | Koguru; Kogoro; Buguru; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Bukur; Boguru; | South Sudan;Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 4.3902,29.2016 | ||
| 3,912 | bhn, hrt | Bohtan Neo-Aramaic | Sôreth; Hértevin; севернобохтанский язык; Hertevince; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Note: This entry covers the entire group of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic languages spoken currently or formerly in the historical territory of Bohtan, including the variety known as Hértevin [hrt]. While there is considerable internal variation within this group, the degree of mutual intelligibility between varieties is unknown and unlikely to be discovered, as speakers are now very few and scattered across the world. | Russia;Georgia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 41.5579,45.0219 | ||
| 10,607 | bzf | Boiken | Boikin; Nucum; Yangoru; Yengoru | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35,204 | Sepik; Ndu | Yangoru; Central; Nagum; Kunai; Kubalia; Coastal; Island | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.25, 143.25 | ||
| 1,604 | adi-bok | Bokar | Boga’er Luoba; 崩尼-博嘎爾语 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 28.8735, 94.3807 | ||
| 3,945 | bnp | Bola | Bakovi; Bola-Bakovi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Bola; Harua; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.445211,150.028967 | ||
| 8,127 | quh | Bolivian Quechua | Boliviano; Quechua, South Bolivian; Central Bolivian Quechua; Quechua Boliviano; South Bolivian Quechua; Quechua (Bolivian); Bolivia Quechua; Cochabamba | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,300,000 | Quechuan;Quechua IIC | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in Quechuan, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987) | Argentina;Bolivia; | South America | -20.92, -66.33 | ||
| 7,002 | bvl | Bolivian Sign Language | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; South American | There is evidence that Bolivian Sign Language is no more divergent from ASL than some dialects of ASL. | “According to the Hursts’ (2002) research, there may be two distinct sign languages used in Bolivia. One of them, introduced by missionaries in 1973, is based on ASL and has incorporated local indigenous signs. This form of ASL was introduced in Cochabamba and has likely spread to other areas. Another pre-existing sign language may also be present; the Hursts reported that this other sign language may be used in Catholic circles and in La Paz.” (Holbrook 2009) | Bolivia; | South America | ||||
| 3,931 | bkt | Boloki | Baloki; Buluki; Boleki; River Ruki; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 0.051498, 18.253733; | |||
| 4,596 | bzm | Bolondo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | |||||
| 1,237 | ply | Bolyu | Lai; Palju; Palyu; Polyu; 倈語 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Austro-Asiatic; Pakanic | China; | East Asia | 24.4871,105.216 | |||
| 363 | bmf | Bom | Bome; Bum; Bomo; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few hundred | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Bom is linguistically the same language as Krim, though their speakers may consider them distinct (Childs 2012). | Sierra Leone; | Africa | 7.3188,-11.9915 | ||
| 4,597 | bml | Bomboli | Bombongo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 1.984789,18.515156 | |||
| 10,430 | glc | Bon Gula | Bon, Bon Goula, Bun, Êeni, Gula Guera, Poun, Taataal | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Chad; | Africa | ||||
| 5,062 | bou | Bondei | Kibondei; Bonde; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | ||||
| 8,736 | dbu | Bondu So | Dogon; Bondum Dom; Bondum-Dom; Najamba-Kindige; Bondum Dom Dogon; North Plateau Dogon; Bondum dom | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,700 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; North Plateau | Najamba; Kindige | Mali; | Africa | 14.91, -3.33 | ||
| 10,891 | bna | Bonerate | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Muna-Buton; Tukang Besi-Bonerate; Bonerate | Bonerate and Karompa | A member of Muna-Buton stock, the languages found on the islands off the south-eastern peninsula of Sulawesi. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -7.322884, 121.099350; -7.312572, 121.046704 | |||
| 1,405 | bnv; bone1255 | Bonerif | Beneraf; Boneraf | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Orya-Tor; Tor-Kwerba; Coastal Tor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.1088,139.2352 | |||
| 1,407 | bpg | Bonggo | Armopa; Bgu; Bogu; Bongo; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 432 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.2461,139.5208 | |||
| 3,953 | bot | Bongo | Bungu; Dor; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,100 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Tonj Bongo; Bungo; Busere Bongo; | Sudan; | Africa | 7.5,28.5 | ||
| 521 | bok | Bonjo | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Congo; | Africa | 1.7712,17.9598 | ||||
| 3,950 | bop | Bonkiman | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.880937099,146.7801666 | ||||
| 3,944 | bnl | Boon | Af-Boon; Boni; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 59 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Somalia; | Africa | 0.151042,42.901089 | |||
| 6,677 | 0hq | Boonwurrung | Bunurong; Boon Wurrung; Bun wurrung; Boatnairo; Boatnarro; Putnaroo; Putmaroo; Bonurong; Bonnings; Boonnong; Boomerang; Port Phillip Aborigines; Bon-gar-rong; Bon-ga-rong; Boom ner wrong; Boomerong; Boonerong; Boong wer rong; Boongerong; Bounworong; Boonwoorong; Boonworong; Bonwarry; Westernport blacks; Boong.er.rong; Boong.er.ong; Bonwerong; Boormarong; Boonmerong; Bon-worong; Boonmorong; Bon-wrogon; Boonrong; Boongerang; Boon.ger.rong; Boonwo-rong; Western Port tribe; Boonurong; Bonwrong; Boungerong; Bournourong; Boongurong; Boonguerong; Boonwerung; Boonwerong; Boomeronge; Boon wurong; Coast tribe; Boonoorong; Boon-oor-rong; Boonurrong; Bunwurru; Bun-wurru; Bunwurung; Boon-wurung; Boon wurung; Borawong; Bunoorong; bunurong; Boonerang; Bunuron; Bunarong; Bunerong; Boonoor-ong; Bunwurong; Bunwurra; Thurung; Boonoorung; Boonworung; Boonwurrong; Bonourong; Bunerung; Boonooroong; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -38.44632223,145.8369926 | |||
| 568 | bvf | Boor | Bwara; Damraw; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 10.2149,17.3721 | |||
| 1,854 | boa | Bora | Imihita; Miranya; Boro; Meamuyna; Miriña; Miranha; Bora-Miranya; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-3,000 | Boran | Brazil;Peru;Colombia; | South America | -2.16666666667,-72.3333333333 | |||
| 10,647 | gai | Borei | Borei; Gamai; Gamay; Gamei; Mbore; Mborei | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,202 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.09, 144.72 | |||
| 1,607 | adi-bor | Bori | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India; | South Asia | 28.9889, 94.4439 | |||
| 3,605 | bwo | Boró | Shinassha; Boro; Bworo; Shinasha; Scinacia; Šinašša; Bòrná | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Gonga | Gamila; Wembera; Amuru; Guba; | Leyew 2002 claims two dialects of Shinasha: Lowland and Highland. Wedekind 2010 claims two dialects as well: Highland (Garibora/Gayibora) and Lowland (Taribora/Worwibora), which are mutually intelligible. | Ethiopia; | Africa | 10.4166666667,36.1666666667 | |
| 3,952 | bor | Bororo | Boe; Borôro; Bororo proper; Eastern Bororo; Western Bororo; Borro; | Bororoan | Brazil; | South America | -16.0,-57.0 | |||||
| 2,596 | brn | Boruca | Boruka; Borunca; Borunka; Brunca; Burunca; Brunka; Burnca; | Awakening () | Chibchan; Isthmic | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 8.83333333333,-83.25 | ||||
| 2,121 | bwf | Boselewa | Bosilewa; Bosalewa; Mwani’u; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.449,150.661 | |||
| 10,649 | bqs | Bosmun | Bosman; Bosngun | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,768 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.16, 144.65 | |||
| 3,937 | bmj | Bote-Majhi | Kushar | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,664 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Eastern Zone | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.9208,83.5082 | |||
| 1,728 | bph; botl1242 | Botlikh | Botlix; Bujxałi mic’c’i; ботлихский язык; буйхалъи мицIцIи; буйхaдалъи мицIцIи; ბოთლიხური ენა | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000-8,000 speakers | Northeast Caucasian; Nakh-Daghestanian; Avar-Andic | Zibirkhalin; Botlikh | Has loans from Avar. In the 20th century Russian has also come to exert a heavy influence. (The Red Book of the Languages of the Russian Federation) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.3917,46.1351 | |
| 10,488 | zaz-bot | Boto | Boot, Bibot | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.733333, 9.233333 | |||
| 4,731 | mvt | Botovro | Mpotovoro; Mallicolo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 430 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.906508,167.228089 | |||
| 10,555 | aof | Bragat | Alang; Alauagat; Braget; Yauan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 355 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.49, 142.50 | |||
| 10,658 | brq | Breri | Kuanga | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 720 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.73, 144.71 | |||
| 1,228 | bre | Breton | Brezhoneg; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 206,000 | Indo-European; Celtic; Brythonic | Tregorrois; Vannetais; Cornouaillais; Léonard | France; | Europe | 48.0,-3.0 | ||
| 687 | bzd | Bribri | Talamanca; Viceita; Duit; Viceyta; Viceíta; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,475 | Chibchan; Isthmic | Amubre-Katsi, Coroma, Salitre-Cabagra | Costa Rica;Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.41666666667,-83.0 | ||
| 7,176 | 1ku | Bribri Sign Language | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.40, -83.05 | ||||
| 1,609 | bro | Brokkat | Brokskad; Jokay | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.5618,90.6152 | |||
| 1,610 | sgt | Brokpake | Mira Sagtengpa; Dakpa; Brokpa; Dap; Mera Sagtengpa; Sagtengpa; Meragsagstengkha; Jobikha; Drokpakay; Damilo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.3766,91.9981 | |||
| 3,927 | bkk | Brokskat | Brokpa; Brokpa of Dah-Hanu; Dokskat; Kyango; Dardu; Hanu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | India; | South Asia | 35.3333333333,76.5 | |||
| 7,177 | 1kv | Brunca Sign Language | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 808 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 8.83333333333,-83.25 | ||||
| 484 | jid | Bu | Abu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Bu; Ningkada (Jidda); | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.010046, 8.607016 | ||
| 6,776 | xbg | Buandig | Buwandik; Booandik; Buandic; Buganditch; Booganitch; Bungandidjk; Bak-on-date; Bangandidj; Barconedeet; Boandik; Boandiks; Booandik-ngolo; Borandikngolo; Buandik; Buanditj; Bungaditj; Bungandaetch; Bungandaetcha; Bungandaitj; Bunganditj; Bunganditjngolo; Bungandit; Buwandik ; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Australia; | Australia | -37.53325,140.745717 | ||||
| 544 | bbx | Bubia | Bobe; Bobea; Wovea; Bota; Ewota; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.0204,9.2037 | |||
| 2,122 | btp | Budibud | Nada; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.2973,153.6891 | |||
| 1,408 | bdx; budo1241 | Budong-Budong | Tangkou; Tongkou; Bubudong; To Budo-Budo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Sulawesi; Rampi-Seko-Badaic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.0601,119.3074 | |||
| 1,229 | bdk | Budukh | Budugh; Budux; budad mez; будад мез; Budug; Budugi; Bukukhi; Buduq dili; будухский язык; будугский язык | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Budukhi; Yergyuch; | The Budukh language, together with the Kryz and the Khinalug languages, belongs to the Shahdag subgroup of the Dagestan (Lezgian-Samur) group of Caucasian languages. The Budukh language is related only to Kryz; Shahdag languages are related geographically rather than linguistically. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Azerbaijan; | Caucasus | 41.1666666667,48.4166666667 | ||
| 3,799 | bdm | Buduma | Boudouma; Yidena; Yedima; Yedina; Yidana; Yadena; Yedana; Buduma-Kuri; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 54,800 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Northern Buduma; Kuri; Buduma; Southern Buduma; | Nigeria;Cameroon;Chad; | Africa | 13.5,14.5 | ||
| 1,238 | bbh | Bugan | Bogan; Bengan; Pukan; Hualo; Huazu; 布甘語; 本甘語; 布賡語 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2700 | Austro-Asiatic; Pakanic | China; | East Asia | 24.045941, 105.054981; 23.437782, 104.672597 | |||
| 3,987 | buk | Bugawac | Bukawa; Bukaua; Bukawac; Kawa; Kawac; Yom Gawac; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,690 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.728658199,147.3600464 | |||
| 3,903 | bgg | Bugun | Khowa; Kho; Khoa; Bugen; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,700 | Sino-Tibetan; Kho-Bwa | Unclassified within Tibeto-Burman. | India; | South Asia | 27.2546,92.5323 | ||
| 3,911 | bhh | Bukhori | Bukharian; Bukhari; Bukharin; Bukharic; Bokharian; Bokharic; Bokharan; Bukharan; Judeo-Tajik; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 110,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Israel;Uzbekistan; | Near East | 39.8043,64.4224 | |||
| 2,123 | ape | Bukiyip | Mountain Arapesh; Kavu; Kawu; Bukiyúp; Arapesh; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Torricelli; Arapeshan | Mountain Arapesh (Bukiyip); Coastal Arapesh (Arapesh) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.46666666667,143.166666667 | ||
| 3,938 | bmp | Bulgebi | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.7485,146.4532 | ||||
| 10,466 | Buli | Bili, Bɨlɨ, Bələ | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Not to be confused with Buli spoken on Halmahera Island, Indonesia. | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.233333, 9.783333 | ||||
| 5,422 | sti | Bulo Stieng | Stieng; Xtieng; Xa-Dieng; Budíp; Rangah; Upper Stieng; Northern Stieng; Kajiang; Kediang; Rmang; Stieng, Bulo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; South Bahnaric; Stieng-Chrau | Budip; Bulo | Vietnam;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 11.8333333333,106.75 | |||
| 3,924 | bjl | Bulu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 910 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.052719,150.092506 | ||||
| 10,249 | bvp | Bumang | Manzhang Dai; 曼仗傣; Bumang; 布芒語 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Austro-Asiatic | The newly discovered Bumang (bvp) 布芒 language of Mengla Xiazhai and Mengla Shangzhai, Jinping County, Yunnan, China (金平縣苗族瑶族傣族自治縣勐拉地區的曼仗上寨和曼仗下寨) is said to be descended from 19th century Kháng immigrants from Vietnam. There are only 200 speakers left and none of them are monolinguals (DAO Jie 刀潔 2006, 2007; J. Edmondson 2010). | This language is closely related to Kháng (kjm) of Vietnam, but mutually intelligibility between the two languages has not yet been tested. According to J. Edmondson (2010:152), “it appears that the lexical support for Kháng and Bumang belonging to Khmuic is strong.” It is not yet clear which subdivision of the Khumic branch Bumang belongs to. | China; | East Asia | ||
| 2,046 | aon | Bumbita | Bumbita Arapesh; Bambita Arapesh; But Arapesh; Weri | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,353 | Torricelli; Arapeshan | Bonahoi; Timingir; Urita; Weril; Werir | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.6449, 142.8002 | ||
| 10,636 | buv | Bun | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 194 | Yuat | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.52, 143.89 | ||||
| 10,570 | bvn | Buna | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,259 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Kasmin; Masan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
| 7,230 | bfn | Bunak | Buna; Buna’; Bunake; Bunaq; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Indonesia;East Timor; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -9.14,125.22 | |||
| 535 | bqd | Bung | Dormant | No known L1 speakers | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.5718,11.8267 | ||||
| 10,576 | but | Bungain | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,451 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.70, 143.80 | ||||
| 8,742 | dgb | Bunoge | Korandabo; Budu-Tagu; Korandabo; Bunoge Dogon | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; West Dogon | Mali; | Africa | 14.650026, -3.795884; 14.717776, -3.814423 | |||
| 3,893 | bck | Bunuba | Punapa; Bunapa; Punaba; Booneba Bunaba; Kunamba; Punamba;Bunaba; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Bunaban | Australia; | Australia | -17.69419801,125.5950823 | ||||
| 10,773 | Bura | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.403194,166.675312; | |||||
| 2,105 | bvr | Burarra | Anbara; Anbarra; Barara; Barera; Baurera; Bawera; Burada; Burara; Bureda; Burera; Gidjingali; Gidjingaliya ; Gujingalia; Gujalabiya; Gun-Guragone; Jikai; Tchikai; Gidjingaliya Gujingalia;Gunardba | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400-600 | Maningrida | Gun-nartpa; Gun-narta; Gun-narda; | Australia; | Australia | -12.02334685,134.7195148 | ||
| 1,409 | bti; bura1276 | Burate | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | East Geelvink Bay | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.7811,135.9915 | ||||
| 5,992 | bvh | Bure | Bubburè; Bubure; Bubbure; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.517012, 10.333315 | |||
| 1,230 | hrv-bur | Burgenland Croatian | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,000 | Indo-European; Balto-Slavic; Slavic; South Slavic | Austria; | Europe | 47.8435,16.5179 | ||||
| 4,608 | bji | Burji | Bambala; Bembala; Daashi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 46,100 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Highland East Cushitic | Kenya;Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.5,37.8333333333 | |||
| 10,750 | vrt | Burmbar | Banam Bay; Vartavo | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.42, 167.73 | |||
| 4,027 | bzu | Burmeso | Taurap; Borumeso; Boromeso; Borumesso; Burumeso; Monau; Monao; Manau; Borumessu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.48, 138.20 | |||
| 10,610 | bry | Burui | Sawos | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~150 | Sepik; Ndu | Burui is included within Laycock’s (1973) “Sawos language”, which he admits may consist of multiple languages, noting that “no real dialect surveys have been undertaken”. The classifications here follow the survey work of Staalsen (1975). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.04, 143.01 | ||
| 3,701 | aip | Burumakok | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.12, 140.03 | ||||
| 5,064 | bds | Burunge | Bulunge; Mbulugwe; Burungi; Mbulunge; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few hundred | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; South Cushitic | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.33333333333,36.0 | |||
| 1,614 | bsk | Burushaski | Mishaski; Brushaski; Burushaki; Burucaki; Burushki; Burucaski; Biltum; Khajuna; Kunjut | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,300 | Isolate; South Asian | Nagar; Yasin; Hunza | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 36.3294753, 74.6605365; 36.3596633, 73.3384471 | ||
| 3,910 | bhf | Busa | Odiai; Busan; Uriai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 240 | Isolate; Pacific | “Dusa lexicon bears no significant relations to any other language in the region (Conrad and Dye 1975, Laycock 1975a)” (Hammarström, forthcoming). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.86, 141.42 | ||
| 569 | bso | Buso | Busso; Dam de Bousso; Bousso; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40-50 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | ||||
| 1,410 | bup; buso1238 | Busoa | Bosoa; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800-900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Muna-Buton | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.551441, 122.604769 | |||
| 5,993 | dox | Bussa | Muusiye; Mossiya; Mossittaata; Dobase; D’oopace; D’opaasunte; Lohu; Mossiye; Mosiye; Musiye; Gobeze; Gowase; Goraze; Orase; Gowaze; North Bussa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.7225,37.1406 | |||
| 545 | bju | Busuu | Awa; Furu; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.8282,10.1087 | |||
| 10,786 | bnr | Butmas-Tur | Ati; Farafi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 520 | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.338309,167.106526; | |||
| 8,929 | 8uu | Buu (Cameroon) | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100-200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.564650, 10.255150 | ||||
| 10,444 | gji-zar | Buu (Nigeria) | Zaranda, Zarandaa | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~600 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.570000, 10.280000 | |||
| 4,330 | jiy | Buyuan Jinuo | Jinuo; Jino; Buyuan; Jinuo, Buyuan; 基諾語補遠方言 | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Distinctive dialect of Jinuo | China; | East Asia | 22.0,101.0 | ||
| 3,996 | bwa | Bwatoo | Neukaledonien; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.039, 164.697; -21.355, 165.097 | |||
| 2,673 | bwz | Bwisi | Ibwisi; Mbwisi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,250 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon;Congo; | Africa | -3.5572,11.4477 | |||
| 1,616 | bee | Byangsi | Byangkho Lwo; Byasi; Byanshi; Byansi; Bhotia; Byangkhopa; Jaba; Saukas; Shaukas; Rang; Byāngsī | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | Pangjungkho Boli; Kuti; Yerjungkhu Boli | Considered endangered in India. | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 30.1666666667,80.5 | |
| 5,930 | cra | C’ara | Chara; Ciara; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,932 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.479,36.3647 | |||
| 1,753 | msq; caac1237 | Caac | Moenebeng; Neukaledonien; Caawac; Mwelebeng | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,215 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Nuclear Southern Oceanic; Southern Melanesian; New Caledonian; Extreme Northern | Pouébo; La Conception (St. Louis); | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.2250,164.3545 | ||
| 3,070 | cjp | Cabécar | Kabékar; Cabecar; Tucurrique; Chiripo; Chirripó; Estrella; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,441 | Chibchan; Isthmic | Chirripó, Telire, Estrella, Ujarrás | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.75,-83.4166666667 | ||
| 2,110 | cbb | Cabiyarí | Cauyari; Caryari; Cabiuarí; Cauyarí; Kauyarí; Cuyare; Kawillary; Caviyari; Kaviyarí; Caviyarí; Kabiyarí; | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Colombia; | South America | .1208,-71.1474 | |||||
| 1,678 | cad | Caddo | Kadohadacho; Petit Caddo; Upper Nasoni; Nanatsaho; Kado; Caddoe; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <25 | Caddoan | USA; | North America | 35.0985,-98.2603 | |||
| 5,145 | cah | Cahuarano | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Zaparoan | Crevels (2012:211): SIL reported five speakers of Cahuarano in 1975, but today the language is probably extinct. Kaufman (2007: 69) considers Iquito-Cahuarano as a single language, where others separate the two. | Peru; | South America | -3.728803,-73.920783 | |||
| 1,679 | chl | Cahuilla | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Takic | Mountain Cahuilla; Desert Cahuilla; Pass (Wanikik) Cahuilla | USA; | North America | 33.5404,-116.7436 | |||||
| 8,121 | qvc | Cajamarca Quechua | Quechua, Cajamarca; Cajamarca Quechua; Cajamarca Kechua; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Quechuan; Quechua IIC | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987) This is one of the most archaic varieties of Quechua II. (Willem Adelaar personal communication) | Peru; | South America | -7.158438,-78.512620;-7.142658,-78.651822;-7.165896,-78.462059; | ||
| 9,069 | zad, zav, zpu, zpq, zat | Cajonos Zapotec | dill xhon, Villalta (non-preferred) | Otomanguean; Zapotecan; Monte Albán; Eastern Zapotec | Yalálag, Zoogocho, Yatzachi el Bajo, Yatzachi el Alto, Lachiroag, Melchor Betaza, Zoochina, Tabaa, Yojovi, San Andrés Solaga, San Francisco Cajonos, San Pedro Cajonos, San Pablo Yaganiza | 1 of approx. 13-14 Eastern Zapotec languages (14 if counting Yuautepec). 1 of 3 Zapotec languages of the Sierra Norte. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||
| 10,931 | caju1236 | Cajun French | Louisiana French, Français Louisiane, Cajun, Acadien | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 136,701 | Cajun French is a variety of the French language spoken in southern Louisiana in the U.S. South. It is spoken primarily by the descendants of French Canadians from Nova Scotia who migrated to Louisiana in the 18th century. It was historically spoken in much of Louisiana, but is now mostly confined to the twenty-two parishes of historical Acadia. Language use has been decreasing throughout the 20th and 21st century, and widespread institutional pressure against the use of French in public schools in the 20th century is thought to be a major contributing factor to this decline. More recently, “soft support” from public institutions has seen an increase in second-language French speakers in historical Acadia. | USA; | North America | 30.216667, -92.033333 | |||
| 2,829 | abd | Camarines Norte Agta | Manide; Agiyan; Agta, Camarines Norte | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
| 10,129 | 4rr | Cambodian Sign Language | CSL; CBDSL; Khmer Sign Language; KSL | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | “It is best to avoid using the term Khmer Sign Language, since the term Khmer refers to the language used by hearing people in Cambodia, and Cambodian Sign Language is a different language from spoken/written Khmer.” (Woodward et al., 2015) | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 11.558, 104.917 | ||
| 1,619 | rab | Camling | Rai; Rodong; Chamling; Chamlinge Rai; Rōdōng; Chāmbling; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.0,86.6666666667 | |||
| 1,231 | sro | Campidanese Sardinian | Sardinian; Campidanese; Campidanese Sardinian; Campidanian Sardinian; Sardu; Campidese; South Sardinian; Sardinian, Campidanese | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance | Ogliastrino; Sulcitano; Sarrabense; Central Campidanese; Cagliare; Sub-Barbaricino; Meridionale; Arborense; Western Campidenese; | Italy; | Europe | 40.0,9.0 | ||
| 1,516 | kbh | Camsá | Coche; Kamsá; Sibundoy; Kamemtxa; Kamse; Camëntsëá; Kamsa; Kamtsá; Mocoa; camsá; Cams; Sibundoy-Gaché; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,773 | Isolate; South American | Colombia; | South America | 1.16666666667,-77.0 | |||
| 1,958 | cbu | Candoshi | Candoxi; Candoši; Kandoshi; Murato; Maina; Candoshi-Shapra; Shapra; Roamaina; Kandozi-chapra; Chapra; Chapara | Isolate; South American | Kandoshi; Shapra; | Peru; | South America | -4.16666666667,-77.0 | ||||
| 3,974 | ram | Canela | Canela; Canela-Krahô; Timbira; Krenjé; Krahó; Pukobyé; Kanela; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,502 | Jean; Northern Je | Apanjekra (Apanhecra, Apaniekra), Ramkokamekra | Ethnologue gives Canela as a separate language from Krinkati-Timbira (with dialects Krinkati [Karakati] and Timbira). | Brazil; | South America | -7.0,-45.0 | |
| 2,913 | caz | Canichana | Kanichana; Canesi; Canisiana; | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Isolate; South American | Canichana most probably became dormant at the end of the twentieth century. | Bolivia; | South America | -14.5835,-64.9731 | ||
| 1,232 | cpg | Cappadocian Greek | Cappadocian; Asia Minor Greek | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ? | Indo-European; Greek; Attic | Northern; Northwest; Sílata; Malakopí; Northeast; Potámja; Sinasós; Central; Aksó; Mistí; Southern; Southeast; Ulağac; Semendere; Southwest; Ferték; Araván; Ghúrzono; | Greek dialect much influenced by Turkish. | Turkey;Greece; | Europe | 38.048,32.6953 | |
| 2,111 | cot | Caquinte | Kakinte; Campa; Atiri; Caquinte Campa; Poyenisati; “Cachomashiri”; Poyenisate; | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Campa | Peru; | South America | -11.146,-73.4765 | |||||
| 4,157 | caq | Car Nicobarese | Nicobarese (Car); Pu; Car; Car Nicobarese; Kar Nicobar-Chowra; Car Nikobar; Puː; Nicobarese, Car | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 37,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Nicobarese | India; | South Asia | 8.2549,93.1022 | |||
| 483 | cfd | Cara | Chara; Fachara; Nfachara; Fakara; Pakara; Tera; Teriya; Terri; Tariya; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.103839, 12.652185 | |||
| 2,113 | cby | Carabayo | Amazonas Macusa (pejorative) | Uncertain | Tikuna-Yurí | In the remote upper River Puré and River Bernardo region in the Colombian Amazon rainforest. The name Carabayo derives from the (mock) name “Bernardo Caraballo”, which was given to a Carabayo man by local people during a brief encounter in the Colombian town La Pedrera (Bernardo Caraballo was the name of a Colombian boxing champion). Subsequently the Carabayo people and their language have been referred to as Caraballo. The 2013 Ethnologue language catalogue introduced Carabayo as an English version of the language name, and assigned the ISO 639-3 code cby to it. Seifart and Alvaro Echeverri (2014) demonstrated that it is closely related to Yurí and Tikuna (Tikuna-Yurí family). | Colombia; | South America | -1.6666,-70.3333 | |||
| 3,111 | cbc | Carapana | Carapano; Mochda; Moxdoa; Karapaná; Karapano; Carapana-Tapuya; Carapanã; Mextã; Karapana; Miranya Carapana Tapuya; Mi tea; Mochda; Moxdoa; Muxtea | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 527 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.833333333333,-70.75 | |||
| 2,115 | cbd | Carijona | Hianácoto; Hianacoto; Jianácoto; Hianákoto; Hianacoto-Umaua; Karijona; Karihona; Carihona; Carijona; Carifuna; Kaliohona; Guaque; Huaque; Omagua; Umawa; Koto; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Cariban; Guianan | Colombia; | South America | 1.0,-72.0 | |||
| 4,155 | cal | Carolinian | Saipan Carolinian; Southern Carolinian; Sprache der Marianen; Karolinian; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Northern Mariana Islands; | Pacific | 15.2,145.75 | |||
| 3,263 | rmc | Carpathian Romani | Romani, Carpathian; Romany; Cigány; Bashaldo; Romungro; Hungarian-Slovak Romani; Zigeuner; European Romany; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 472,470 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Transylvanian; Galician; East Slovakian Romani; West Slovakian Romani; Moravian Romani; | Turkey;Germany;Russia;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Lithuania;France;Italy;Greece;Macedonia;United Kingdom;Poland;Czech Republic;Netherlands;Switzerland;Finland;Austria;Croatia;Latvia;Slovakia;Hungary;Albania;Belarus;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Slovenia;Serbia;Montenegro; | Europe;Caucasus;East Asia | 46.3165,22.3681 | ||
| 2,116 | cbr | Cashibo | Cashibo-Cacataibo; Catcataibo; Kashibo; Caxibo; Cacibo; Cachibo; Cahivo; Managua; Hagueti; Kashibo-Kakataibo | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Kashibo; Rubo (Isunubo); Kakataibo; Nokaman (thought formerly to be extinct) | Peru; | South America | -8.5,-75.5 | ||||
| 1,846 | cbs | Cashinahua | Kashinawa; Kaxinawa; Tuxinawa; Caxinawa; Kashinawa Kaxinawá; Kaxinawá; Kaxynawa; Caxinawá; Cashinahuá; Kaxinauá; Kaxinaua; Hãtxa Kuĩ (Huni Kuin) | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5253 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | The extinct Capanahua (Kapanawa) of the Juruá River is a dialect of Kashinawa of the Ibuaçu River; not to be confused with Capanahua (Kapanawa) of the Tapiche River (obsolescent) (Fleck 2013.) | Brazil;Peru; | South America | -10.5,-71.8333333333 | ||
| 9,689 | dgc | Casiguran Dumagat Agta | Dumagat (Casiguran); Agta (Casiguran Dumagat); Casiguran Dumagat; Casiguran; Baler Dumagat; Agta; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Northeastern Luzon | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 16.227, 122.063 | |||
| 7,178 | csc | Catalan Sign Language | Llengua de Signes Catalana; Llengua Catalana de Signes; Lengua de Signos Catalana; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,000 | Sign Language; European | Spain; | Europe | 41.38711263243966, 2.176666259765625 | |||
| 10,853 | cata1288 | Catamarca and La Rioja Quechua | Quichcua | Dormant () | 0 ? | Quechuan; Quechua IIC | Sources differ greatly with respect to Quechuan languages and varieties, both with respect to which may be separate languages vs. which just dialects of the same language, and with respect to how to classify them. The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in Quechuan, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Argentina; | South America | 28.47S,65.78W | ||
| 1,681 | chc | Catawba | Catawaba | Awakening () | Siouan; Catawban | The languages has had no native speakers since 1959; however, the language is currently undergoing revitalization efforts. | USA; | North America | 35.5,-80.5 | |||
| 2,175 | cav | Cavineña | Cavinena; Kavinenya; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600-1200 | Pano-Tacanan; Takana | Bolivia; | South America | -12.3829,-66.7419 | |||
| 1,682 | cay | Cayuga | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Iroquoian; Northern Iroquoian | Tribal leaders and linguists working with Cayuga prefer not to give current figures for number of speakers. The number of native speakers reportedly dropped to blow 100 by 2008. | USA;Canada; | North America | 43.019,-80.1506 | |||
| 2,176 | cyb | Cayuvava | Cayubaba; Cayuwaba; Kayuvava; Cavuhaba; | Dormant () | No known speakers | Isolate; South American | Bolivia; | South America | -12.7903,-65.3247 | |||
| 845 | esu | Central Alaskan Yup’ik | Yugcestun; Yugtun; Yupik; Yup’ik; 中央アラスカ・ユピック語; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,400 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Yupik | General Central Alaskan Yup’ik; Cup’ik (Chevak / Hooper Bay); Cup’ig (Nunivak) | USA; | North America | 61.4387,-160.4882; 59.8889,-166.289 | ||
| 10,527 | mks, mxa | Central Baja Mixtec | Silacayoapan Mixtec; Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec; Mixteco de Yucuná; Mixteco del noroeste; Mixteco del Noroeste de Oaxaca | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,130 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco de Santo Domingo Tonalá; Mixteco del Noroeste; Mixteco del Noroeste Medio?; Mixteco del Oeste Alto? | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.77, -98.08 | |
| 2,830 | agt | Central Cagayan Agta | Agta (Central); Agta (Central Cagayan); Agta, Central Cagayan | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 780 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Bikol | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 17.9666666667,121.833333333 | |||
| 9,873 | cuc, cvn, csa, cle, cpa | Central Chinantec | jajme dzä mii; jmiih kia’ dzä mii; Chinanteco Central; Usila Chinantec; Valle Nacional Chinantec; Chiltepec Chinantec; Lealao Chinantec; Palantla Chinantec; Chinantec; Chinanteco; Chinanteko | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 34,852 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jajme dzä mii; jmiih kia’ dzä mii | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. According to the most recent and accurate sources available, there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.949463,-96.167328 | |
| 9,290 | 0xp | Central Jewish Neo-Aramaic | Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic; NENA | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Barzan; Sandu; Bədyal | Israel; | Near East | ||||
| 5,129 | ywt | Central Lalo | Lalo, Lalopa, Laluo, Misapa, Xishanba Lalo; 中臘羅語 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 25.0,100.25 | |||
| 4,045 | cmo | Central Mnong | Pnong; Mnong, Central; Phong; Phnong; Budong; Budang; Phanong; Bu Nong; Bunong; Central Mong; Penong; Biat; Biet; Bhiét | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 52,500 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Central Bahnaric; South Bahnaric; Mnong | Bu Dang; Bu Nar; Bu Rung; Biat; Dih Bri (Di-Pri); Préh | Vietnam;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 12.5525,107.3011 | ||
| 4,775 | ncb | Central Nicobarese | Muöt; Nicobarese; Nancowry; Zentraler Dialekt; Nicobarese, Central | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,100 | Austro-Asiatic; Nicobarese; Central Nicobar | Katchal; Nancowry; Trinkut; Camorta | There are differing opinions as to whether some varieties listed as dialects of Central Nicobarese are in fact languages in their own right. | India; | South Asia | 8.05,93.5 | |
| 1,532 | poo | Central Pomo | Oat Valley; Pomo, Central; Ballo-Kai-Pomo; Cabanapo; Habenapo; H’hana; Kábinapek; Khabenapo; Khana; Kulanapan; Kulanapo; Venaambakaia; Venambakaiia; Yokaia; Pomo (Central); Yokaya; | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers. | Pomoan | Yokaya (South Valley), Shokowa (East Valley), Yobakeya, Bokeya (Western), Boya (Coastal) | USA; | North America | 38.9704,-123.6893 | ||
| 8,554 | 1op | Central Selkup | Narym; Tym Selkup; čumyľ qumyt әty; чумыль ӄумыт әты; центральный селькупский язык; Middle Selkup; Ostyak Samoyed; narymin selkupin kieli; narymin selkuppi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Uralic; Samoyedic | The three main varieties of Selkup have traditionally been counted as dialects of a single language; their differences are, however, comparable to those between, for instance, Ket, Yug, and Pumpokol. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 59.8903,82.0129 | ||
| 1,683 | ess | Central Siberian Yupik | St. Lawrence Island Yupik; Bering Strait Yupik; чаплинский язык; Yoit; Yuk; Yuit; Siberian Yupik; Asiatic Yupik; Chaplinsk; シベリア・ユピック語; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,300 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Yupik | St. Lawrence Island; Chaplinski | Interaction between the varieties spoken in the United States and Russia has been greatly restricted since the 1950’s, though they remain mutually intelligible. | Russia;USA; | Caucasus;Europe;North America;East Asia | 63.7444,-171.7242; 64.546, -173.128 | |
| 5,087 | tgt | Central Tagbanwa | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Fewer than 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Palawanic | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 10.760, 119.333; | ||||
| 10,959 | west2947, chic1274, exte1234, sanp1261 | Central Valley Zapotec | Central Valley Zapotec dialect continuum, Tlacolula Valley Zapotec, Ocotec, Quiatoni Zapotec | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Santiago Apóstol, Asunción Ocotlán, Santa Inés Yatzechi, Jalieza, Chichicapan, San Pablo Güilá, San Lucas Quiaviní, San Dionisio Ocotepec, Teotitlán del Valle, Santa Ana del Valle, Santo Domingo Tomaltepec, Santa María del Tule, Tlalixtac de Cabrera, Zaachila, Tlacochahuaya, Teitipac, Guelavía, Quialana, Santa Ana Zegache, San Miguel Tilquiapam | One of approximately 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.796597, -96.653301; 17.00, -96.82 | |||
| 4,161 | cet | Centúúm | Cen Tuum; Jalaa | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Isolate; African | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.889040, 11.751045 | ||||
| 3,466 | caa | Ch’orti’ | Chorti; Chortí; Apay; Ch’orti; Ch’ortí | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,105 | Mayan; Ch’olan-Tseltalan | Honduras;Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.8333333333, -89.25 | |||
| 2,187 | cbi | Cha’palaa | Cha’palaachi; Chachi; Cayapa; Cha’ Palaachi; Nigua; Kayapa; Cha’palaa | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,393 | Barbacoan; Southern Barbacoan | Ecuador; | South America | 0.666666666667,-79.0 | |||
| 10,452 | Chaari | Chari; Caari; Cààrí; Danshe; Danche | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Danshe, Chaari | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.05, 9.283333 | |||
| 8,122 | quk | Chachapoyas Quechua | Amazonas Quechua; Chachapoyas; Chachapoyas Quechua; Chachapoya; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Quechuan; Quechua IIB | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987) This is one of the most divergent varieties of all of Quechua (a member of Quechua II). (Willem Adelaar personal communication) | Peru; | South America | -6.197247, -77.830093; -6.195199, -78.201568 | ||
| 4,156 | cao | Chácobo | Chákobo; Chacobo; Shinabo; Chakobo-Pakawara | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1000 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Chácobo; Pacahuara; Yateño?; | Ethnologue (2009, 2016) lists Shinabo [snh] as an separate Panoan language related to Chákobo (Chácobo), listed as unattested; others consider it a variety of Chákobo. Several sources distinguish Chácobo [cao] and Pacahuara [pcp] (Pacaguara, Pakaguara, Pakawara, Pacawara); however, they are dialects of a single language (Fleck 2013). | Bolivia; | South America | -11.3454,-65.8135 | |
| 4,172 | ciy, cuo | Chaima | Chaima: Chayma, Guaga-Tagare, Sayma, Warapiche; Kumaná; Cumaná; Cumanagoto; | Cariban; Venezuelan | Cumanagoto; Chaima | Some sources treat Cumanagoto [cuo], Chaima [ciy], and Cumaná (Kumaná) as separate languages. Gildea (2012: 445) gives Kumaná as extinct, with Chaima and Cumanagota as extinct varieties of Kumaná. Crevels (2012:220) distinguishes Chaima and Kumanagoto. Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2016) also has Chaima [ciy] distinct from Cumanagoto [cuo], both members of a “Cumaná” branch. Crevels (2012) also distinguishes Piritugoto, with 50 speakers, saying “further research is necessary to establish the degree to which it is still spoken and its exact classification within the Cariban family.” However, no linguistic data has been published on it (la lengua de los indios de Piritu) since the 17th century, and the current Chaima area coincides with that reported for the Piritu(goto). This suggests this is just an alternative name or a now extinct dialect. | Brazil;Venezuela;Guyana;Suriname;French Guiana; | South America | 8.4941,-64.0942 | |||
| 4,617 | cli | Chakali | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ghana; | Africa | |||||
| 4,618 | cll | Chala | Tschala; Tsa; Cãla; Tshala; Cala; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ghana; | Africa | ||||
| 1,618 | tgf | Chalikha | Chali; Tshali; Chalipkha; Tshalingpa; Chali Kha; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.301,91.2991 | |||
| 1,129 | ceg | Chamacoco | Ebidoso; Tumraha; Chamakoko; Ishiro; Yshyro; Jeywo; Bahía Negra; Tumarahá; Tumerehã; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,300 | Zamucoan | Chamacoco Bravo; Ebitoso; Tomaraho | Brazil;Paraguay; | South America | -20.59, -58.20 | ||
| 1,234 | cji, cham1309 | Chamalal | Camalal; Chamali чамалинский язык; çamalaldub miçʿçʿ; чамалалдуб мичIчI; ჭამალალური ენა; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Avaro-Andic; Nakh-Daghestanian | Gakvarian-Gadirian (Gakvari, Gadyri); Gigatl | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.3928, 45.5626 | ||
| 1,617 | cdh | Chambeali | Chameali; Chamaya; Chambiali; Chambiyali; Chamiyali Pahari; Chamya; Cameali | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 129,654 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | Bansyari; Bansbali; Gadi Chameali | India; | South Asia | 32.9072,76.5307 | ||
| 10,631 | can | Chambri | Tchambuli; Tshamberi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,050 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Lower Sepik | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.28, 143.10 | |||
| 2,178 | ccc | Chamicuro | Chamikuro; Chamicura; Chamicolo; Chamekolo | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Western | Peru; | South America | -5.5285,-75.5969 | |||||
| 846 | cha; cham1312 | Chamorro | CHamoru; Tjamoro; Sprache der Marianen; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 37,650 in the CNMI & Guam | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian | Guam; Saipan – fewer Spanish loanwords & more Japanese loanwords; Rota – distinctive sound structure | Northern Mariana Islands;Guam; | Pacific | 17.1853,145.2911;13.2702,144.4719; | ||
| 10,635 | cga | Changriwa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 498 | Yuat | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.28, 143.70 | ||||
| 1,620 | chx | Chantyal | Chentel; Chantel; Chhantel | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 (Myagdi Chantyal) | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Myagdi Chantyal; Baglung Chantyal | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.5833333333,83.4166666667 | ||
| 1,254 | 1iu | Chatong | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <580 | Austro-Asiatic; Katuic; Katu | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 15.65, 107.1166 | ||||
| 7,389 | cdn | Chaudangsi | Bangba Lo; Bangbani; Chanpa Lo; Chaudans Lo; Saukas; Shaukas; Tsaudangsi; Bangba Lwo; Sauka; Shauka | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | Endangered in India. | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 29.70, 80.48 | ||
| 4,053 | crv | Chaura | Chowra; Tutet; Tətet; Kar Nicobar-Chowra; Tətɛt; Tatet; Sanenyo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,020 | Austro-Asiatic; Nicobarese | India; | South Asia | 7.9504,93.576 | |||
| 2,188 | cbt | Chayahuita | Chayhuita; Chaui; Chawi; Chayawita; Tshaahui; Chayabita; Shayabit; Balsapuertino; Paranapura; Cahuapa; Balsopuertino; Tsaawí; Tschaahui; Kahuapana; Shawi | Cahuapanan | Peru; | South America | -5.5,-77.0 | |||||
| 4,174 | cjn | Chenapian | Tsenap; Zenap; Chenap | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Sepik; Wogamus | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.273582935,142.2684479 | |||
| 4,571 | cnu | Chenoua | Shenowa; Sheliff Basin; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 76,300 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Algeria; | Africa | 36.5703,2.2892 | |||
| 1,622 | cdm | Chepang | Tsepang; Chēpāng; Tśepang | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,097 | Sino-Tibetan; Chepangic | Western Chepang; Eastern Chepang; South-western Chepang | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.6666666667,84.75 | ||
| 5,181 | ycp | Chepya | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 21.3833,101.8166 | ||||
| 7,251 | ych | Chesu | 車蘇 | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,300 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | The language appears to be more closely related to Eastern Yi Nasu further north, rather than to adjacent Hlersu (Central Yi) and Nisu (Southern Yi) with which it is in direct contact. | China; | East Asia | 24.4211, 102.0459 | ||
| 1,266 | cwg | Chewong | Cheq Wong; Che’wong; Siwang; Beri; Chuba; Che’ Wong | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Chewong | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 3.6271,102.1907 | |||
| 1,685 | chy | Cheyenne | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,100 | Algic; Algonquian | Sutaio; Cheyenne; | USA; | North America | 45.5495,-106.5263; 35.6022,-97.9766 | |||
| 1,623 | ctn | Chhintange | Chhintange; Teli; Chintang Rûng; Chintang | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3500 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 26.9367,87.1991 | |||
| 4,059 | cur | Chhulung | Chilling; Chɨlɨng; Chulung; Chholung; Chhilling; Chhûlûng Rûng; Chülüng | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1314 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 26.9483,87.2527 | |||
| 4,169 | cip | Chiapanec | Chiapaneco; Chiapaneko; | Dormant | No known speakers | Otomanguean; Manguean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.192264,-92.795103 | |||
| 3,457 | pei | Chichimeca-Jonaz | Chichimeco; Chichimeca; Chichimec; Chichimeca-Jonaz; Jonaz; Pame de Chichimeca-Jonaz; Meco; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,582 | Otomanguean; Otopamean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 21.6666666667,-100.5 | |||
| 1,686 | cic | Chickasaw | Chicasa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~600 | Muskogean | USA; | North America | 34.6,-96.8161 | |||
| 7,004 | csg | Chilean Sign Language | Lengua de Señas Chilena, LSCh; Lenguaje Chileno de Signos; Lenguaje de Señas; LENSE | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 21,000 | Sign Language; South American | Chile; | South America | -32.78,-70.67 | |||
| 4,178 | clh | Chilisso | Chiliss; Galos; Dardu; Chiliso | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-3,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.280275, 73.295122 | |||
| 2,431 | cbg | Chimila | San Jorge; Chamila; Caca Weranos; Shimizya; Chimile; Ette Ennaka; Simiza; Ette Taara; | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Colombia; | South America | 10.0,-74.0 | |||||
| 3,599 | afi | Chini | Akrukay; Akruray | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 75 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Akrukay; Andamang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.855899811, 144.7736969 | ||
| 4,167 | chn | Chinook Wawa | Chinook Jargon; Chinook Pidgin; Chinuk Wawa; Jargon; činúk wáwa | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pidgin or Creole; Chinook based | Grand Ronde | A pidgin (trade language), formerly used from Oregon to Alaska. | USA;Canada; | North America | 45.0591,-123.6091 | |
| 2,432 | cap | Chipaya | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,625 | Chipaya-Uru | Earlier often mistakenly equated with Puquina. Kaufman (2007: 70) gives an “Uru-Chipaya language area”. | Bolivia; | South America | -19.2074,-68.2031 | |||
| 10,852 | qva, qvh, qvm | Chiquian-Bolognesi and Cajatambo Quechua | Alto Pativilca | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 245,800 | Quechuan; Quechua I | Quechua, Ambo-Pasco [qva] Quechua, Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco [qvh] Quechua, Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha [qvm] | Sources differ greatly with respect to Quechuan languages and varieties, both with respect to which may be separate languages vs. which just dialects of the same language, and with respect to how to classify them. The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in Quechuan, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Ethnologue distinguishes three “languages” here where others consider them variants of a single one: Quechua, Ambo-Pasco [qva] Quechua, Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco [qvh] Quechua, Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha [qvm] | Peru; | South America | -9.925084, -76.239332; | |
| 4,625 | maq | Chiquihuitlán Mazatec | Mazatec (Chiquihuitlán); Masateko; Mazateco; Mazatec, Chiquihuitlán; Mazateco de San Juan Chiquihuitlán; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,502 | Otomanguean; Popolocan | Ethnologue distinguishes 8 “Mazatecan” languages. INALI has 16 “Mazateco” “variantes.” Ethnologue’s are: Mazatec, Ayautla [vmy] Mazatec, Chiquihuitlán [maq] Mazatec, Huautla [mau] Mazatec, Ixcatlán [mzi] Mazatec, Jalapa de Díaz [maj] Mazatec, Mazatlán [vmz] Mazatec, San Jerónimo Tecóatl [maa] Mazatec, Soyaltepec [vmp]. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.75,-96.9166666667 | ||
| 9,709 | 2df | Chiquimulilla Xinka | Chiguimuliya; | Awakening () | Xincan | An awakening language which lacked native speakers starting in the 1970’s | Xinkan is a language family with four members: Guazacapán Xinka, Chiquimulilla Xinka, Jumaytepeque Xinka, and Yupiltepeque Xinka. Two of the four are extinct; the other two have only 3 elderly second language semi-speakers (Rogers 2010:3). Despite the very significant differences among these languages, and lack of mutual intelligibility, “Xinkan” is often talked of as though it were only a single language. For example, Ethnologue (2013) gives only a single “Xinca” [xin] language, with no known L1 speakers. | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.085020,-90.380464 | ||
| 1,452 | cax | Chiquitano | Chiquito; Tarapecosi; Tao; Chikitano; Besïro; Chiquit(an)o; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,665 | Isolate; South American | Concepción; Churapa; Tao; Besïro; Sansimoniano; San Javier; San Miguel; Santiago; | Brazil;Bolivia; | South America | -16.7, -61.4 | ||
| 10,733 | Chiriqui Sign Language | Lengua de Señas de Chiriqui, LSCH | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Note: Deaf people in the Chiriqui province of Panama assert that their sign variety, Lengua de Señas de Chiriquí (LSCH, Chiriqui Sign Language), is distinct from Panamanian Sign Language as used predominantly in the Panama-Colon corridor. | Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 8.409086, -82.429146 | ||||
| 1,624 | cdf; chir1283 | Chiru | Chhori; Tśiru; Rem; Riem; चीरू (Cīrū); Riemchawng [remcɔŋ] | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,599 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Kuki-Chin; Northwestern Kuki-Chin | India; | South Asia | 25.0918,93.5837;24.2042,93.4211;24.4444,92.5008 | |||
| 510 | ctm | Chitimacha | Awakening () | Isolate; North American | USA; | North America | 29.6666666667,-91.0 | |||||
| 1,691 | iow | Chiwere | Oto; Iowa-Oto; | Awakening () | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Chiwere-Winnebago | Otoe-Missouria; Iowa (Baxoje); Missouri; Otoe; Iowa; | Chiwere dialects: Otoe-Missouria (Jiwere) is the dialect of the Otoe-Missouria Tribe. Iowa (Baxoje) is the dialect of the Iowa Tribe. | USA; | North America | 40.5,-96.0 | ||
| 1,626 | cgk | Chocangacakha | Maphekha; Rtsamangpa’ikha; Tsagkaglingpa’ikha; Kursmadkha | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.4107,91.2277 | |||
| 3,458 | coz | Chocho | Chocholteco; Chuchona; Chochoteco; Chochotec; | Otomanguean; Popolocan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.6666666667,-97.4166666667 | |||||
| 1,692 | cho | Choctaw | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000-11,000 | Muskogean | USA; | North America | 31.6822,-92.1252; 32.7713,-89.1163; 34.1472,-94.81 | ||||
| 1,575 | nri | Chokri Naga | Chokri; Eastern Angami; Chakrima Naga; Chakru; Chakhesang; Angami; Naga; Angami; Naga; Charkrima; Tśakrima; Chakrimā; Naga, Chokri | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Up to 20,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Angami-Pochuri | India; | South Asia | 25.6666666667,94.5 | |||
| 3,459 | cti, ctu | Chol | Ch’ol; Chol, Tumbalá; Ch’ol de Sabanilla; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 128,240 | Mayan; Ch’olan-Tseltalan | Ethnologue has 2 Chol languages, Tila Chol [cti] and Tumbalá Chol. Others recognize only one Chol language. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.49, -92.47 | ||
| 1,227 | cog | Chong | Chawng; Shong; Xong; Cong; ʃong; kui | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Austro-Asiatic; Pearic; Central Chong | Thailand;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 12.9506,102.0374 | |||
| 4,160 | cda | Choni | Chona; Chone; Cone; Jone; 卓尼話 | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 154,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Hbrugchu; Thewo | China; | East Asia | 34.5947,103.5653 | ||
| 3,460 | chf | Chontal de Tabasco | Chontal Maya; Chontal (Tabasco); Chontal; Chontal, Tabasco; Yokotán; Yocot’an; Yokot’an; | Mayan; Ch’olan-Tseltalan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.1666666667,-92.5833333333 | |||||
| 1,627 | cfm-cho | Chorei | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 25, 93 | |||||
| 3,013 | crq, crt | Chorote | Choroti; Chorotí; Manjuy; Manjui; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,057 | Matacoan | Iyohwaha; Iyo’wuhwa; Manjuy (Chorote Montaraz [Wikinawos]); | Ethnologue distinguishes two Chorote languages: Chorote, Iyojwa’ja [crt], and Chorote, Iyo’wujwa [crq]. Others have only one; the dialects differ but are mutually intelligible. | Argentina;Paraguay; | South America | -24.287, -60.3808 | |
| 1,250 | crw | Chrau | Jro; Ro; Tamun; Chauro; Choro; Chíoro | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <15,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; South Bahnaric; Stieng-Chrau | Voqtwaq; Vajieng; Dor; Chalah; Jro; Chalun; Prang; Mro; Tamun | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 10.75,107.5 | ||
| 1,989 | cje | Chru | Churu; Choru; Chu Ru; Chu; Cru; Kru; Chrau Hma; Cadoe Loang; Seyu; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <11,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Chamic | Noang; Rai; | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | |||
| 1,226 | scq | Chu-ng | Sauch; Saotch; Saoch; Sa’och; Sa-och; Tchiong; Angrak; Ansrak; Anskrak; Sa-ong; Khamen Phadong | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17 | Austro-Asiatic; Pearic; Central Chong | Thailand;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 14.4897,99.1661 | |||
| 3,467 | cac, cnm | Chuj | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 38,253 | Mayan; Q’anjob’alan-Chujean | San Sebastián Coatán Chuj, Ixtatán Chuj | Ethnologue (2009) distinguished 2 Chuj languages, Ixtatán Chuj [cnm] and San Sebastián Coatán Chuj [cac]. Other classifiers recognize only one. Ethnologue (2013) now has only one Chuj [cac]. | Guatemala;Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.1203, -92.0407; 15.8259, -91.4783 | ||
| 1,730 | ckt | Chukchi | Luoravetlan; Chukchee; чукотский язык; Ԓыгъоравэтԓьэн йиԓыйиԓ; Lyg’oravetl’en jilyjil; луораветланский язык; Sprache der Tschuktschen; Chuchee; Chukcha; tšuktšin kieli; tchouktche; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <11,000 | Chukotko-Kamchatkan; Chukotkan | Chaun; Enmylinskij; Enurmin; Nunligranskij; Pevekskij; Uellanskij; Xatyrskij; Yanrakinot; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 67.0,-173.0 | ||
| 4,060 | cuw | Chukwa | Cukwa Ring; Pohing; Pohing Kha | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.36, 86.98 | |||
| 1,736 | clw | Chulym | Chulym Tatar; Chulim; Ös til; Ӧс тили; Чулым; июс тили, татар тили; Chulym-Turkish; Chulym Turkic; Ostiaki; чулымский язык; чулым татар теле; Çulımca; Çulım tili; Çulım Tatar tili; Çulım Türkçesi; Küerik; Tchoulyme; Tšulymin kieli; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35 | Turkic; South Siberian | Küerik; Lower Chulym | The language of the Chulym Tatars or the Chulym language belongs to the Turkish-Tatar languages, East-Hun branch, Uighur-Oguz group, subgroup of Khakass. The Chulym language differs from its nearest related languages (Khakass, Shor, Kamas) in various phonetical and grammatical features. Two dialects can be distinguished: Lower-Chulym and Middle-Chulym or Melets, which, in their turn, divide into vernaculars. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 54.3333333333, 89.6666666667 | |
| 7,289 | njo-cho | Chungli | Ao-Chungli; Chongli; Tśungli; Chungli Ao; Chongli Ao | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 65,275 | Sino-Tibetan; Aoic | India; | South Asia | ||||
| 1,628 | cdj | Churahi | Churahi Pahari; Chaurahi; Churai Pahari; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 110,552 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 33.1835,76.5747 | |||
| 1,305 | awc | Cicipu | Acipanci; Achipa; Sagamuk; Western Acipa; Acipa, Western; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Cep; | Nigeria; | Africa | 11, 5.6 | ||
| 3,164 | cim | Cimbrian | Tzimbro; Zimbrisch; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; High German | Tredici Communi Cimbrian; Sette Comuni Cimbrian; Lusernese Cimbrian; | Italy; | Europe | 45.867,11.4268 | ||
| 5,128 | cin | Cinta Larga | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 645 | Tupian; Mondean | Brazil; | South America | -11.4154,-59.7216 | ||||
| 1,693 | csi | Coast Miwok | Costal Miwok; Miwok (Bodega); Miwok (Coast); Miwok, Coast; Bollanos; | Dormant () | 0 | Utian; Miwokan | Marin; Bodega; | The last known person to have direct knowledge of the language died in the 1970s. | USA; | North America | 38.3333333333,-123.0 | |
| 10,528 | mbz, mih, mio, mjc, mtu, mxt, mza, vmj | Coast Mixtec | Amoltepec Mixtec; Mixteco de Amoltepec; Western Sola de Vega Mixtec; Chayuco Mixtec; Eastern Jamiltepec-Chayuco Mixtec; Mixteco de Chayucu; Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec; Coastal Mixtec; Jicaltepec Mixtec; Lowland Jicaltepec Mixtec; Mixteco de Pinotepa Nacional; Western Jamiltepec Mixtec; San Juan Colorado Mixtec; Mixteco de Oaxaca de la costa noroeste; Mixteco de San Juan Colorado; Tututepec Mixtec; Mixteco de San Pedro Tututepec; Mixteco de Villa de Tututepec; Jamiltepec Mixtec; Eastern Jamiltepec-San Cristobal Mixtec; Mixteco de Jamiltepec; Mixteco de Oaxaca de costa central baja; Mixteco de Santa María Huazolotitlán; Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec; Mixteco de Santa María Zacatepec; Southern Putla Mixtec; Tacuate; Tu’un Va’a, Zacatepec Mixtec; Ixtayutla Mixtec; Mixteco de Santiago Ixtayutla; Northeastern Jamiltepec Mixtec | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 63,180 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco de Ixtayutla; Mixteco de Oaxaca de Costa Central Baja; Mixteco de Oaxaca de la Costa Central; Mixteco de Oaxaca de la Costa Noroeste; Mixteco de Oaxaca de la Costa Oeste Central; Mixteco de Santa María Huazolotitlán; Mixteco de Santiago Amoltepec; Mixteco de Sierra Sur Oeste; Mixteco de Villa de Tututepec; Mixteco del Oeste de la Costa | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.41, -97.84 | |
| 10,954 | coat1242, sanb1241, coat1243 | Coatec Zapotec | Coatlán-Loxicha Zapotec (non-preferred) | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Its speakers call it [ðiʔʂkeʔ]. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||||
| 2,028 | cod | Cocama-Cocamilla | Cocama; Kokama; Kukama-Kukamiria; Ucayali; Xibitoana; Huallaga; Pampadeque; Pandequebo; Xibitaona; Kokama-Kokamilya; Kokáma-Omágwa; Kukama Kukamiria; Cocama Cocamilla | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Tupi | Cocamilla; Cocama; | Cabral (2007:375) argues that Kokáma/Omágwa (Cocama-Omagua) is not a Tupí-Guaranían language, that it cannot be classified at all, and is rather a mixed language to which at least four different languages contributed, though “most of the basic vocabulary of Kokáma/Omágwa is of Tupí-Guaraní[an] origin.” | Brazil;Peru;Colombia; | South America | -4.000000, -74.000000 | |
| 1,694 | coc | Cocopah | Cocopá; Cocopa; Cucupá; Cocopa; Kwikapá; Kikimá; Delta River Yuman; Cocapa; Kikima; Cucapá | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300-600? | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | Halyikwamai; Kahwan; | USA;Mexico; | North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 32.3333333333,-115.0 | ||
| 1,912 | coa; coco1260 | Cocos Islands Malay | Kokos; Kukus; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 in Australia; 1,000 in Singapore; 21,400 in Malaysia | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Sumbawan; Betawic | A Malay-based creole | Australia;Malaysia;Singapore; | Australia;Southeast Asia | -12.19,96.83 | ||
| 1,695 | crd | Coeur d’Alene | Snchitsu’umshtsn; snčícuʔumšcn; Skitswish; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Salishan; Interior Salish | USA; | North America | 47.337601, -116.887883 | |||
| 3,097 | kog | Cogui | Kogui; Coghui; Kogi; Coqui; Cágaba; Kagaba; Kaggaba; Káugian; Köggaba; | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Colombia; | South America | 11.0,-73.8333333333 | |||||
| 7,005 | csn | Colombian Sign Language | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; South American | Colombia; | South America | 4.583333, -74.066667 | |||||
| 1,696 | col | Columbian | Nxaʔamxcín; Columbia-Wenatchi; Wenatchi-Columbia; Moses-Columbia; Columbia; Moses Columbian; Moses-Columbian; Middle Columbia Cluster; Chelan; Moses-Colombia Salish; Wenatchee | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Salishan; Interior Salish | Moses Columbia; Moses Columbia; Wenatchee; Chelan; Entiat | USA; | North America | 48.1764,-119.0523 | ||
| 2,005 | com | Comanche | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Numic | “Ten years ago, the Lawton-based Comanche Nation had an estimated 100 speakers. It’s not known how many speakers are left in the 15,000-strong tribe today, but Cable-Kreger said she can count fluent speakers she knows on one hand.” http://newsok.com/saving-the-comanche-language/article/4875448. (2014). “Today, about a dozen generations after its prime, the language endures only through a handful of native speakers – as few as 25 out of the Comanche Nation’s approximately 15,000 registered members – but they are dying off and taking the legacy with them. ‘It’s definitely going extinct in the sense that what we’re losing is intergenerational transmission of the language,” Williams said. “In other words, kids aren’t learning it.'” http://lubbockonline.com/stories/121809/loc_536884399.shtml (2009). | USA; | North America | 34.6086,-98.3904 | |||
| 8,113 | qwa, qws, qxn, qxo | Conchucos Quechua | Corongo Ancash Quechua; Sihuas Ancash Quechua; Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua; Northern Conchucos Quechua; and Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 510,500 | Quechuan; Quechua I | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomina 1978.) Ethnologue has four distinct Conchucos Quechua languages: Corongo Ancash Quechua [qwa]; Sihuas Ancash Quechua [qws]; Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua [qxn]; Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua [qxo]. For many linguists, these are dialects of the same language; they are combined here. Corongo Quechua, Sihuas Quechua, Northern Conchucos Quechua, and Southern Conchucos Quechua are all distinct varieties of Ancash Quechua (Willem Adelaar personal communication). | Peru; | South America | -9, -77 | ||
| 10,956 | sqn | Conestoga | Susquehannock (English), Andaste (French), Minqua (Netherlands Dutch) | Dormant () | Iroquoian | The Conestoga language is known only from an 89 word vocabulary collected in 1696 and appended to a Delaware language translation of a Lutheran catechism translated by the Swedish missionary Johan Campanius, | 41.17, -76.21 | |||||
| 4,047 | cnc | Côông | “Xa Coong”; “Xa Xam”; Khoong; “Xa Xeng”; Công | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 22.5943,102.7455 | |||
| 6,202 | crn, cok | Cora | Náayeri | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,078 extrapolated from INALI census data, likely closer to 10,000 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Corachol | Tereseño, Meseño, and Mariteco; Santa Teresa: Santa Teresa Cora, Dolores Cora, San Blasito Cora, San Juan Corapan Cora, Rosarito Cora. Difficult intelligibility with other Cora varieties. El Nayar: Jesús María Cora (El Nayar), La Mesa del Nayar Cora (Mesa del Nayar), San Francisco Cora, Presidio de los Reyes Cora. Santa Teresa Cora [cok] is distinct enough to need separate literature. | Ethnologue distinguishes 2 Cora languages: Cora, El Nayar [crn] 8,000 (1993), Cora, Santa Teresa [cok] 7,000 (1993). | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 21.743889, -105.228333 | |
| 3,091 | coe | Coreguaje | Corehuaje; Correguaje; Correguaje-Tama; Koreguaje; Ko’reuaju; Caquetá; Chaocha Pai; Korewahe; | Tucanoan; Western Tucanoan | Colombia; | South America | 1.0,-75.5 | |||||
| 4,050 | cor | Cornish | Kernowek; Kernewek; Curnoack; Cornish | Awakening () | Indo-European; Celtic; Brythonic | Cornish is a “revived” language; it once had no surviving native speakers, with the last known fluent speaker having passed away by the year 1800, but has been learned by many in more recent times. | United Kingdom; | Europe | 50.3333333333,-5.0 | |||
| 3,171 | cos | Corsican | Corsu; Corso; Corse; Corsi; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 160,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance | Vico-Ajaccio; Sartenais; Venaco; Northern Corsican (Corte, Bastia); | France;Italy; | Europe | 42.0819,9.0307 | ||
| 10,709 | Cosao | Caosao; 搓梭語; tsho55 sɔ55; Cuosuo | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman | unclassified before 2004, but now under the Hani 哈尼 nationality. These people fled to China from Laos. | China;Laos; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 21.4515, 102.1121 | ||||
| 9,072 | zpp, zpl | Coyachilla | Zimatlán, Zimatlán Zapotec, Coyachilla dialect continuum, Western Zapotec (non-preferred) | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||||
| 10,423 | crh | Crimean Tatar | Crimean; qırımtatar tili; крымскотатарский; Tatar de Crimée; Tártaro Crimeano; qırım tili; къырым тили; къырымтатар тили; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100,000 | Turkic; Kipchak; West Kipchak | Nogay, Yalıboy, Orta Yolaq | Originally spoken in the central parts of the Crimea, but most speakers were deported to Central Asia after the Second World War; many have now returned. | Turkey;Russia;Uzbekistan;Kyrgyzstan;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Lithuania; | Europe;Caucasus;Near East;East Asia | 45.393467, 34.268737; 46.643574, 32.605978; 45.068652, 38.979133; 41.399761, 69.933785; | |
| 2,008 | cro | Crow | Apsaalooke; Apsaroka; Apsaloka; Upsaroka; Absaruqe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3000-4000 | Siouan; Missouri River Siouan | USA; | North America | 45.5963,-107.4613 | |||
| 3,471 | cux, cut | Cuicatec | Cuica; Cuicateco; Cuicatec, Teutila; Kwikateko; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,641 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Ethnologue has 2 Cuicatec languages, Tepeuxila Cuicatec [cux] and Teutila Cuicatec [cut]. INALI lists 3 Cuicateco “variantes.” | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||
| 2,465 | cui | Cuiva | Cuiba; Cuiba-Wámonae; Kuiva; Chiricoa; Cuiba-Wámonae; Hiwi; Maiben | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Guajiboan | Chiricoa; Masiware (Masiguare); Chiripo (Siripu /Wupiwi); Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara; Mayayero; Mochuelo-Casanare-Cuiba; Tampiwi (Mariposas); Amaruwa (Amorua); Mella; Ptamo; Sicuane (Sicuari) | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 6.5,-70.0 | |||
| 1,733 | cul | Culina | Culino; Culiña; Culinha; Kulino; Cuniba; Curina; Madiha; Kulína; Madihá; Madija; Corina; Kulina; Kulyna; Kurina; Kollina; Korina; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2854 | Arawan | Not to be confused with Kulina [xpk] (a Panoan language of the Pano-Takanan family). | Brazil;Peru; | South America | -6.0,-70.5 | ||
| 2,009 | cup | Cupeño | Agua Caliente; | Awakening () | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Takic | USA; | North America | 33.1666666667,-116.5 | ||||
| 2,466 | kpc | Curripaco | Kurripako; Ipeka-Kurripako; Curipaco; Kuripaco; Koripako; Korispaso; Payualiene; Paiorience; Pacu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,075 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | There have been difficulties in the past with the inconsistent treatment of Baniwa [bwi], Curripaco [pkc], Karútana (an extinct dialect of Baniwa), and Ipeka (a dialect of Curripaco in the literature. Sources also confuse other languages that are also called “Baniwa” (spelling varies), and sources differ as to what are considered dialects and what are held to be separate languages. | Brazil;Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 2.5,-68.5 | ||
| 8,128 | quz | Cuzco Quechua | Cusco Quechua; Qheswa; Quechua Cusco; Cusco-Collao | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500,000 | Quechuan; Quechua II | Includes Puno, Eastern Apurimac, Noratheastern Arequipa, and Moquegua Quechua | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) The combination Cuzco-Collao (sometimes used for the name) implies the inclusion of Puno and eastern Arequipa Quechua, which are slightly different from Cuzco Quechua and carry a heavy substrate from Aymara (cf. ‘Northern Potosí Quechua’). If Northern Bolivian Quechua were not considered separate, it would be part of this cluster of varieties. (Willem Adelaar personal communication) | Peru; | South America | -13.523176, -71.978731 | |
| 3,177 | acy | Cypriot Spoken Arabic | Cypriot Arabic: Kormakiti; Cypriot Arabic; Arabic (Kormakiti); Arabic; Cypriot Spoken; Cypriot Maronite Arabic; Maronite; Sanna; Arabic, Cypriot Spoken | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Arabic | Cyprus; | Europe | 35.25,33.5 | |||
| 7,352 | cse | Czech Sign Language | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Sign Language; European | Czech Republic; | Europe | 50.01, 14.48 | ||||
| 4,780 | dsh | Daasanach | Dhaasanac; Dasenech; Daasanech; Dathanaik; Dathanaic; Dathanik; Gheleba; Geleba; Geleb; Gelebinya; Gallab; Galuba; Gelab; Gelubba; Dama; Marille; Merile; Merille; Morille; Reshiat; Russia; “Shangilla”; Daasenech; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32,064 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Kenya;Ethiopia; | Africa | 4.66666666667,36.3333333333 | |||
| 5,009 | dbq | Daba | Dabba; Kola; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Pologozom; Musgoi; Nive; | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 10.1666666667,13.75 | ||
| 4,067 | dbe | Dabe | Mangambilis; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 440 | Orya-Tor; Tor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.05, 139.12 | |||
| 5,557 | dda | Dadi Dadi | Dadidadi; Dardidardi; Dardi-Dardi; Tharrthi-Tharrthi; Tatitati; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Lower Murray | Australia; | Australia | ||||
| 3,181 | dta | Dagur | Daur; Daguor; Dawar; Dawo’er; Tahur; Tahuerh; Dahur; Tongusikonni; 達斡爾 | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >50,000 | Mongolic; Daguric | Buteha; Haila’er; Qiqiha’er | There is considerable but poorly investigated dialectal variation. | China;Mongolia; | East Asia | 48.0,124.0 | |
| 2,678 | dlk | Dahālík | Dahlak; Dahalik; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Ethiopic | Eritrea; | Africa | ||||
| 4,064 | dal | Dahalo | Sanye; Guo Garimani; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <400 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; South Cushitic | Also known as Sanye, the preferred name since the name Dahalo is derogatory. (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | Kenya; | Africa | -2.167909, 40.716019 | ||
| 4,595 | das | Daho-Doo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kru | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | |||||
| 4,103 | drb | Dair | Daier; Thaminyi; Nubian (Hill); | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Nubian | Sudan; | Africa | 12.517,30.5914 | |||
| 1,680 | crx, caf | Dakelh (Carrier) | ᑕᗸᒡ; Carrier; les Porteurs; Takulie; Takelne; Dakelhne; Central Carrier; Upper Carrier; Nagailer; Taculli; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 399 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | A lot of variation in 12 different dialects ( First People’s Cultural Council, 2014). | Carrier is the general term for a complex of Athabaskan dialects in central British Columbia, adjoining (but clearly distinct from) Babine on the northwest and Chilcotin on the south. Carrier (locally called Dakelh) is spoken in a number of local varieties, traditionally divided into “Upper Carrier” (the communities to the north of Fort St. James, around Stuart and Trembleur Lakes) and “Lower Carrier” in communities to the south. More recent research indicates that Lower Carrier should be split into a Fraser/Nechako dialect group (Prince George, Cheslatta, Stoney Creek, Nautley, and Stellakoh) and a Blackwater dialect group (Ulkatcho, Kluskus, Nazko, Red Bluff, and Anahim Lake). A Carrier lingua franca was established by Catholic missionaries (most notably Father A. G. Morice) in the 19th century, based on the dialect around Fort St. James, and a syllabic writing system was introduced. Ethnologue distinguishes Carrier [crx] from Southern Carrier [caf], not distinguished by other scholars. | Canada; | North America | 53.5600000, -122.8900000 | |
| 1,466 | dkk; dakk1238 | Dakka | Nordost-Celebes; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Sulawesi; Northern South Sulawesi; Pitu Ulunna Salu | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.34, 119.23 | |||
| 1,252 | kuf-dak | Dakkang | Daak Kang | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,198 | Austro-Asiatic; Katuic; Katu | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 15.6333, 107.25 | |||
| 4,091 | dka | Dakpa | Dakpakha | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 31,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | India;Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.3937,91.8965 | |||
| 1,126 | ngk | Dalabon | Ngalkbun; Ngalkbon; Buin; Boun; Buan; Bouin; Buwan; Gundangbon; Ngalabon; Nalabon; Dangbon; Ngalakan; Ngalagan; Nullakun; Nullikan; Nullikin; Ngalbon; Hongalla); | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Gunwinyguan | Australia; | Australia | -13.673658,133.885725 | |||
| 3,189 | dlc | Dalecarlian | Dalska; Dalmaal; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~13,000 | Indo-European; Germanic; North Germanic | Elfdalian | Sweden; | Europe | 61.2385, 14.0295 | ||
| 801 | dmm | Dama | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon; | Africa | 8.625830, 14.198258 | ||||
| 7,750 | dam | Damakawa | Tidama’un | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 11.094861,5.506107 | ||||
| 201 | uhn | Damal | Uhunduni; Amung; Amung Kal; Amungme; Amuy; Enggipiloe; Hamung; Oehoendoeni; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000-5,000 | Isolate | Amongme; Amung; Damal; Enggipilu; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.2054,137.031 | ||
| 4,093 | dml | Dameli | Damēlī; Damel; Damedi; Damia; Gudoji; Dardu | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Shinteri-Dondieri; Aspar | The Dameli have long been in intense contact with speakers of other languages. Dameli exhibits both Nuristani and Indo-Aryan Dardic features (Habib Borjian). | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.466, 71.810 | |
| 1,412 | dms; damp1237 | Dampelas | Dian; Dampal; Dampelasa; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | approx. 9,500 across all the villages; 2,635 in Talaga, 1,451 in Sabang, 3,206 in Sioyang | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 0.2,120.0 | |||
| 1,244 | dnu | Danau | Danaw; Kano’; Kano’ Chon | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; Danau | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 21.192,97.3937 | ||||
| 1,440 | bea | Dane-Zaa (Beaver) | ᑕᓀ ᖚ; Beaver; Dunne-za; dʌnneza; Dane-zaa Záágéʔ | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 159 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | Canada; | North America | 57.1500000, -122.0000000 | |||
| 2,296 | kkz | Danezāgé’ (Kaska) | Kaska; Kaska Dena; Nahani; Caska; Eastern Nahane; Nahane; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | 59.3000000, -128.6900000 | |||||
| 7,811 | daa | Dangaleat | Dangla; Danal; Dangal; Dangaléat; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 45,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | East Dangaleat; Central Dangaleat; West Dangaléat; | Chad; | Africa | |||
| 7,353 | dsl | Danish Sign Language | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Sign Language; European | Denmark; | Europe | 55.83, 12.32 | ||||
| 4,066 | daz | Dao | Maniwo; “X-Ray”; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Trans-New Guinea; Paniai Lakes | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.29, 136.42 | |||
| 4,095 | dnd | Daonda | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 135 | Border; Waris | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.29588294, 141.2018433 | ||||
| 4,108 | dry | Darai | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3060 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan | Nepal; | South Asia | 24.0,84.0 | ||||
| 4,106 | drh (retired) | Darkhat | Darkhan; Darkhad; 達爾扈特; 達爾哈特 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,400 | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Eastern Common Mongolic | The ISO code [drh] for Darkhat has been retired (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2009-020). However, as suggested by Juha Janhunen (2014, personal communication), Darkhat is still treated as a separate language on ELP since “Darkhat retains features that make it sufficiently distinct from Khalkha and do not allow it to be classified as a regular Khalkha dialect (for instance, northern Khalkha and southern Khalkha). The Darkhat speakers also have an ethnic identity separate from the Khalkha.” (For more details on Darkhat, see Csaba Gáspár 2006). | Mongolia; | East Asia | 50.171, 98.985; 50.678, 99.230 | ||
| 6,678 | xda | Darkinyung | Darginjang; Darginyung; Darkinjang; Darkinoong; Darkinung; Darkinyun; Darkiñung; Darknung;Darkinjung; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -33.11470744,150.4952383 | |||
| 4,104 | drd | Darma | Darmiya; Darimiya; Sauka; Shauka; Darmani; Saukas; Shaukas; Dārmūyā; Darmiyā | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,600 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 30.0,79.75 | |||
| 10,776 | Daruru | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.616242,166.785161; | |||||
| 10,493 | dot | Dass | Barawa, Bandas, Boodli, Lukshi, Dekshi, Wangday, Zumbul, Durr-Baraza, Wandi, Dot, Dwat, Zodi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,830 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Lukshi (Dekshi), Durr-Baraza (Bandas), Zumbul (Boodla), Wandi (Wangday), Dot (Dott or Dwat or Zodi) | Nigeria; | Africa | |||
| 2,547 | kwa | Dâw | Kamã; Kamã Makú; Kam; Kamán; Daw; Dow; Kamarada; Makú-Kamarada; Kaman; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Nadahup; Eastern Makuan | The term “Makú” has pejorative connotations; “Nadahup” is the preferred term for this group of languages. | Brazil; | South America | -0.25,-67.0833333333 | ||
| 1,470 | tce | Dän kʼè (Southern Tutchone) | Dákwänjē; Dän kʼè; Dän kʼè Kwänje; Tutchone; Tuchone; Tutchone, Southern; Southern Tutchone; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | Canada; | North America | 60.7796,-137.4983 | |||
| 305 | afn | Defaka | Afakani; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <200 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.58333333333,7.5 | |||
| 4,746 | mzw | Deg | Degha; Dɛ; Mo; Mmfo; Aculo; Janela; Buru; Buro; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 27,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Mangum; Boe; Longoro; | Ghana;Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 8.300933, -2.180198; 7.940916, -2.056555; | ||
| 2,371 | ing | Deg Xinag | Kaiyuh-khotana; Deg Hit’an; Degexit’an; “Ingalik”; “Ingalit”; Deg Xit’an; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | USA; | North America | 62.1655,-156.3134 | |||
| 8,450 | row | Dela-Oenale | Rote; Roti; Rotinese; Rote Barat; Western Rote; Delha; Oe Nale; Rotti; Dela | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Oenale; Dela | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -10.7663218,123.0741913 | ||
| 4,070 | dem | Dem | Lem; Ndem; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Isolate | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.72, 137.63 | |||
| 1,414 | dei; demi1242 | Demisa | Dewesa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | East Geelvink Bay; Bauzi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.7016,136.6699 | |||
| 1,735 | 1at | Demushbo | Dëmushbo | Dormant () | 0 | Pano-Tacanan; Mayoruna | Apparently the last native speaker died between Fleck’s report of 2010 and his 2014 monograph on Panoan languages. | Bolivia; | South America | |||
| 1,445 | tfn | Dena’ina | K’naia-khotana; Tanaina; Kinayskiy; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | USA; | North America | ||||
| 3,229 | xsl | Dene K’e (Slavey) | Dene K’e; Dene; Dene Tha’; Acha’otinne; Dene Tha (ᑌᓀ ᒐ) ; Slave; Slavey; South Slavey; Slavi; “Slave”; Dené; Mackenzian; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3260 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | An emergent Athabaskan language within the Slavey dialect area of the Dene complex. | Canada; | North America | 59.4500000, -122.0000000 | ||
| 1,689 | chp | Dënesųłiné | Chipewyan; Montagnais; Dene Suline; Dëne Súline; Sluacus-tinneh; Dene Soun’line; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2235? | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | Canada; | North America | 56.4807,-109.4127 | |||
| 2,145 | ptp-den | Dengalu | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Technically, it is a member of the dialect chain which constitutes the large Mumeng language. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.0572, 146.3598 | |||
| 2,558 | dny | Dení | Deni; Den; Dani; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1200 | Arawan | Inauini; | Brazil; | South America | -6.0,-67.0 | ||
| 881 | anv | Denya | Anyang; Agnang; Anyan; Anyah; Eyan; Takamanda; Obonya; Nyang; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >11,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Bitieku; Bajwo; Basho; Takamanda; | Cameroon; | Africa | |||
| 4,071 | der | Deori | Chutia; Deuri; Chutiya; Dewri; Drori; Dari; Deori Chutiya | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India; | South Asia | 26.0,90.25 | |||
| 10,674 | kbv | Dera | Dla; Dra; Kamberataro; Kamberatoro; Mangguar; Menggwa Dla; Duka-Ekor | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Senagi | Menggwa Dla (Duka-Ekor); Dera (Dla proper) | Laycock (1973) lists two separate languages–Dera (Dra) and Duka-Ekor–although all data from the latter come from Voorhoeve (1971), citing Galis (1956). These are, however, mutually intelligible dialects of the same language (de Sousa 2006). | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -3.6, 141.0 | |
| 1,455 | des | Desano | Desana; Desano; Desâna; Dessano; Wina; Uina; Wirã; Boleka; Oregu; Kusibi; Desána; Dessana; Desana-Siriana; Kotedia; Wira | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~450 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Desano [des] and Siriano [sri] are not considered separate languages by several scholars. (Cf. Campbell 2012:107.) “Lexical similarity: 90% with Desano [des], but the 2 languages diverge in their use of grammatical suffixes (Crevels 2007)” (Ethnologue 2013). | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.272789,-69.761979;0.620173,-69.749138;0.719640,-70.181896 | ||
| 4,805 | dee | Dewoin | De; Dey; Dei; Dewoi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kru | Liberia; | Africa | ||||
| 4,079 | dhs | Dhaiso | Kidhaiso; Daiso; Daisu; Kiseguju; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.0745,38.4741 | |||
| 4,117 | dyn | Dhanggati | Djan-Gadi; Dainggati; Boorkutti; Dangadi; Dangati; Danggadi; Danggetti; Ghangatty; Thangatti; Amberu; Burgadi; Burrgati; Burugardi; Daingatti; daNati; Dang-getti; Danghetti; Dhangatty; Dhang-atty; Dhanggatti; Dhungutti; Djaingadi; Djangadi; Dunghutti; Dunggudi; Himberrong; Jang; Macleay Valley language; Ngaku; Nulla Nulla; Tangetti; Tang-gette; Thangatty; Thungatti; Yung; Yunggai; Danggali; Dangali; Tungarlee; Tongaranka; Dianggati; Dyangadi;Thanggatti;Thanggati | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Australia; | Australia | -30.94350452, 152.1724551 | ||||
| 5,725 | dhg | Dhangu-Djangu | Dhangu; Dhaŋu; Djangu; Warameri; Waramiri; Dangu; Dhangu’mi; Yirgala; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <350 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Golumala; Wangurri; Ngaymil; Dhangu-Djangu; Gaalpu; Rirratjingu; | Australia; | Australia | -12.38347818,136.7522892 | ||
| 4,080 | dhw | Dhanwar | Dhanvar; Danuwar Rai; Danuwar; Denwar; Danuvār | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23,721 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan | Done Danuwar; Kachāḍiyā Danuwar; Danuvār Rāī | Nepal; | South Asia | 26.9661,86.3223 | ||
| 8,329 | nfa | Dhao | Ndao; Dao; Ndaonese; Ndaundau; Kahore | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -10.82, 122.67 | |||
| 5,114 | tbh | Dharawal | Tharawal; Darawal; Carawal; Turawal; Thurrawal; Thurrawall; Turuwal; Turuwul; Turrubul; Tutuwull; Ta-ga-ry; Five Islands tribe; Dharawaal; Dharawa; Turuwull;Thurawal; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Wadiwadi; | Australia; | Australia | -25.68629188,145.6371438 | ||
| 6,686 | xdk | Dharug | Dharuk; Daruk; Dharruk; Eora; Lyora; Sydney Language; Broken Bay tribe; Darrook; Dharrook; Dharrok; Oharruk; Eo-ra; Ea-ora; Iora; Yo-ra; Kameraigal; Kem:arai; Kemmaraigal; Camera-gal; Cammera; Camerray-gal; Cam-meray; Kemmirai-gal; Gweagal; Bedia-mangora; Gouia-gul; Gouia; Botany Bay tribe; Wanuwangul; Kadigal; Caddiegal;Darug; Dhar’rook | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Dharuk was one of the first Australian languages that Europeans came into contact with. William Dawes was with the First Fleet and made extensive notes about the language. Those notebooks are now available at http://www.williamdawes.org/. See also http://australianmuseum.net.au/Aboriginal-People-of-Coastal-Sydney for more information about the Traditional Owners of the coastal Sydney region. | Australia; | Australia | -33.52925837,150.3490464 | ||
| 6,350 | xgm | Dharumbal | Baiali; Biyali; Darambal; Orambul; Charumbul; Darawal; Darumbal; Kooinmarburra; Kuinmurbara; Ningebal; Tarumbal; Tharumbal; Urambal; Warabal; Yetimarala; Wandandian (?); Byellee; Bieli; Byellel; Tarumbul; Koinjmal; Guñmal; Kooinmerburra; Kungmal; Kungalburra; Mamburra; Bayali; Koinbal | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -23.05169278,150.4004615 | |||
| 4,065 | dax | Dhay’yi | Dayi; Dha’i; Daii; Dalwango; Dalwongu; Darlwongo; Dha?i; Dhalwangu; Dha’yi; Dhayyi; Djarlwa:g; Djawark; Taii Tai; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Djarrwark; Dhalwangu; | Australia; | Australia | -13.0255,136.213856 | ||
| 4,076 | dhi | Dhimal | Dhīmāl | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Approximately 20,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Dhimalish | Western Dhimal; Eastern Dhimal | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 26.6666666667,87.75 | ||
| 6,777 | dhx | Dhungaloo | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | |||||
| 6,659 | dhu | Dhurga | Dhu’rga; Durga; Thoorga; Tharumba; Thurga; Bugellimanj; Bargalia; Moruya; Bugellimangi; Walbanga; Thaua; Thawa; Thauaira; Tadermanji; Tauaira; Guyangalyuin; Wandanian; Kurialyuin; Dhuurga; Duurga | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -35.54363597, 150.1793725 | |||
| 6,029 | duj, djr | Dhuwal | Duala; Dual; Wulamba; Duwal; Murngin; Balamumu; Barlamomo; Barlamumu; Malag; Marlark; Arrawiya; Banjarrpuma; Bilamandji Dhurili; Durilji; Djambarrpuyngu; Jambapuing; Jambapuingo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,044 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Djambarrpuyngu; Dhuwaya; Djapu; Liyagalawumirr; Marrakulu; Marrangu; Dhuwal; Liyagawumirr; Datiwuy; | Dhuwal (ISO 639-3: duj) belongs to the Yolngu group and is spoken by several clans. Djambarrpuyngu (ISO 639-3: djr) is a representative dialect. (AIATSIS) | Australia; | Australia | -12.61979016,135.5309461 | |
| 6,663 | guf, gnn | Dhuwala | Gupapuyngu; Gobabingo; Kupapuyngu; Gubabuyngu; Gubabwingu; Gobabwingu; Gababoinu; Kopapingo; Kopapoingo; Koparpingu; Gupapuyŋu; Kopapingu; gupapuyngu; Kopapaingo; Gupapuynu; Gupapuyna; Kuppapoingo; Gobabwingo; Goba-buinggu; Gubabuingu; Gababingo; Gububuinung; Ba-babingo; Guba; Gobagwingo; Dajoror; Gumatj | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 321 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Munyuku; Gupapuyngu; Walangu; Manggalili; Madarrpa; Wubulkarra; | The Gumatj (ISO 639-3: gnn) are a Dhuwala-speaking (ISO 639-3: guf) clan. | Australia; | Australia | -12.19248937, 135.4089344 | |
| 5,134 | pah-dia | Diahói | Diahui, Jahoi, Jahui, Diarrui, Djiahúi | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian | Ethnologue considers Diahói (Jahui, Giahoi) a dialect of Tenharim [pah]. Others consider it a distinct language. The Kawahíwa people started moving to Rondônia from Mato-Grosso, by the second half of the 18th century, and they definitively started separating from each other. The Parintintín, Tenharin and Djiahúj (Diahói) were one group at that time, and then they split in three different groups. Their languages are still very close, but their own feeling is that they speak different languages although they are intelligible. There are also lexical differences, different idioms, and morphosyntactic differences as well. And they are also differentiated culturally from each other in some aspects. Tenharin is the only language that is still spoken as the main language of communication by old people, and by some young people as well. (Personal communication, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral, 2016.) | Brazil; | South America | -7.9939, -62.1936 | ||
| 10,735 | dby | Dibiyaso | Bainapi; Dibiasu; Pikiwa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1950 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.82, 142.78 | |||
| 525 | bvx | Dibole | Babole; Southern Bomitaba; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000-4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Northern Dibole; Central Dibole; Southern Dibole; | Congo; | Africa | 1.08333333333,17.25 | ||
| 5,700 | mhu | Digaro-Mishmi | Digaro; Digaru; Taaon; Taraon; Taying; Mishmi; Darang Deng; Darang; Darang Dengyu; Digaro Mishmi; Digāru Mishmi; 達讓語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Digarish | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 28.4166666667,96.0 | |||
| 1,716 | dtd | Diitiidʔaatx̣ (Nitinat) | Ditidaht; Nitinat; Nitinaht | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Wakashan; Southern Wakashan | Canada; | North America | 48.7300000, -124.7500000 | |||
| 4,082 | dil | Dilling | Delen; Warki; Warkimbe; Debri; Nubian (Hill); | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,300 | Nubian | Debri; Dilling; | Sudan; | Africa | 12.0178,29.663 | ||
| 5,627 | dis | Dimasa | Hill Kachari; Dimasa Kachari | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 112,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Dimasa; Hariamba | India; | South Asia | 24.7368, 92.9003 | ||
| 2,207 | dii | Dimbong | Bumbong; Kalong; Kaalong; Lakaalong; Mbong; Lambong; Bape; Palong; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <150 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.7078,10.6567 | |||
| 5,247 | dim | Dimé | Dime; Dima; Dimme; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; South Omotic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.16666666667,36.25 | |||
| 5,628 | diq | Dimli | Dimili; Dimlī; Zazaki; Southern Zaza; Zaza; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Northern Zazaki; Dersim; Varto; Central Zazaki; Bingol; Palu; Southern Zazaki; Siverek; Cermik; | Turkey; | Europe | |||
| 6,085 | nav | Diné Bizaad (Navajo) | Diné Bizaad; Navajo; Navaho; Diné; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120,000 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Apachean | USA; | North America | 35.8044,-108.475 | |||
| 10,465 | Dir | Diir, Dììr, Diri, Dra, Baram Dutse | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.208333, 9.708333 | ||||
| 4,085 | diy | Diuwe | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Trans-New Guinea; Asmat | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.13, 139.46 | ||||
| 5,726 | dif, dit | Diyari | Dieri; Dayerrie; Deerie; Diari; Dickeri; Dieyerie; Dieyrie; Dijari; Diyeri; Dthee-eri; Koonarie; Kunari; Ti:ari; Tirari; Urronminna; Wongkadieri; Wonkadieri; Dirari; Dhirari | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~12 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Some researchers treat Diyari (ISO 939-3: dif) and Dirari (ISO 939-3: dit) as a single language. | Australia; | Australia | -28.58486621,139.0862193 | ||
| 4,118 | dyy | Djabugay | Dyabugay; Tjapukai; Bulum-Bulum; Check-Cull; Chewlie; Djabugai; Hileman; Kodgotto; Kikonjunkulu; Kokonyungalo; Koko-Tjumbundji; Ngarlkajie; Orlow; Tjabakai-Thandji; Tjabogaijanji; Tjankir; Tjankun; Tjapunkandji; Tjunbundji; Barron River dialect; Binggu; Dyabugai; Dyabugandyi; Koko-tjumbun; Tjapukandji; Tjapukanja; Tjabogaitjandji; Tajbogaijanji; Kokonjunkulu; Kokoyungalo; Njakali; Nyakali;Dyaabugay; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Yidinic | Dyaabugay; Gulay; Njakali; | Australia; | Australia | -16.82350711,145.5840818 | ||
| 5,556 | tjw | Djabwurrung | Tjapwurong; Tyapwurru; Chaapwurru; Pirtkopannoot; Purteetchally; Punoinjon; Kolor; Dja Dja Wurrung; Dja Dja Wrung; Le Wurrung; Dyadyawurung; Boolucburer; Brapkut; Bulukwuro; Dallundeer; Djappuminyon; Djappuminyou; Djappuninyou; Ja:rewe; Jaadwa; Jaara; Jajaurung; Jajowerong; Jajowerrong; Jajowrung; Jajowurrong; Jardwa; Jurobaluk; Knen-knen-wurr; Tyapwuru; Tyapuwurru; Chaap Wuurong; Djabwuru; Kolor Kuurndit; Kooloor; Hopkins River tribe; Bolakngat; Knindowurong; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Djabwurrung; Knenknenwurrung; Pirtpirtwurrung; | Australia; | Australia | |||
| 4,087 | djf | Djangun | Adho-Adhom; Butju; Changunberries; Chungki; Chunkumberries; Chunkunberry; Chunkunburra; Djandnandi; Djankun; Djungan; Dyangun; Dyangunbari; Gugu Djangun; Gugu Dyangun; Jangun Djanggun; Koko-Mudju; Kokomutju; Kokotjangun; Koko-Tyankun; Kuu Jangkun; Mutju; Mutyu; Ngaigungo; Ngaikungo; Ngaikungo-I; Ngaikungu; Shanganburra; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Yalandyic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | |||
| 5,548 | dji | Djinang | Jandjinung; Yandijinang; Yandjinung; Jandijinung; Balmawi; Balmbi; Barlmawi; Djinaŋ; Djinhang; Djinnang; Dyinang; Jandji:nangc; Jandjinang; Jand-jinung; Jinang; Manarrngu; Manjarngi; Manyarrngi; Milingimbi; Millingimbi; Mun-narngo; Ullaki; Wulagi; Wulaki; Wullakki; Yandjinang; Yändjinaŋ; Yandjinning; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Wulaki; Murrungun; Manyarring; Mildjingi; Djadiwitjibi; Balurbi; | Australia; | Australia | -12.47559654,135.0142775 | ||
| 4,086 | djb | Djinba | Jinba; Djimba; Outjanbah; Dyinba; Ganalbwingu; Kurkamarnapia; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60-90 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Mandjalpingu; Walmapuy; Djinba; Dabi; Ganalbingu; | Australia; | Australia | -12.368173,135.080223 | ||
| 6,229 | wmt-dju | Djuwarliny | Juwaliny; Tjuwalinj; Tjiwarliñ; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Australia; | Australia | -20.342394,122.281792 | |||
| 5,063 | doe | Doe | Dohe; Kidoe; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~24,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | ||||
| 2,147 | dgg; doga1238 | Doga | Magabara | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Western Oceanic; Papuan Tip; Are-Taupota | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.64,149.84 | |||
| 2,159 | dgr | Dogrib | Thlingchadine; Tłı̨chǫ | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,470 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | The Detah-Ndilo dialect developed from intermarriage between the Yellowknife subdivision of the Chipewyan and the Dogrib. Lexical similarity 84%% with Southern Slavey; 82%% with Northern Slavey. | Canada; | North America | 62.8292,-115.9904 | ||
| 8,737 | dbg | Dogul Dom | Dogon; Dogul-Dom; Dogulu; Dogul Dom Dogon; North Plateau Dogon; Dogul dom; Dogul-Dom Dogon | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,700 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; North Plateau | Mali; | Africa | 14.59, -3.57 | |||
| 5,011 | dbi | Doka | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | |||||
| 3,403 | uya | Doko-Uyanga | Uyanga; Dosanga; Basanga; Iko; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.550381, 8.172249 | |||
| 2,213 | dlg | Dolgan | Dulğan; Haka; долганский язык; дулҕан; Һака; долган тыла; һака тыла; Dolganca; Dolgane; Dolganische Sprache; 돌간어 | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,500 | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Lena Turkic | The Dolgans speak a dialect of the Yakut language. This dialect has also at times been considered as a separate language, due to the strong Evenk influence which causes it to differ considerably from the Yakut language spoken in the northwestern and middle parts of Yakutia. In certain western groups of Dolgans, a strong Nenets influence has been noted (for example in Sopochnaya Karga at the Yenisey Bay). (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, 2001) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 71.25,98.0 | ||
| 4,105 | dre | Dolpo | Phoke Dolpa; Dolpa Tibetan; Dolpike; D’ölpo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Nepal; | South Asia | 29.2193,83.0676 | |||
| 4,092 | dmk | Domaaki | Dawudi; Dumaki; Dumākī; “Doma”; Dardu | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Nager; Hunza | Dawudi is the preferred name within the community. “Doma” and related terms are pejorative and should be avoided. | Pakistan; | South Asia | 36.216, 74.651 | |
| 5,083 | dov | Dombe | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,430 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Zimbabwe; | Africa | |||||
| 3,745 | doy | Dompo | Guang; Dumpo; Ndmpo; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60-70 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ghana; | Africa | 8.150236,-2.363097 | |||
| 1,485 | dok | Dondo | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~13000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
| 461 | doh | Dong | Donga; Dɔ; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.739864, 11.845802 | |||
| 1,209 | sce | Dongxiang | Santa; Tunghsiang; Tung; Dunshan; Tsung-hsiang; 東鄉語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200,000 | Mongolic; Shirongolic; Southern Shirongolic | Suonanba; Sijiaji; Wangjiaji | China; | East Asia | 31.5,107.5 | ||
| 2,427 | wwo | Dorig | Wetamut; Banks-Inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.280, 167.516 | |||
| 1,486 | tds; dout1240 | Doutai | Taori-So; Taori; Tolitai; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70 | Lakes Plain; Tariku; Doutai-Kai-Waritai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.2282,138.2189 | |||
| 1,359 | duu | Drung | Dulong; Taron; T’rung; Kiu; Qui; Kiutze; Qiuzi; Kiupa; Kiao; Rawang; Trung; Metu; Melam; Tamalu; Tukiumu; Tulung; Qiu; Nung; Nu-tzŭ; 獨龍語 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7000 | Sino-Tibetan; Nungish | Dulong River; Nu River | China; | East Asia | 28.0,98.3333333333 | ||
| 1,986 | dup | Duano’ | Duano; Orang Kuala; Desin Dola’; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 0.133569,103.346883 | ||||
| 1,487 | dmu | Dubu | Tebi | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130 | Pauwasi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.5134, 140.8612 | |||
| 3,196 | 1hv | Dukha | Tuha; Tsaatan | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100-200 | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Sayan Turkic | Dukha is closely related to but clearly distinct from Tuvan. | Mongolia; | East Asia | 51.9307, 98.9318 | ||
| 308 | dbo | Dulbu | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.985,10.0579 | ||||
| 4,113 | dus | Dumi | Rai; Dumi Bo’o; Dumi Bro; Ro’do Bo’; Lsi Rai; Sotmali | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Brasmi; Makpa; Lamdija; Kharbari | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.3095,86.7521 | ||
| 4,094 | dmv | Dumpas | Doompas | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,100? | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Sabahan | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.967444, 117.360686 | |||
| 2,157 | dui | Dumun | Bai | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.5421, 146.0906 | |||
| 3,170 | yoi | Dunan (Yonaguni Ryukyuan) | どぅなんむぬい; Dunan-Munui; Ryukyuan; Southern Ryukyuan; Saskisima; Saskishima; 与那国語; 与那国方言; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Japonic; Ryukyuan; Southern Ryukyuan; Macro-Yaeyama | The classification of Dunan (Yonaguni) as a member of the Macro-Yaeyama subgroup of Southern Ryukyuan is based on Pellard (2015). The macro-Yaeyama subgrouping is not included in classfiications such as Miyara (2015). | Japan; | East Asia | 24.45,123 | ||
| 4,096 | dng | Dungan | Dzhunyan; Tungan; Huizu; Zwn’jan; Kwuizwu; 東干語 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100000 | Sino-Tibetan; Sinitic | Yage; Gansu; Shaanxi | Uzbekistan;Kyrgyzstan;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Kazakhstan; | Near East | 42.4518,78.4643 | ||
| 5,323 | raa | Dungmali | Dungmali Pûk; Dungmali-Bantawa; Arthare; Arthare-Khesang; Dūngmālī | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,609 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Khesang | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.1874,87.1902 | ||
| 5,012 | dbv | Dungu | Dungi; Dingi; Dwingi; Dunjawa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 10,625 | Duoxu | 多緒; 多須 | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Qiangic | The Ethnologue Ersu [ers] contains three mutually unintelligible languages, i.e. Duoxu /do³³-ɕu³³-na³¹/ (central Ersu), Ersu /ə́˞súxò/ (eastern Ersu), and Lisu /lîzûhû/ or /lŷzûhû/ (western Ersu). | Documentation project “Ersu and Xumi: Comparative and Cross-Varietal Documentation of Highly Endangered Languages of South-West China” by CNRS-CRLAO (France), Sichuan Minorities Institute, and Xichang College, supported by the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (grant number MPD0257), 2013-2016. | China; | East Asia | 28.549809, 102.177082 | ||
| 961 | duo | Dupaninan Agta | Eastern Cagayan Agta; Dupaningan Agta; Agta, Dupaninan | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Northeastern Luzon | Peñablanca; Roso; Bolos Point; Valley Cove; Yaga; Santa Margarita; Camonayan; Tanglagan; Palaui Island; Santa Ana-Gonzaga; Barongagunay; | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 18.114937, 122.178526 | ||
| 1,488 | dbn; duri1243 | Duriankere | Esaro; Sailen; Duriankari; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Trans-New Guinea; South Bird’s Head; Inawatan | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.3896,130.9247 | |||
| 4,952 | pci | Duruwa | Parji; Parji (Dravidian); Dhurwa; Dhruva; Durva; Parjhi; Paraja; Parajhi; Thakara; Tagara; Tugara | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 51,200 | Dravidian; Central Dravidian | Dharba; Kukanar; Tiriya; Nethanar | India; | South Asia | 19.5,82.5 | ||
| 1,513 | dsn | Dusner | Dusnir; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.7139,134.3888 | |||
| 7,354 | dse | Dutch Sign Language | Sign Language of the Netherlands; SLN; Nederlandse Gebarentaal; NGT | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Sign Language; European | Netherlands; | Europe | 52.13, 4.91 | |||
| 5,727 | wkw-duu | Duungidjawu | Dundijau; | Dormant | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Waka-Kabic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -25.3987,152.345 | ||
| 2,161 | gve | Duwet | Guwet; Guwot; Waing; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.4763,146.8377 | |||
| 4,619 | nnu | Dwang | Guang; Dwan; Nchumunu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Wiase; Kenyen; Bekye; | Ghana; | Africa | |||
| 1,458 | knm | Dyapá | Southern Katukinan, Tshom-Djapá [Txunhuã-Djapá], Canamarí, Kanamarí) (perhaps the same as Tucundiapa (Tucano Dyapa, Hondiapa/Hon-Dyapá)]) | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1650 | Harakmbut-Katukinan; Katukinan | Dyapá; Tshom-Djapá; Tucundiapa; | Harákmbut-Katukinan; Katukinan; Dyapá (languages or dialects); The number of distinct languages within Katukinan is not certain, and Katukina and Kanamarí may not be distinct languages. Campbell (2012:91) has Dyapá (dialects or languages) (Southern Katukinan, Tshom-Djapá [Txunhuã-Djapá], Canamarí, Kanamarí) (perhaps the same as Tucundiapa (Tucano Dyapa, Hondiapa/Hon-Dyapá)]). Aikhenvald and Dixon (1999: 343) have for Katukinan: Kanamarí, Katukina do Biá, Txunhuã-Djapá, and Katawixí. Adelaar (2007: 180) has two languages, Katawixi and Katukina Lato, which has three varieties: Kanamarí, Katukina do Biá, and Tyohon Dyapa. | Brazil; | South America | -7.058333,-69.691667 | |
| 10,450 | Dyarim | Dyarum, Dyàrìm Tə́, Dyarim Tə, Ndyarim Tə, Kaiwari, Kayaurinci | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | |||||
| 504 | dbl | Dyirbal | Chirpa; Chirpalji; Choolngai; Djalnguy; Djirbal; Djirbaldji; Djiribal; Djirubal; Dyarbal; Dyirbaldyi; Dyirbalngan; Ngiloongo-I; Njirma; Tjirbal; Tyirbal; Jirrbal; Dyalnguy; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Pama-Nyungan; Dyirbalic | Mamu; Girramy; Dyiru; Ngadjan; Gulnguy; | Australia; | Australia | -17.74,145.742 | ||
| 4,601 | dzn | Dzando | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Moliba; Molunga; Maboko; Lokay; | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | ||||
| 3,157 | yzg | E’ma Buyang | Buyang Zhuang; Eastern Buyang; Funing Buyang; Buozaang; Langjia Buyang; 峨馬布央; 郎架布央 | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Buyang | China; | East Asia | 23.4146,105.7632 | |||
| 2,165 | crl | East Cree | Cree; East Cree; Northern East Cree; Northern James Bay Cree; Northern Eastern James Bay Cree; Montagnais-Naskapi; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Algic; Algonquian; Cree-Montagnais | Northern East Cree, Southern East Cree | Cree-Montagnais is a chain of Algonquian languages extending across Canada from the Rockies to the coast of Labrador. There is some degree of mutual intelligibility across the entire chain of languages. East Cree is the Montagnais-Naskapi dialect spoken in northwestern Quebec, along the east coast of James and Hudson Bay and inland. There is a distinction between northern and southern subdialects, the latter with coastal and inland varieties. The northern dialect is spoken in Whapamagostui (Great Whale River), Chisasibi (Fort George), and Wemindji (Paint Hills); southern dialects are spoken in Nemaska (Nemiscau), Waskaganish (Rupert House), Eastmain, Waswanipi, Ouje-bougamau and Mistissini. (Golla et al. 2008.) Ethnologue distinguishes Northern East Cree [crl] from Southern East Cree [crj], where others consider these dialects of East Cree. | Canada; | North America | 53.6916,-78.8011; 50.587,-73.6365 | |
| 1,208 | yuy | East Yugur | Shira Yughur; Enger; Shira Yugur; Shera Yogur; Eastern Yogor; Yogor; Yögur; Yugu; Yugar; Yellow Uighur; Šera-Yögur; Mongolic Yellow Uighur; 東部裕固語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Mongolic; Shirongolic | China; | East Asia | 38.780, 99.987; 38.859, 99.701; 39.277, 97.524; 38.999, 99.412 | |||
| 10,529 | mab, mil, mqh, mtx, mxs, mxy, vmm, vmx, xtd, xtp, xts | Eastern Alta Mixtec | Yutanduchi Mixtec; Mixteco de Yutanduchi; Mixteco de Yutanduchi de Guerrero; Southern Nochixtlan Mixtec; Peñoles Mixtec; Eastern Mixtec; Mixteco de Santa María Peñoles; Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec; Mixteco bajo de Valles; Mixteco de Santiago Tlazoyaltepec; Tidaá Mixtec; Mixteco de San Pedro Tidaá; Mixteco de Tidaá, North Central Nochixtlán Mixtec; Huitepec Mixtec; Mixteco de Huitepec; Mixteco de San Antonio Huitepec; Mixteco de Zaachila; Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec; Mixteco de Santo Domingo Nuxaá; Mixteco del Sureste de Nochixtlán; Mitlatongo Mixtec; Mixteco de Mitlatongo; Tamazola Mixtec; Mixteco de San Juan Tamazola; Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec; Central Nochistlán Mixtec; Mixteco de Diuxi-Tilantongo; Mixteco del este central; San Miguel Piedras Mixtec; Mixteco de San Miguel Piedras; Sindihui Mixtec | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,244 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | mixteco Alto de Valles?; mixteco Bajo de Valles; Mixteco de San Antonio Huitepec; Mixteco de San Juan Tamazola; Mixteco de San Miguel Piedras; Mixteco de San Pedro Tidaá; Mixteco de Santa Inés de Zaragoza; Mixteco de Santa María Peñoles; Mixteco de Yutanduchi de Guerrero; Mixteco del Este?; Mixteco del Este Central; Mixteco del Norte Bajo | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.15, -97.23 | |
| 5,248 | aer | Eastern and Central Arrernte | Arrernte; Arrernte (Mparntwe); Arrernte (Eastern); Eastern Aranda; Arunta; Lower Aranda; Waitjinga; Wonggaranda; Wongkatjeri; Wychinga; Pitjapitja; Pitjima; Alitera; Aldolanga; Aldolinga; Aranda; A’randa; Aranta; Arinta; Arranda; Arrinda; Arrundta; Arrunta; Arunda; Arunta Ulpma; Burrin-gah; Herrinda; Ilpma; Jairunda; Oiljpma; Paroola; Ulpma; Urrundie; Ur-rundie;Arrernte, Eastern; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,820 | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Antekerrepenh; Mparntwe Arrernte; Akarre; Ikngerripenhe; | Australia; | Australia | -23.24779965,135.559361 | ||
| 3,971 | bru | Eastern Bru | Bru (Eastern); Bru; Brou; Van Kieu; Quang Tri Bru; Bruu; Moi-Cà-lò’; Baroo; Leu; Leung; Muong Leong; Tri; Quàngtri Vân Kiêu; Bru, Eastern | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 82,300 | Austro-Asiatic; Katuic; Eastern Katuic; West Katuic; Brou-So | Tri; Mangkong; Bru Dong Sen Keo; Bru Kok Sa-At | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 17.3333333333,106.0 | ||
| 4,006 | bxm | Eastern Buryat | Mongolian Buriat; бурят-монгольский язык; buryaad xelen; буряад хэлэн; буриад аялгуу; бурятский язык; Northern Mongolian; Buriat; Buryat; Buriat-Mongolian; Mongolia Buriat; Bur:aad; Burjatisch; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >300,000 | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Northern Common Mongolic | Aga; Khori | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 52.0,108.0 | ||
| 4,173 | cjm | Eastern Cham | Phan Rang Cham; Cham; Cham (Eastern); Tjam; Chiem; Chiem Thà nh; Bhamam; Bình Thuân; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Chamic | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 11.683, 108.86; 11.104, 108.075 | |||
| 1,749 | ctz | Eastern Chatino | Chatino; Zacatepec; Chatino de San Marcos Zacatepec; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Yaitepec Chatino; Tatalpepec Chatino; San Juan Quiahije Chatino; Zacatepec Chatino; Teotepec Chatino | Ethnologue lists 6 languages for Chatino; INALI also has 6 “variantes” for Chatino. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.1333,-97.35 | |
| 4,207 | ggn | Eastern Gurung | Gurung; Gurnung; Eastern; Gurung, Eastern | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 325,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Tamu Kyi; Lamjung Gurung; Gorkha Gurung | Eastern and Western Gurung do not have adequate intelligibility to handle complex and abstract discourse. Daduwa town seems central linguistically. (Lewis 2009) | The new ISO code change resulted in the inclusion of Eastern Gurung into Western Gurung (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/639-3_ChangeRequests_2015_Summary.pdf). | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.3333333333,84.3333333333 |
| 8,552 | 1ok | Eastern Khanty | Eastern Khant; Ostyak; восточно-хантыйский язык; кантыкский язык; хӑнты ясӑң; khănty yasăŋ; Ostiak; Ugrian Ostyak; остяцкий язык; Eastern Khante; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~480 | Uralic; Khanty | Yugan; Vakh; Vasugyan; Aleksandrovo; Surgut | Though often considered to be a single language, Khanty is actually a group of three mutually unintelligible conglomerations of dialects that may well be counted as separate languages. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 59.973386, 74.439999; 60.768054, 76.971311; 58.873858, 77.547301 | |
| 8,530 | 1nu | Eastern Mansi | Eastern Vogul; восточно-мансийский язык; кондинский-мансийский язык; Konda; вогульский язык; маньси; моаньсь; Eastern Man’si; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Uralic; Mansi | Konda; Yukonda | Mansi is, with some justification, often considered to be a single language with four main groups of dialects; the linguistic differences within Mansi are, indeed, smaller than those within the otherwise comparable cases of Khanty, Selkup, and Ket. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 60.7752,67.6098 | |
| 3,203 | mhr | Eastern Mari | Meadow Mari; Cheremis; Grassland Mari; олык марий; niittymari; itämari; лугово-восточный марийский; черемисский язык; Cheremiss; Low Mari; Eastern Cheremis; Tscheremissisch; Cheremissian; Tchérémisse; Marijcy; Mari-Woods; Low Mari; Lugovo Mari; Čeremissisch; Marij Jylme; Marijskij Jazyk; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500,000 | Uralic; Mari | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 57.0,48.0 | |||
| 4,127 | emg | Eastern Meohang | Rai; Newang; Newahang; Newange Rai; Newahang Jimi; Mewahang; Jindā; Meohang, Eastern | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 904 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Sunsari; Dibum; Mulgaon-Wangtang | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.5441,87.1401 | ||
| 3,885 | azz | Eastern Nahua | Nahuatl, Highland Puebla; Náhuat de la Sierra de Puebla; Sierra Puebla Náhuatl; Sierra Aztec; Zacapoaxtla Náhuat; Mejicano de Zacapoaxtla; Nahuatl (Sierra de Zacapoaxtla); Nahuatl (Puebla Sierra); Nahuatl; Mexicano; Zacapoaxtla; Mejicano Azteco; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 125,000 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Nahuan | Ethnologue distinguishes 28 Nahuatl languages. INALI has 30 “variantes” of Nahuatl. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.5833333333,-97.3333333333 | ||
| 4,915 | ojg | Eastern Ojibwe | Eastern Ojibwa; Ojibwe; Ojibway; Ojibwa; Mississauga; Anishinaabemowin | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Algic; Algonquian; Ojibwa-Potawatomi | Golla (2007): Nishnaabemwin represents the linguistic and social fusion of two historically distinct communities, the Ottawa (Odawa) and the Eastern Ojibwe. | Canada; | North America | 46.0,-80.0 | ||
| 1,127 | pez | Eastern Penan | Punan | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Penan Apoh | Indonesia;Malaysia;Brunei; | Southeast Asia | 4.59, 114.58 | ||
| 863 | peb | Eastern Pomo | Clear Lake; Pomo, Eastern; Clear Lake Pomo; East Pomo; Pomo (Eastern); Southeast Clear Lake Pomo; West Clear Lake Pomo; | Pomoan | Upper Lake; Big Valley; | USA; | North America | 39.0,-122.666666667 | ||||
| 3,211 | ydd | Eastern Yiddish | Central Yiddish; Judeo-German; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >1,200,000 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; High German | Mideastern Yiddish; Northeastern Yiddish; Southeastern Yiddish; | USA;Israel;Ukraine;Canada;Belarus; | North America;Europe;Near East | 55.0,25.0 | ||
| 8,594 | ebg | Ebughu | Oron; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.754658, 8.276181 | |||
| 7,109 | ecs | Ecuadorian Sign Language | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 231,000 | Sign Language; South American | Ecuador; | South America | -0.144957, -78.496198 | ||||
| 2,174 | qt8 | Eel River Athabaskan | Saiaz; Eel River Athapaskan | Dormant () | 0 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Pacific Coast Athabaskan | Lassik; Sinkyone; Wailaki; Nongatl; | Golla et al. (2008): “Eel River Athabaskan was a complex of closely related local dialects of California Athabaskan … At least four dialect clusters can be distinguished: Sinkyone, Nongatl, Lassik, and Wailaki.” Ethnologue distinguishes as separate languages: Kato [ktw], Mattole [mvb], Wailaki [wlk]. | USA; | North America | ||
| 1,456 | afu-efu | Effutu | Efutu | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ghana; | Africa | 5.346992, -0.627230 | |||
| 341 | ega | Ega | Diés; Egwa; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 5.5,-5.5 | |||
| 4,120 | eit | Eitiep | Endangen; Indiang | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 394 | Torricelli; Kombian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.520083904,142.5982513 | |||
| 7,712 | eja | Ejamat | Ediamat; Fulup; Feloup; Felup; Felupe; Floup; Flup; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000-50,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Senegal;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | ||||
| 8,589 | eke | Ekit | Eket; Ekid; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.770001, 7.859140 | |||
| 4,122 | elh | El Hugeirat | El Hagarat; Nubian (Hill); | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Nubian | Sudan; | Africa | 12.3131,28.4243 | |||
| 4,124 | elo | El Molo | Elmolo; Fura-Pawa; Ldes; Dehes; “Ndorobo”; | Dormant () | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Kenya; | Africa | 2.826751, 36.696701; 2.855032, 36.692491 | ||||
| 10,572 | ele | Elepi | Elapi; Samap; Sumup; Blabla | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 149 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.75, 143.93 | |||
| 10,541 | elk | Elkei | Olkoi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,640 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.5, 142.1 | |||
| 3,117 | elot1235 | Elotepec Zapotec | Elotepec, Elotepec Papabuco | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5070 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan; Papabuco | 1 of approximately 3 Papabuco languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.108522, -96.138497 | ||
| 10,679 | mrf | Elseng | Djanggu; Janggu; Malluo; Maluak; Morwap; Sawa; Tabu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.00, 140.42 | |||
| 4,126 | elu | Elu | Admiralitäts-inseln | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 220 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Admiralty Islands | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.00, 147.10 | |||
| 5,511 | mmw | Emae | Makatea; Emwae; Mae; Mwae; Emai; Mai; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -17.0567,168.3956 | |||
| 546 | emn | Eman | Emane; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Amayo; Amanavil; | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.0531,9.7338 | ||
| 2,665 | cto | Emberá-Catío | Emperã; Eberã Bed’ea; Eperã Pedea; Atrato; Darién; Dariena; Panama Embera; Eberã; Cholo; Choco; Emberá-Catío; Catio; Katio; Embena; Eyabida (Alternate names in Panama: Catío; Epera); Ember-Cato; Dabeiba; Catío | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 88,747 | Chocoan | The Emberá dialect continuum (Catío, Chamí, Napipí River, Saija, Sambú) includes Southern Emberá and Northern Emberá (Emperã, Eberã Bed’ea, Eperã Pedea, Atrato, Darién, Dariena, Panama Embera, Eberã, Cholo [Choco]). Ethnologue lists 6 distinct Emberá languages: Northern Emberá (2languages) Emberá, Northern [emp] Emberá-Catío [cto] Southern Emberá (4 languages) Emberá-Baudó [bdc] Emberá-Chamí [cmi] Emberá-Tadó [tdc] Epena [sja] | Colombia;Panama; | South America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 7.16666666667,-76.3333333333 | ||
| 2,598 | eme | Emerillon | Emerilon; Melejo; Mereo; Mereyo; Emereñon; Teco; Wayampí; Oyampí; Emérillon; Karipuna; Guayapi; Guaiapi; Oiampí; Wajapae; Wayãpi; Waiãpi; Waiampi; Wayapae; Oyampík; Oyanpík; Wajapuku; Emerenhão; Wayampí language area; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Northern Tupi-Guaranian | French Guiana; | South America | 3.16666666667,-52.4166666667 | |||
| 1,905 | zmr, amy | Emmi | Merranunggu; Warrgat; Maranungku; Maranunga; Maranuka; Marranungga; Maranunggo; Marinunggo; Marranunga; Maran-ungo; Marranj Warrgat; Marra Warrgat; Murununga;Maranunggu; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15-20 | Western Daly | Australia; | Australia | -13.54,130.037 | |||
| 1,759 | emw | Emplawas | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Babar | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.0374,129.7375 | ||||
| 10,700 | enr | Emumu | Emem; Imimkal; Kiamerop | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,100 | Pauwasi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.74, 140.90 | |||
| 1,437 | enc | En | Ain; Nung Ven; 恩語; 儂環語 | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 22.838831,106.168025 | |||
| 2,054 | unk | Enawené-Nawé | Eneuene-Mare; Salumã | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 445 | Arawakan | Not to be confused with Salumá (SLJ) of Pará. | Brazil; | South America | -12.5223,-59.7656 | ||
| 2,141 | tmf | Enenlhet | Mascoy; Mascoi; Machicui; Toba-Maskoy; Emok; Toba-Emok; Toba of Paraguay; Quilyilhrayrom; Cabanatith; Enenlhet apayvoma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,275 | Enlhet-Enenlhet (Mascoyan) | Paraguay; | South America | -21.5578,-58.0064 | |||
| 1,760 | eno | Enggano | Engganese; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.41666666667,102.25 | |||
| 4,490 | enl | Enlhet Norte | Lengua; Enxet; Vowak; Pwak; Lengua Norte | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7500 | Enlhet-Enenlhet (Mascoyan) | Paraguay; | South America | -22.5,-59.0 | |||
| 8,599 | enw | Enwan | Enwang; “Oron”; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.652842, 8.251014 | |||
| 5,166 | enx | Enxet Sur | Lengua Sur; Lengua; Enlhit; Enhlit; Enlhit Nipiyam; Chánepyeyam; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,627 | Enlhet-Enenlhet (Mascoyan) | Peyseyapto; Másepto; Chánáwatsam | Paraguay; | South America | -22.5,-59.0 | ||
| 6,684 | 1j0 | Eora | Iyora; Iora; Eaora; Yora; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Australia; | Australia | -33.899572, 151.206704; | ||||
| 5,377 | sja | Epena | Epena; Emberá-Saija; Saija; Epená Saija; Epéna Pedée; Southern Embera; Southern Empera; Cholo; Epena Pedee; Ember-Saija; Southern Ępęra; Emperá; Saixa; Saixa-Baudo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 88,800 | Chocoan | The Emberá dialect continuum (Catío, Chamí, Napipí River, Saija, Sambú): Southern Emberá and Northern Emberá (Emperã, Eberã Bed’ea, Eperã Pedea, Atrato, Darién, Dariena, Panama Embera, Eberã, Cholo [Choco]). Ethnologue distinguishes 4 Southern Emberá languages: Emberá-Baudó [bdc] Emberá-Chamí [cmi] Emberá-Tadó [tdc] Epena [sja] | Colombia;Ecuador;Panama; | South America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 3.0,-77.0 | ||
| 4,131 | erh | Erohwa | Eruwa; Erakwa; Arokwa; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~850 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Edoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.155231, 6.034824 | |||
| 1,761 | erw | Erokwanas | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.8113,132.6708 | ||||
| 4,132 | err | Erre | Ere; Ari; Erei; Arra; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Giimbiyu | Australia; | Australia | -12.580519,133.06175 | |||
| 4,133 | ers | Ersu | 爾蘇語 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~13000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Qiangic | The Ethnologue Ersu [ers] contains three mutually unintelligible languages, i.e. Duoxu /do³³-ɕu³³-na³¹/ (central Ersu), Ersu /ə́˞súxò/ (eastern Ersu), and Lisu /lîzûhû/ or /lŷzûhû/ (western Ersu). | Note that is entry only contains information on Ersu (eastern Ersu). Documentation project “Ersu and Xumi: Comparative and Cross-Varietal Documentation of Highly Endangered Languages of South-West China” by CNRS-CRLAO (France), Sichuan Minorities Institute, and Xichang College, supported by the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (grant number MPD0257), 2013-2016. | China; | East Asia | 28.966069, 102.771749 | |
| 3,207 | myv | Erzya | Mordvin; Erza; эрзянский язык; erzja; Mordwin; Mordva; erza; Erzya-Mordva; Mordwinisch; Erza-Mordwinisch; Mordvinisch; Ersä-Mundart; Mordvinian; mordve; erźa; Mordvin-Erzya; Erzia; Erzá; Erzja; Erza-Mordvinisch; erzjan΄ kel΄; erzjanskij jazyk; Morduini; Mordua; eŕźań keĺ; эрзянь кель; Ersän kieli; ersämordva; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250,000 | Uralic; Mordvin | Erzya is closely related to the language Moksha. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 53.0,45.5 | ||
| 1,467 | ese | Ese’jja | Huarayo; Tiatinagua; Chama; Ese Ejja; Ese Eja; Ese Exa; “Chama”; Ese’ejja; Tambopata-Guarayo; “Chama”; Ese’eha; Guacanawa; Chuncho; Eseʔexa; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1680 | Pano-Tacanan; Chama | Peru;Bolivia; | South America | -11.0,-66.0 | |||
| 4,135 | esh | Eshtehardi | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036,48.2519 | |||||
| 7,179 | eso | Estonian Sign Language | Viipekeel; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,500 | Sign Language; European | Estonia; | Europe | 58.95, 24.57 | |||
| 8,595 | etb | Etebi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.643891, 7.970430 | ||||
| 8,793 | maza1294, teja1235 | Etla Zapotec | Tejalapan Zapotec; Zapotec; Zapotec, Tejalapan; Zapoteco de San Felipe Tejalapan; Zapoteco de Tejalápam; Etla Zapotec; Zapoteco de Santo Tomás Mazaltepec | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,276 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Tejalapán; Mazaltepec | 1 of approximately 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI count each variety of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approx. 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major language areas: (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.15, -96.88 |
| 10,803 | etn | Eton | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -17.753446,168.559429; | ||||
| 10,964 | eude1234 | Eudeve | Opata-Eudeve; Endeve; Eudeve; Opatan; Heve; Dohema; | Dormant () | 0 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Opatan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 29.1666666667,-109.666666667 | |||
| 3,800 | bzz | Evant | Evand; Avand; Avande; Ovand; Ovande; Ovando; Balegete; Belegete; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
| 4,142 | eve | Even | Lamut; Orich; Ilqan; Ewen; Eben; lama-dī; Ewenische; Lamutische; Northeastern Tungus; Tungusisabatschi; Lamuti; эвенский язык; ламутский язык; эвэды торэн; eved’i toren; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7,000 | Tungusic; Northern Tungusic | Okhotsk; Ola; Tompon; Kolyma-Omolon; Upper Kolyma; Indigirka; Sakkyryr; Kamchatka; Arman; Lamunkhin | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 68.0,130.0 | ||
| 1,186 | evn | Evenki | Solon; Ewenki; эвенкский язык; эвэды̄ турэ̄н; Owenke; Suolun; Tungus; Chapogir; Avanki; Avankil; ewen-ki; Sprache der Hiesigen; Manegir; Ewenkische; Northwestern; Siberian Ewenki; 鄂溫克語; 埃文基語; 陳巴爾虎莫日格勒河方言; 雅庫特鄂溫克語; тунгусский язык; Ewenke; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10,000 | Tungusic; Northern Tungusic | Aoluguya; Huihe; Chenba’erhu; Haila’er; Morigele | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 48.0,120.0 | ||
| 2,006 | coo | Éy7á7juuthem (Comox) | Comox; Mainland Comox; Sliammon; Comox-Sliammon; Çatlotq; Comox Cluster; Comux; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 47 | Salishan; Central Salish | Island Comox; Mainland Comox | Island Comox and Mainland Comox dialects are recognized, the latter divided into three varieties associated respectively with the Homalco, Klahoose, and Sliammon Bands. | Canada; | North America | 50.3900000, -124.6400000 | |
| 507 | eya | Eyak | dAXunhyuuga’ | Awakening () | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit | “It is altogether clear that the origin of the name ‘Eyak’ is the local Chugach Eskimo name of the Eyak village site near the mouth of the Eyak River on Eyak Lake at Mile 6, in Chugach Igya’aq. In this the initial I- is pronounced as the -i- in sing, the -g- as a voiced fricative gamma, and the -ya’aq has not the vowel of yak as in the English pronuncia- tion of the name, but rhymes more or less rather with hawk, except that the final consonant is of course the Eskimo-Aleut back velar -q, not mid- mouth English -k.” (Krauss 2006: 199) | USA; | North America | 60.526294,-145.6351157 | |||
| 5,931 | wti-fad | Fadashi | Fedashe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,715 | Berta | Ethiopia; | Africa | ||||
| 5,510 | faf | Fagani | Faghani; Südliche Salomons-Inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Southeast Solomonic | Agufi; Rihu’a; Fagani; | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -10.4337,161.5979 | ||
| 2,836 | azt | Faire Atta | Southern Atta; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400-550 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Cagayan Valley | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 18.027,120.4929 | |||
| 10,693 | fai | Faiwol | Angkiyakmin; Faiwolmin; Fegolmin; Kauwol; Wokeimin | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,500 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Mountain Ok | Voorhoeve (1975) lists a language “Kauwol”, but this is likely (a dialect of?) Faiwol. It it said to have about 500 speakers, most of whom live on the Papua New Guinean side of the border. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.50, 141.66 | ||
| 5,630 | cfm | Falam Chin | Hallam; Hallam Chin; Tipura; Halam; Fallam; Falam; Zahao; Chin, Falam; ဖလမ်းချင်း | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 107,300 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Lente; Taisun; Kaipang; Halam; Zanniat; Zahao; Tapong; Chorei; Chari Chong; Khualshim; Mursum; Kalai; Rupini; Laizo | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 23.79, 92.33 | ||
| 4,144 | fah | Fali of Baissa | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | “A few” | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.228442, 10.623221 | ||||
| 5,994 | fam | Fam | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.819704, 11.055915 | ||||
| 8,849 | fak | Fang | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000-6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | |||||
| 10,783 | Farnanto | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.370092,166.966450; | |||||
| 4,891 | nrg | Farsaf | Narango, Nambel | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 160 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.540011,167.059861 | |||
| 10,726 | Farvi | Farvigi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest; Biabanaki | Iran; | Near East | 33.47, 55.05 | ||||
| 1,373 | fqs | Fas | Bembi; Momu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Baibai-Fas | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.197, 141.373 | |||
| 10,734 | faa | Fasu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1200 | Isolate; Pacific | Kaibu; Namome; Some | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.63, 143.28 | |||
| 1,762 | fau | Fayu | Sehudate | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.1, 136.8 | |||
| 3,686 | agl | Fembe | Sinale; Agala | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Trans-New Guinea; Bosavi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.72, 142.25 | |||
| 8,490 | qb8 | Figuig | Berber (Figuig) | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,280 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Morocco; | Africa | ||||
| 7,355 | fse | Finnish Sign Language | Viittomakieli; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Sign Language; European | Finnish Dialect; Swedish Dialect; | Finland; | Europe | 60.66, 25.07 | ||
| 7,180 | fss | Finnish-Swedish Sign Language | Finland-Swedish Sign Language; Suomenruotsalainen Vittomakieli; Finlandssvenskt Teckenspråk; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Sign Language; European | Finland; | Europe | 62.111,26.328 | |||
| 5,013 | fir | Firan | Fəran; Frisian; Faran; Foron; Yes Firan; Kwakwi; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Nupoid | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 7,356 | vgt | Flemish Sign Language | South Belgium Sign Language; North Belgium Sign Language; Vlaamse Gebarentaal; VGT; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Sign Language; European | Antwerp; East Flanders; West Flanders; Flemish Brabant; Limburg; | Belgium; | Europe | 50.80, 4.31 | ||
| 4,150 | fln | Flinders Island | Yalgawarra; Wurima; Mutumui; Walmbaria; Gambilmugu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.17091978,144.2456751 | ||
| 4,149 | flh | Foau | Doa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 230 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.05, 139.21 | |||
| 570 | fgr | Fongoro | Gele; Kole; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Chad; | Africa | 11.1029,22.7197 | |||
| 4,130 | enf | Forest Enets | Bai Enets; Pe-Bae; лесной энецкий; Yenisei Samoyed; онаь базаан; ona’ bazaan; enetj; enets; Yenisey; пэ-бай; Jenissei-Dialekt; Baicha-Dialekt; Jenisei; Enets; Jenisej-Samojedisch; Enzisch; Yenisey Samoyedic; iénisséi; enete; èncy; Yensisei-Samoyed; Yenisei Samoyedic; Yenisei Somoyed; Enec; Yenets; Yenisey-Samoyedic; Eńeć; Samojedi; Samojedimanzela; enyec nyelv; enetsin kieli; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10 | Uralic; Samoyedic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 67.5,86.5 | |||
| 3,393 | yrk-for | Forest Nenets | Forest Yurak; metsänenetsi; ненецкий лесной язык; nyenetsya’ vada; Dialekt der Waldjuraken; ненэцяʼ вада; нешанский язык; нещанский язык; нешаӈ вата | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Uralic; Samoyedic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 64.9188, 77.7941 | ||||
| 3,395 | frp | Francoprovençal | Patois; Arpitan; Romand | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Neuch-Telois; Valaisan; Faeto; Vaudois; Savoyard; Celle San Vito; Valle D’aosta; Neuchatelais; Dauphinois; Lyonnais; | France;Italy;Switzerland; | Europe | 45.7828,6.9982 | ||
| 3,400 | fur | Friulian | Furlan; Frioulan; Frioulian; Priulian; Friulano; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350,000- 500,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | East Central Friulian; Western Friulian; Carnico; | Italy; | Europe | 46.1037,13.1396 | ||
| 547 | bfm-fun | Fungom | Northern Fungom; We; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | There is a variety of Mmen [bfm], a Central Ring language, known as Fungom. However, there are reports of a language known as “Fungom” which is more closely related to Isu [isu], a West Ring language. There may actually be two Fungoms: one variety which is close to Mmen and another one which is closer to Isu. No conclusive evidence is currently available. (Roland Kiessling, P.C.) | Cameroon; | Africa | |||
| 5,303 | pym | Fyem | Fyam; Pyem; Paiem; Gyem; Fem; Pem; Genawa; Gyema; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <14,000? | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.58333333333,9.33333333333 | |||
| 5,205 | ttb | Gaa | Tiba; Gà; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.670419, 12.033137 | |||
| 2,309 | gdk | Gadang | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 10.3473,17.2485 | ||||
| 4,193 | gbk | Gaddi | Bharmauri Bhadi; Pahari Bharmauri; Panchi Brahmauri Rajput; Gaddyali; Gadiali; Gadi | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | Macleod Ganj; Bharmauri | India; | South Asia | 32.4912,76.8383 | ||
| 3,406 | gag | Gagauz | Gagauzi; Gaugausen; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200,000 | Turkic; Oghuz | Maritime Gagauzi; Bulgar Gagauz; | Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Greece;Macedonia;Moldova; | Europe | 46.3333333333,28.6666666667 | ||
| 4,195 | gbu | Gagudju | Abedal; Abiddul; Arwur; Auwur; Awoy; Gagadju ; Gagadu; Gagadyu; Gaguju; Ka:ka:dju; Kakadju; Kakadu; Kakaju; Kakakta; Kakata; Kakatu; Kakdju; Kakdjuan; Kakudju; Karkadoo; Katata; A:rwu:r; Abdedal; Awur; Gaagudju; | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate | Wada; | Australia; | Australia | -12.514603,132.647017 | ||
| 1,612 | bfu | Gahri | Ghara; Lahuli of Bunan; Boonan; Punan; Poonan; Erankad; Keylong Boli; Bunan; Lahul; Gari; Bunán | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 ~ 4,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India; | South Asia | 32.5,77.0 | |||
| 10,611 | gbf | Gaikundi | Gaikunti; Gaikwundi; Sawos | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~650 | Sepik; Ndu | Gaikundi is included within Laycock’s (1973) “Sawos language”, which he admits may consist of multiple languages, noting that “no real dialect surveys have been undertaken”. The classifications here follow the survey work of Staalsen (1975). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.02, 143.14 | ||
| 4,200 | gdh | Gajirrabeng | Gadjerong; Kajirrawung; Gadyerong; Gadyerrong; Gajirrawoong; Gajirrabeng; Gadjarawang; Ginmu; Kadjarong; Kadjerawang; Kadjeroen; Kadjerong; Kujera;Gadjerawang; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3 | Jarrakan | Australia; | Australia | -14.99,128.85 | |||
| 3,412 | fra-gal | Gallo | Galo; Gallot; Galoo; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200,000 – 400,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | France; | Europe | 47.931, -2.0544 | |||
| 5,363 | sdn | Gallurese Sardinian | Sardinian; Sardinian, Gallurese; Northeastern Sardinian; Gallurese; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance | Italy; | Europe | 40.8802,9.4482 | |||
| 5,631 | adl | Galo | Gallong; Adi; Adi, Galo; Adi-Gallong; Adi-Galo; Galong; Abor; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000-40,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | 28.1688,94.7433 | |||
| 9,169 | gal | Galoli | Galole; Galolen | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Lakloo (Lació); Laleia; Manatutu (Vila); Wetar (Iliwaki); Galoli; Na Nahek; Hahak; Edi; Baba; Dadua; | East Timor; | Pacific | |||
| 10,548 | siu | Galu | Metru; Sinagen | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 208 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.42, 142.37 | |||
| 4,378 | kgj | Gamale Kham | Kham; Proto-Kham; Khamkura; Gamale; Khams; Kham, Gamale | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Magaric | Tamali; Ghusbanggi | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.4321,82.9635 | ||
| 4,227 | gma | Gamberre | Gamberre; Gambere; Gambre; Northern Language; Gamgre; Guwan; Kambera; Kambre; Kambure; Gambera | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Worrorran; Northern Worrorran | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.294386,126.711653 | ||
| 4,403 | kld | Gamilaraay | Camileroi; Gamilaroi; Kamilaroi; Kamilarai; Kamilroi; Kamilrai; Kamularoi; Kaameelarrai; Komleroy; Kahmilaharoy; Kamilary; Gumilori; Gummilroi; Ghummilarai; Cumilri; Kimilari; Kamil; Comleroy; Camel Duahi; Kamalarai; Koomilroi; Gunilroi; Guminilroi; Gumilray; Camleroy; Euhahlayi;Gamilaraay; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pama-Nyungan; Wiradhuric | Waalaraay; Gawambaraay; Wirriyaraay; Guyinbaraay; | Australia; | Australia | -29.85302243, 147.9291115; -29.91686548, 149.6172319 | |||
| 4,235 | gnq | Gana | Ganaq; Gana’; Minansut; Keningau Dusun; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Sabahan | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.435442,116.178317 | |||
| 4,197 | gcd | Ganggalida | Mainland; Engarilla; Eugoola; Ganggalita; Iukala; Jakula; Jogula; Jokal; Jokala; Jokul; Jokula; Jugul; Jugula; Jugulda; Jungulda; Kanggaleida; Kangkalita; Yangarella; Yokula; Yookala; Yugulda; Yukala; Yukula; Yukulta; Southern Tangkic; Yukulta-Nguburindi; Mainland Tangkic; Ganggalidda; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Tangkic | Kangkalita; Nguburindi; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.019031,138.229847 | |
| 4,230 | gnb | Gangte | Gante | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,100 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 24.1968,93.587 | |||
| 4,612 | kcx-gan | Ganjulé | Ganjule; Ganjawle; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Ethiopia; | Africa | ||||
| 8,198 | peh | Gansu Bonan | Islamic Bonan; Moslem Bonan; Baoan; Bao’an; Baonan; Baongan; 甘肅保安語; 積石山保安語 | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-15,000 | Mongolic; Shirongolic; Southern Shirongolic | The ISO code [peh] covers both Gansu Bonan and Qinghai Bonan, but the most recent linguistic references recognize these two as distinct and separate. Nationality of speakers: Bonan; This nationality does not comprise the speakers of Qinghai Bonan, who are classified as members of the “Tu” nationality. Due to differences in religion, the base of bilingualism, languages of education and, since the mid 19th century also location, the two forms of speech are distinct, though still closely related languages. | China; | East Asia | 35.806111, 102.772778 | ||
| 4,610 | gza | Ganza | Ganzo; Koma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,400 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Mao | Ethiopia; | Africa | 10.274808,35.136644 | |||
| 562 | gnz | Ganzi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Ganzi; Yaka; | Central African Republic; | Africa | 6.54, 19.35 | |||
| 5,509 | gga | Gao | Nggao; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -8.3514,159.8167 | |||
| 1,511 | gqu | Gao Gelao | Gao; Aqaw; Gelo; Kelao; Keleo; Kehlao; Klau; Klo; Ilao; Khi; Chilao; Lao; Keh-lao; 仡佬語稿方言 | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,000 (including speakers of all the Gelao languages) | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi | This entry only refers to the Gao (gqu) language of the Gelao subgroup. | Gao Gelao (self-designation: Gao), together with White Gelao (giw), Green Gelao (giq), and Red Gelao (gir), forms the Gelao subgroup of Tai-Kadai. | China; | East Asia | 26.254, 105.947; 26.409, 106.255; 26.304, 105.734; 26.548, 104.988 | |
| 946 | 1h9 | Gardiol | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Outlying dialect of Alpine Provencal | Italy; | Europe | 39.466667,16 | |||
| 5,632 | gbm | Garhwali | Gadhavali; Gadhawala; Gadwahi; Gashwali; Godauli; Gorwali; Gurvali; Pahari Garhwali; Girwali; Garhwal; Bhōṭiā of Garhwal; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,920,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | Lohbya; Chandpuri; Salani; Nagpuriya; Jaunpuri; Tehri; Bhattiani; Gangadi; Srinagaria; Dessaulya; Parvati; Badhani; Bangani; Rathi; Ravai; Majh-Kumaiya; | India; | South Asia | 30.0976,79.1235 | ||
| 3,472 | cab | Garífuna | Garifuna; Garfuna; Black Carib; Caribe; Central American Carib; “Moreno”; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100,000 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Maritime | Eastern Garifuna, Western Garifuna. Eastern Garifuna (Honduras and Nicaragua); Western Garifuna (Guatemala and Belize). | Honduras;Guatemala;Belize; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 12.5666,-83.7166;15.8268, -88.7506;15.6754,-88.1476;17.1833,-88.5833 | ||
| 5,935 | ilg-gar | Garig | Gaari; Gari; Garik; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Iwaidjan | Australia; | Australia | ||||
| 4,773 | gll | Garlali | Kullila; Kalali; Galali; Gaḷali | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.13620987,143.9394536 | ||
| 10,840 | Garma’i | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest; Biabanaki | Garma’i; Iraji | Garma’i and Iraji are dialects of the same language, which may be termed as Garma’i, as the Garma’i dialect has the larger number of speakers. Garma’i is not intelligible with the other Biabanaki languages Khuri or Farvi. | Iran; | Near East | ||||
| 5,633 | grt | Garo | Garrow; Mande | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Abeng; Achik; Chisak; Dacca; A’we; Ganching; Kamrup; A’beng; A’chick; Matchi | India;Bangladesh; | South Asia | 25.6666666667,90.5 | ||
| 5,051 | gex | Garre | Af-Garre; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 57,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Somalia; | Africa | 2.226453,44.650469 | |||
| 4,190 | wrk | Garrwa | Karrwa; Garawa; Karawa; Leearrawa; Gaarwa; Karwa; Karrawar; Kurrawar; Korrawa; Karrwaz; Garuwa; Grawa; Kariwa; Leearawa; Wollongorang; Wulungwara; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 59 | Garrwan | Kunindirri; Eastern Garrwa; Western Garrwa; | Australia; | Australia | -16.070005, 136.309758 | ||
| 8,631 | oci-gsc | Gascon | Gascon Occitan; Aranés; Aranese; Arnais; Aranese Occitan | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Ariégeois; Aranese; Landais; Mijaranés Aranés; Béarnais; Naut Aranés; Baish Aranés | A variety of Occitan. | France;Spain; | Europe | 43.1811, -0.1428 | |
| 4,358 | kcx | Gats’amé | Kachama-Ganjule; Gats’ame; Get’eme; Gatame; Haruro; Gidicho; Kachama; Gatsame; Qechem; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Kachama; Ganta; Ganjule; | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.9548,37.5292 | ||
| 2,668 | gvo | Gavião | Gavião do Jiparaná; Gavião do Rondônia; Digüt; Ikõrõ; Gavião; | Tupian; Mondean | Gavião, Zoró (Cabeça Seca, Panginey) | Not to be confused with Gavião do Parã [gvp]. | Brazil; | South America | -10.6666666667,-62.0 | |||
| 2,669 | gvp | Gavião de Parã | Pukobyé; Piokob; Bocobu; Gavião, Parã; Parakatêjê; Pukobjê; Canela; Kanela; Krenjé; Krahó; | Jean; Northern Je | Kanela; | Timbíra (Canela [Kanela], Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê). Ethnologue has Gavião of Pará (Parakatêjê, Pukobjê) as a separate language, said to be related to Krikati-Timbira, Canela, Krahô. Not to be confused with Gavião (do Jiparaná) [gvo]. | Brazil; | South America | -5.3316,-46.7138 | |||
| 4,256 | gwt | Gawar-Bati | Gawar-bātī; Narisātī; Narsātī; Gawar-bati; Gowar-Bati; Gowari; Narsati; Narisati; Arandui; Satre; Dardu | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000-10,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Afghanistan;Pakistan; | South Asia;Near East | 35.310503, 71.550815 | |||
| 6,680 | 0h5 | Gayiri | Kairi; Khararya; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -23.9039922,148.0814757 | ||
| 4,262 | gzi | Gazi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,030 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 32.8036,51.6211 | ||||
| 4,598 | gbg | Gbanziri | Gbanzili-‘Bolaka; Gbanzili; Banziri; Gbandere; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Central African Republic;Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | ||||
| 5,059 | krs | Gbaya | Kresh; Kreish; Kreich; Kredj; Kparla; Kpala; Kpara; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Kresh-Aja | Orlo; Dongo; Gbaya-Dara; Gbaya-Ngbongbo; Gbaya-Gboko; Gbaya-Ndogo; Naka; | Sudan;Central African Republic;South Sudan; | Africa | 8.5,24.5 | |||
| 5,995 | gyg | Gbayi | Kpasiya; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Central African Republic; | Africa | ||||
| 4,793 | ggb | Gbii | Gbi-Dowlu; Gbee; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kru | Dorbor; Kplor; | Liberia; | Africa | |||
| 1,764 | gei; gebe1237 | Gebe | Gebi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Umera; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -.1922,129.5397 | ||
| 2,346 | gji | Geji | Geeji, Gyannzi, Gyaazə, Bagba, Gezawa, Gejawa, Gaejawa, Kayauri, Kaiyorawa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Geji; Pelu; Bolu | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.291667, 9.65; 10.333333, 9.633333 | ||
| 563 | geq | Geme | Jeme; Ngba Geme; Gueme; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 550 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Geme Kulagbolu; Geme Tulu; | Central African Republic; | Africa | 8.4941,20.6378 | ||
| 4,203 | gea | Geruma | Gerumawa; Gerema; Germa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4700 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Sum; Duurum; Gamsawa; | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.206, 9.27; 11,10.405 | ||
| 9,089 | gev | Geviya | Eviya; Gevia; Avia; Ivéa; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | ||||
| 291 | gha | Ghadamès | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Ayt Waziten; Elt Ulid; | Tunisia;Libya; | Africa | 30.1166,9.5251 | |||
| 2,314 | gdo | Ghodoberi | Godoberi; годоберинский язык; ღოდობერიული ენა; годоберийский язык; гъибдилIи мицци; Ɣibdiƛi micci; Godoberin; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500-4,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | The Godoberi language belongs to the Andi subgroup of the northwestern group (Avar-Dido) of Dagestan languages. The Godoberis themselves call their language gijbdilhi mitstsi. There are two distinct dialects — the Godoberi and the Zibirhali dialects — which differ first and foremost in the pronunciation. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.6666666667,46.0833333333 | ||
| 8,469 | gho | Ghomara | Ghumāra; Ghmara; Ghomara Berber | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Morocco; | Africa | 35.076581, -4.892731 | |||
| 4,211 | gib | Gibanawa | Gembanawa; Gimbanawa; Jega | As a pidgin, this language has no native speakers. | Pidgin or Creole; Hausa based | Nigeria; | Africa | 12.22, 4.38 | ||||
| 4,210 | gia, kitj1240 | Gija | Gidja; Kidja; Kija; Kitja; Ku:tji; Kuitji; Kuitj; Gi:dj; Kwitj; Gwidji; Guidj; Guwidji; Kisah; Keha; Kisha; Kityu; Liej; Lungga; Longga; Loonga; Langgu; Lunga; Lungu; Paljarri; Djarak; Tjarak; War-ingari; Warrangari; Kutnalawaru; Miwa; Walki;Kitja; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Jarrakan; non-Pama-Nyungan | Warmun variety, Halls Creek variety | Australia; | Australia | -17.5227, 127.3005 | ||
| 5,712 | dbl-gir | Girramay | Keramai; Kiramay; Kiramai; Wombelbara; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Dyirbalic | Australia; | Australia | ||||
| 6,780 | gih | Githabul | Gidhabal; Gidabal; Kidabal; Kidjabal; Kitta-bool; Kita-bool; Kittabool; Kitabool; Kitapul; Gidabul; Gidjoobal; Kuttibul; Noowidal; Githebul; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Bandjalangic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.69783052,151.9693704 | |||
| 4,213 | git | Gitsenimx̱ | Gitksan; Gitsanimx̱; Gitksanimx; Gitxsan; Gitxsen; Hazelton; Giklsan; Gityskyan; Gyitska’n; Interior; Nass-Gitksan | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 523 | Tsimshian | Gitxsan (Eastern Gitxsan), Gitsken (Western Gitsken) | Canada; | North America | 55.5300000, -128.0100000 | ||
| 4,214 | giy | Giyug | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Unclassified; Wagaydyic?; Australian | Australia; | Australia | -13.20,130.09 | ||||
| 7,369 | tof | Gizrra | Gizra; Toga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,050 | Eastern Trans-Fly | Western Gizra; Waidoro; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | |||
| 10,549 | gnu | Gnau | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 980 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.59, 142.20 | ||||
| 6,781 | lja | Golpa | Kolpa; Golbu; Gorlba. Girrkirr; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Australia; | Australia | -12.03482157,135.565923 | ||||
| 5,636 | goe | Gongduk | Gongdubikha; Gongdue Kha; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Sino-Tibetan | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.086,91.2002 | |||
| 401 | gni | Gooniyandi | Guniyandi; Guniandi; Gunian; Kunian; Kuniyan; Guniyan; Guniyn; Kunan; Koneyandi; Konejandi; Cowrana; Goonien; Gunan; Gunin; Gunyari; Konajan; Konean Konejandi; Konejanu; Kuniandu; Wadeawulu; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Bunaban | Australia; | Australia | -18.26153435,126.2884882 | |||
| 1,765 | goq | Gorap | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 2.1528,128.2516 | ||||
| 6,782 | xgg | Goreng | Koreng; Ko:rengi; Kuriny; Corine; Coro-ran; Bremer Bay tribe; Warangu; Warrangoo; Warranger; Warrangle; Kaialiwongi; Kokar; Koorengi; Mongup | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Nyungic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -33.79639425,119.0122558 | |||
| 2,218 | grq | Gorovu | Yerani; Gorova | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Grass | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.53, 144.59 | |||
| 4,953 | pcj | Gorum | Gorum; Pareng; Parengi; Gadaba; Parenga Parja; Parenji; Poroja; Gorum Sama; Parengi Poroja | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 750-6,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Sora-Juray-Gorum | Kolai | India; | South Asia | 18.667,83.0346 | ||
| 10,973 | goro1270 | Gorwaa | Gorowa, Goroa, Kimbulu, Fiome, Ufiomi | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 132,748 likely total speakers; 79,751 likely daily speakers | Afro-Asiatic, Southern Cushitic, West-Rift | High degree of mutual intelligibility with Iraqw [irk], a separate ethnic group | Tanzania; | Africa | -4.22, 35.75 | ||
| 571 | goy | Goundo | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20-30 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Chad; | Africa | 9.4761,16.2652 | ||||
| 4,255 | gwf | Gowro | Gabaro; Gabar Khel; Dardu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.0254,72.9341 | |||
| 4,239 | goz | Gozarkhani | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036, 48.2519 | |||||
| 4,878 | nli | Grangali | Glangali; Nangalāmi; Nigalāmi; Nangalami; Gelangali; Jumiaki; Dardu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Nangalami; Zemiaki; Grangali; | Afghanistan; | Near East | 35.2355,71.51 | ||
| 2,226 | kbk | Grass Koiari | Koiari; Koiari (Grass); Koiari, Grass | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,700 | Trans-New Guinea; Koiarian | Lahada; Omani; Hogeri; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.5,147.333333333 | ||
| 1,510 | giq | Green Gelao | Kláo; Hoki Gelao; Cape Draping Gelao; Hagei; Ho Ki; 仡佬语哈給方言; 青仡佬; Cờ Lao; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,000 (including speakers of all the Gelao languages) | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi | Green Gelao (self-designation: Hoki), together with White Gelao (giw), Red Gelao (gir), and Gao (gqu), forms the Gelao subgroup of Tai-Kadai. | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 26.070, 105.777; 25.849, 105.209; 26.238, 105.967; 27.728, 106.927; 26.835, 106.745; 24.809, 105.325 | ||
| 10,922 | Griko | Greko; Katoitaliótika; Grakanika | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,500 | Outlying dialect of Modern Greek | Griko is considered both a dialect of Modern Greek (Greek perspective) and a minority language (Italian perspective). | 40.248817, 18.283177 | |||||
| 2,440 | ats | Gros Ventre | Atsina; Gros Ventres; White Clay People; Ahahnelin; Ahe; Fall Indians; Ananin; Aáni; Northern Arapaho; Arapaho-Atsina; | Awakening () | Algic; Algonquian; Arapahoan | USA; | North America | 48.4824,-108.7639 | ||||
| 4,186 | gaq | Gta’ | Gataʔ; Gata’; Gataq; Getaq; Didei; Didey; Didayi; Dire; Geta’; Gta’; Gta Asa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Approximately 3,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Gutob-Remo-Geta’ | Plains Geta’; Hill Geta’ | India; | South Asia | 18.2293,82.727 | ||
| 2,692 | gvj | Guajá | Awá, Avá, Awá Guajá, Ayaya, Guaxare, Wazaizara | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Northern Tupi-Guaranian | Brazil; | South America | -3.4914,-46.2963 | |||||
| 2,694 | gub | Guajajára | Guajajára; Guazazzara; Tenetehara; Tenetehára; Guajajara; Guajajra; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Teneteharan | Pindare; Mearim; Tembe of Gurupi; Zutiua; | Brazil; | South America | -5.0,-46.0 | ||
| 2,672 | guh | Guajibo | Guahibo; Guaybo; Sikuani; Sicuani; Goahibo; Guaigua; Guayba; Wahibo; Goahiva; Hiwi; Wahivo; | Guajiboan | Tigrero; Guahibo; Amorua; | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 6.25,-71.5 | ||||
| 2,696 | guc | Guajiro | Goajiro; Wayuu; Wahiro; Guajira; Goahiro; Wayuunaiki; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~312,730 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Maritime | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 12.0,-72.0 | |||
| 2,545 | mbp | Guamaca | Malayo; Marocasero; Maracasero; Sanja; Sanka; Sancá; Arosario; Arsario; Guamaka; Wiwa; Wamaka; Atanque; Kampanake; Bustintana; Sanká; Aisario; Nabela; Sanha; Marocacero; Huihua; Damana; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,922 | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Colombia; | South America | 11.0,-73.5 | |||
| 2,697 | gum | Guambiano | Guambiano; Guambia; Moguex; Namdrik; Guambiana; Mogües; Moguez; Wam; Misak; Guambiano-Moguez; Wambiano; Mogés; Guambía; Wambiano-Mogés | Barbacoan; Northern Barbacoan | Colombia; | South America | 2.5,-76.6666666667 | |||||
| 509 | gqn | Guana (Brazil) | Guaná, Etelena, Guaná, Chané, Kinikinao, Kinihinao; Kinikinau; Chuala; Chana; East Paraná; Equinao; | Dormant () | Ø (1?) | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Kinikanao, Etelena [Terena], Guaná | Ethnologue gives Guana (Kinikinao, Chuala, Chana, East Paraná, Kinihinao, Equinao) as a separate language, related to Terêna [ter]. Crevels (2012:182) lists Kinikinau (Guaná) as a distinct language. For others, this Guaná is not distinct from Terena. Not to be confused with Guaná of Paraguay [gva] (Mascoyan). | Brazil; | South America | -21.0685,-56.2765 | |
| 2,698 | gva | Guana (Paraguay) | Guaná; Kaskiha; Kaskihá; Cashquiha; Kashika; Kashiha; Vana peema; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 rememberers | Mascoyan | Paraguay; | South America | -22.0,-58.0 | |||
| 3,163 | gyr | Guarayu | Guarayú; Chapacura; Guarayo; Guapore; Tapacura; Huachi; Maré; Iten; Guarayu; “Guarayo”; Ñañañe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,433 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guarayoan | Bolivia; | South America | -15.919,-62.8747 | |||
| 1,951 | gae | Guarequena | Warekena; Arequena; Guarekena; Uerequema; Urequema; Warekéna; Werikena; Guarenquena; Warekena | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 1.5,-67.5 | |||
| 6,203 | var | Guarijío | Macurái, Maculái, Macurawe, Varihío, Varijío, Vorijío, Warihío, Huarijío | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,136 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Tarahumaran | Highland Guarijío, Lowland Guarijío | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 27.87, -108.44 | ||
| 7,110 | gsm | Guatemalan Sign Language | Lensegua | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,000-256,000 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.50, -90.57 | |||
| 2,894 | gta | Guató | Guato; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | -17.0,-58.0 | |||
| 4,246 | gut | Guatuso | Maléku Jaíka; Watuso-Wétar; Guetar; Watuso | Chibchan; Votic | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 10.75, -84.73 | |||||
| 2,898 | guo | Guayabero | Cunimía; Jiw; Mítus; Mítua; Wayavero; Hiw; | Guajiboan | Colombia; | South America | 2.83333333333,-72.0 | |||||
| 6,200 | gym | Guaymí | Ngäbere, Chiriqui, Ngobere, Valiente | Chibchan; Isthmic | Inland Bocas del Toro, Coastal Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí | Costa Rica;Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 8.66666666667,-82.0 | ||||
| 6,195 | qda | Guazacapán Xinka | Xinca de Guazacapán | Dormant () | 0 | Xincan | Xinkan languages are currently represented by only 3 people, all of whom are second language users [semispeakers] of the language. (Rogers 2010:1) | Xinkan is a language family with four members: Guazacapán Xinka, Chiquimulilla Xinka, Jumaytepeque Xinka, and Yupiltepeque Xinka. Two of the four are extinct; the other two have only 3 elderly second language semi-speakers (Rogers 2010:3). Despite the very significant differences among these languages, and lack of mutual intelligibility, “Xinkan” is often talked of as though it were only a single language. For example, Ethnologue (2013) gives only a single “Xinca” [xin] language, with no known L1 speakers. | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.057656,-90.497983 | |
| 6,779 | gbw | Gubbi Gubbi | Gabi-Gabi; Gabi; Kabikabi; Kabi Kabi; Cabee; Carby; Carby-carbery; Dhapil; Dhipil; Dippil; Dipple; Doon-dooburra; Doondoora; Dowarburra; Dundubara; Dunduura; Gabigabi; Kabbi; Kabi; Kahby; Karabi; Karbi; Maiba | Dormant () | 0? There are still some partial speakers. | Pama-Nyungan; Waka-Kabic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | |||
| 3,325 | wrg | Gudjal | Warrungu; Warungu; Gugu-Badhun; Gudjala; Warrialgona; Kuritjal; Warrongo; Kutjala;Warungu;Koko Patun | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Warungu, Gugu-Badhun, Gudjal | Australia; | Australia | -19.44157406,144.6482584 | |||
| 1,863 | fra-dge | Guernésiais | Dgèrnésiais; Guernsey French; Guernésiais | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200-300 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Considered by some to be an outlying dialect of Norman. | United Kingdom; | Europe | 49.433333,-2.583333 | ||
| 2,905 | amu | Guerrero Amuzgo | Amusgo; Amuzgo, Guerrero; Nomndaa; Azmugo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Otomanguean; Amuzgoan | Ethnologue distinguishes 3 Amuzgo languages; INALI has 4 locally recognized “variantes” under 1 “agrupación”. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.8333333333,-98.0 | |||
| 10,530 | mim, mxv, xta, xty | Guerrero Mixtec | Alacatlatzala Mixtec; Central Misteko; Highland Guerrero Mixtec; Mixteco de Alacatlatzala; To’on Savi; Metlatónoc Mixtec; Alcozauca Mixtec; Mixteco de Alocozauca; Mixteco de Xochapa; Yoloxóchitl Mixtec; Mixteco de Yoloxóchitl | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 97,200 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco Central de Guerrero; Mixteco de Atlamajalcingo; Mixteco de Ayutla; Mixteco de Coapanatoyac; Mixteco de Guerrero Central Alto; Mixteco de Guerrero de la Costa Central; Mixteco de Guerrero de la Costa Este; Mixteco de Guerrero del Noreste Central; Mixteco de Guerrero del Norte; Mixteco de Guerrero del Norte Central; Mixteco de Igualapa; Mixteco de San Luis Acatlán; Mixteco de Tlacoachistlahuaca; Mixteco de Tlahuapa; Mixteco de Tlalixtaquilla de Maldonado; Mixteco de Xochapa; Mixteco de Xochistlahuaca; Mixteco de Xonacatlán; Mixteco de Zoyatlán de Juárez | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.39, -98.42 | |
| 4,199 | gdc | Gugu-Badhun | Kokopatun; Patun; Koko Padun; Koko-Patun; Koko Patun;Gugu Badhun; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -18.96002008,143.2350126 | |||
| 6,609 | wrw | Gugu-Warra | Kokowarra; Kokowara; Laia; Koko Wara; Kookawarra; Coo-oo-warra; Gugu-Warra; Koko Laia; Coo-coo-warra; Aghu Laia; Aku Laia; Guguwarra; Kuku-Wara; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -15.6137893, 143.7753848 | ||
| 5,611 | gqi | Guiqiong | Guichong; 貴瓊 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9677 | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | China; | East Asia | 30.8148,101.7021 | |||
| 10,943 | gul | Gullah-Geechee | Geechee; Gullah; Sea Island Creole | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | English-based, Afro-Indigenous creole | Gullah, Geechee, Afro-Seminole | USA; | North America | |||
| 4,382 | kgs | Gumbaynggir | Gumbaingari; Kumbainggar; Kumbaingeri; Gambalamam; Baanbay; Kombinegherry; Coombyngura; Coombagoree; Coombangree; Kumbanggerri; Koombanggaree; Kumbainggerri; Kumbinggeri; Kumbangerai; Kumbanggar; Gumbainggar; Kumbainggir; Kumbainggiri; Gumbangir; Kumbainggeri; Kumbaingir; Kom-baingheri; Koombanggary; Koombanggherry; Koombainga; Coombyn-gura; Coombyngara; Coombargaree; Gumbaiŋgar; Gunbaiŋgar; Gumbaingar; Guinbainggiri; Gumbanggar; Bellinger tribe; Bellingen tribe; Nimboy; Woolgoolga; Orara; Kombaingheri; Koombangghery; Gumbaingaar; Banbai; Bahnbi; Ahnbi; Dandai; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40 | Pama-Nyungan; Gumbaynggiric | Australia; | Australia | -29.99947323,152.7216997 | |||
| 6,035 | gdi | Gundi | Ngundi; Ngondi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Central African Republic; | Africa | 4, 16 | |||
| 6,681 | xrd | Gundungurra | Burragorang; Gan dangara; Gandangara; Gandanggara; Gundaahmyro; Gundanora; Gundungari; Gurragunga; Gurra-gunga; Gudungura; Ngunawal; Ngaonawal; Nungawal; Yarr; Ngennigenwurro; Yiilima; Cundunorah; Gundungorra | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Australia; | Australia | -34.76946368,149.6767454 | ||||
| 4,260 | gyf | Gungabula | Kongabula; Ongabula; Khungabula; Kungabula; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -25.88011934,148.6271626 | |||
| 4,379 | kgl | Gunggari | Kunggari; Congaro; Coongurri; Goon-garree; Gungar; Gungari; Kogai; Kogurre; Kungeri; Kungri; Kuungkari; Ngaragari; Unggari; Unggri; Unghi; Ungorri; Koonkerri; Koongerri; Yangeberra; Yankibura; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -26.71355116,146.4458743 | |||
| 3,786 | gww | Gunin | Kwini; Gunan; Gwini; Kunan; Gunin/Kwini; Northern Language; Gɨnan; Gwiini; Cuini; Wunambal; Goonan; Ginan; Guna; Kuini; Kuwiyini; Kwiini; Pela; Kalumburu; Wirngir; Gwin:ni; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >50 | Worrorran; Northern Worrorran | Australia; | Australia | -14.588,127.534 | |||
| 2,899 | pue | Gününa-Küne | Gününa-Küne; Gennaken; Northern Tehuelche; Pampa; Gününa Yajich; Guenaken; Pehuelche; Puelche | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate; South American | Gününa-Küne (Gennaken, Northern Tehuelche, Puelche, Pampa, Gününa Yajich). Ethnologue lists this as Puelche [pue] (Gennaken, Northern Tehuelche, Pampa). | Argentina; | South America | -41.0,-67.0 | ||
| 4,261 | gyy | Gunya | Kunja; Gu:nja; Kurnja; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -27.64957662,145.9658542 | |||
| 2,219 | grz | Guramalum | Dormant () | 0 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.27, 152.93 | ||||
| 4,263 | hac | Gurani | Howrami; Hawrami; Hewrami; Hawramani; Gorani; Macho; Awromani; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Hawraman-I Luhon; Kandula; Hawraman-I Taxt; Gawhara; Gurani; Kakai; | Iran;Iraq; | Near East | 35.042153, 46.359129 | ||
| 6,351 | gnr | Gureng Gureng | Curanggurang; Curang-gurang; Goorang-goorang; Gooranggorang; Gooreng Gooreng; Gurang; Gurang Gurang; Guranggurang; Gurang-gurang; Gureng-gureng ; Kooranga; Korenggoreng; Koreng-koreng; Korrengkorreng; Kurranga; Gurreng Gurreng; Gureng-Gureng;Goreng Goreng | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Waka-Kabic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -25.92169536,151.3260412 | ||
| 4,242 | grx | Guriaso | Menóu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <421 | Isolate | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.57, 141.60 | |||
| 1,377 | gue | Gurindji | Wurlayi; Coorinji; Garundji; Goarango; Guirindji; Gurindzi; Koorangie; Kooringee; Korindji; Kwarandji; Kwaranjee; We-arr-ung; Wadshara; Manu; Manoo;Gurinji;Gurindji; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 175 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Wanyjirra; Malngin; Gurindji | Australia; | Australia | -17.69568213,130.0045992 | ||
| 4,249 | gvm | Gurmana | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.075,6.8499 | ||||
| 5,226 | gge | Gurr-goni | Gurrgoni; Gurrogoni; Gungurugoni; Gungorogone; Gungoragone; Gungoro:lgo:ngi; Gungarawoni; Gungurulgungi; Gurugoni; Gungoragoni; Gungorragonni; Gurrogone; Gorogone; Gun-Guragone; Gunagoragone; Gutjertabia;Guragone; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Maningrida | gun-dakangurrngu Gurr-goni; gunnjalkitj; Djokwunga | Australia; | Australia | -12.30942987,134.3135284 | ||
| 4,240 | grd | Guruntum | Guruntum-Mbaaru; Gurdung; Tala; Gùrdùŋ; Gùrùntùm; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Lungu; Gayar; Dooka; Karakara; Gar; Jimi; Mbaaru; Kuuku; | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.900878, 9.765803; 10.078389, 10.493463 | |||
| 7,717 | gsl | Gusilay | Kusiilaay; Gusilaay; Gusiilay; Kusilay; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-25,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | ||||
| 5,620 | gbj | Gutob | Gutob; Gadaba; Gadba; Gutop; Gudwa; Godwa; Gadwa; Boi Gadaba; Bodo; Bodo-Gadaba; Sodia; Gadaba, Bodo | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Gutob-Remo-Geta’; Gutob-Remo | Munda Orissa Gadaba; Munda Andhra Pradesh Gadaba | India; | South Asia | 19.0,83.6666666667 | ||
| 5,825 | kky | Guugu-Yimidhirr | Kukuyimidir; Koko Imudji; Gugu Yimijir; Guugu Yimithirr; Gugu-Yimidhirr; Koko Yimidir; Kokojimoji; Kokoyimidir; Gogo-Yimidjir; Koko-jimidir; Jimidir; Gug-Imudji; Kookoyuma; Kookoymma; Guugu Yimidhirr; Kuku Yimidyi; Balara; Boolcanara; Bullangi; Bulponara; Bulpoonarra Djidjul; Emoji; Galai; Garburnga; Gu.gu Yimidir; I:du Imudji; Ithu Jidhu; Jimudji; Jungkurara; Junkara; Kalay;Guguyimidjir; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Pama-Nyungan; Yalandyic | Ngegudi; Dhalun-dhirr; Waguurr-ga; | Australia; | Australia | -15.16061049,144.9904848 | ||
| 10,495 | say-sig | Guus | Sigidi; Sugudi; Sigdi; Segiddi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 6,784 | xgw | Guwa | Goa; Goamulgo; Coa; Coah; Koa; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -21.35147706,142.5243782 | ||
| 4,257 | gwu | Guwamu | Koamu; Kooma; Kuamu; Kuam; Guamu; Oamu; Kaombal; Guwa; Koambal; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.02423918,147.6605303 | ||
| 4,215 | gka | Guya | Guiarak; Guyarak; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.704599857,146.4853973 | |||
| 3,902 | bga | Gwamhi-Wuri | Lyase; Lyase-Ne; Gwamhyə-Wuri-Mba; Gwamfi; “Banganci”; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Wuri; Gwamhyə; Mba; | “The Gwamhi-Wuri languages of the literature consist of a cluster of three languages, Gwamhyə, Wuri and Mba.” (Blench 2012) | Nigeria;Benin; | Africa | 8.7113,2.1533 | |
| 2,217 | grw | Gweda | Garuwahi; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 26 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.2284,150.4083 | |||
| 4,254 | gwe | Gweno | Kigweno; Ghonu; Kighonu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few thousand | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | -3.7135,37.6501 | |||
| 2,441 | gwi | Gwich’in | Dinjii Zhuh K’yaa; Kutchin; Kuchin; Tukudh; Takudh; Dagoo; Loucheux | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 550 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Dene (Athabaskan); | Western (Alaskan); Eastern (Canadian) | USA;Canada; | North America | 67.4407,-134.8272; 68.1171,-145.5173 | ||
| 10,421 | gyo | Gyalsumdo | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300-400 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Bodic; Bodish; Tibetic | used to be regarded as a dialect of Manange | Nepal; | South Asia | 22.59, 84.22 | |||
| 583 | gyi | Gyele | Bagyéli; Bakola; Giele; Gieli; Gyeli; Bagyele; Bagiele; Bajeli; Bajele; Bogyeli; Bogyel; Bondjiel; Bako; Bekoe; Bakuele; Likoya; “Babinga”; Baka; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,200-5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon;Equatorial Guinea; | Africa | 2.2241,9.8986 | |||
| 4,259 | gye | Gyem | Gyemawa; Gema; Gemawa; Gyam; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.3865,9.3122 | |||
| 1,766 | hbu; habu1241 | Habu | Kairui; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | East Timor; | Pacific | -8.7819,126.0021 | |||
| 10,378 | Hachijo | 八丈語; 八丈方言; 青ヶ島方言; Aogashima | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8,000 | Japonic; Japanese | Hachijo; Aogashima | Japan; | East Asia | 33.063, 139.472; 32.274, 139.459 | |||
| 605 | hts | Hadza | Hatsa; Hadzabi; Wakindiga; Kangeju; Hadzapi; Kindiga; Tindiga; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 950 | Isolate; African | Tanzania; | Africa | -3.612107, 35.315552 | |||
| 3,595 | aek | Haeke | Aeke; ‘Aeke; Haeake; Neukaledonien; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.9665,164.7866 | |||
| 10,310 | hah | Hahon | Hanon; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Aravia; Ratsua; Kurur; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.342585, 154.559549 | ||
| 7,181 | haf | Hai Phong Sign Language | HPSL, NNKHHP, Vietnamese Sign Language, ngôn ngữ ký hiệu Hải Phòng | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1800 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | “HPSL initially developed out of a mixture of indigenous sign language(s) in Hai Phong with Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language (HCMCSL) used at Lai Thieu School for deaf people in Binh Duong Province in Southern Viet Nam.” (Woodward, 2015) | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | |||
| 2,377 | hei | Hailhzaqvla (Heiltsuk) | Heiltsuk; Bella Bella; Heiltsuk-Oweek’ala; Belbellah; Heiltsuk-Oowekyala | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 39 | Wakashan; Northern Wakashan | Heiltsuk (Bella Bella); Oowekyala | Golla et al. (2008): It has two deeply differentiated dialects, or emergent languages, Heiltsuk (also known as Bella Bella) and Oowekyala. Heiltsuk is principally spoken in two communities, Bella Bella (population 1200) and Kitasoo (or Klemtu, population 370), the latter on former Southern Tsimshian territory. There are between 100 and 200 fluent speakers, none under the age of 35. First People’s Cultural Council distinguishes two languages, Hailhzaqvla (Heiltsuk) [with 60 speakers] and ‘Uik’ala/Oowekyala [with 6 speakers]. | Canada; | North America | 52.1200000, -127.8000000 | |
| 5,637 | cnh | Hakha Chin | Pawi; Lai; Laizo; Hakha Lai; Haka; Lai Pawi; Lai Hawlh; Hakha; Baungshe; Chin (Haka); Shonshe; Baungshè; Chin, Haka; ဟားခါးချင်း | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Shonshe; Zokhua; Klangklang | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 22.6667,93.6667 | |||
| 2,379 | hur | Halq’eméylem (Halkomelem) | Halkomelem; Hul’q’umi’num’; Halq’eméylem; hən̓q̓əmin̓əm; Hul’q’umin’um’; Holkomelem; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 93 | Salishan; Central Salish | Island; Nanaimo; Cowichan; Upriver; Chehalis; Tait; Chilliwack; Downriver; Katzie; Kwantlen; Musqueam; | USA;Canada; | North America | 49.1900000, -123.0000000 | ||
| 7,969 | amf | Hamer-Bana-Kara | Hamer; Hamer-Banna; Hamar-Koke; Hammercoche; Amarcocche; Cocche; Beshada; Hammer; Hamar; Amer; Amar; Ammar; Banna; Bana; Kara Kerre; “etc.”; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 42,800 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; South Omotic | Ethiopia; | Africa | ||||
| 2,092 | haa | Han | Han-Kutchin; Moosehide; Dawson; Hän; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | USA;Canada; | North America | 64.7837,-141.2172; 64.062,-139.4278 | |||
| 4,620 | hag | Hanga | Anga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Southern Hanga; Murugu; Damongo; Langantere; Northern Hanga; Yazori; Bowena; | Ghana; | Africa | |||
| 4,057 | csz | Hanis | Coos; Coos (Hanis); Anasitch; | Dormant () | 0 | Coosan | USA; | North America | 43.5,-124.166666667 | |||
| 7,182 | hab | Hanoi Sign Language | ngôn ngữ ký hiệu Hà Nội, Ha Noi Sign Language, HNSL, NNKHHN, Vietnamese Sign Language, Northern Vietnamese Sign Language | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 39000 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | “Ha Noi Sign Language (HNSL) initially developed out of a mixture of original sign languages in Ha Noi with Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language (HCMCSL) used at Lai Thieu School for deaf people in Binh Duong Province in Southern Viet Nam…. it is likely that only a few students from Ha Noi went to the Lai Thieu School and brought HCMCSL to Ha Noi. Even though, these bilingual deaf people were small in number, there were some effects on HNSL…. The first school for deaf people in Ha Noi was established in 1976. The 21-year separation of users of HNSL from users of HCMCSL, linked with the 21-year lack of educational opportunities for deaf people in Ha Noi also had effects on the history of HNSL and its relationship to HCMCSL.” (Woodward et al., 2015) | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 21.033,105.849 | ||
| 5,170 | hug, amr | Harakmbut | Harákmbut; Harakmbet; Hate; Ate; Tuyoneri; Harakmbut; Harakmbut; Amarakaeri; Amarakaéri; Amarakaire; Amaracaire; Mashco (“Mashco” is a derogatory term); Harakbut; Arazaeri; Arasairi; Huachipaeri; Huachipayri; Wacipairi; Kisamberi; Pukirieri; Puncuri; Toyoeri; Toioeri; Toyeri; Tuyune | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Est. 1,000 | Harakmbut-Katukinan; Harakmbut | Huachipaeri (Harakmbut) and Amaracaeri: Several dialects in two clusters: (1) Huachipaeri and Toyoeri; (2) Amaracaeri [Amarakaeri] and Sapiteri and Arasaeri and Kisambaeri | Ethnologue distinguishes two Harákmbut languages: Amarakaeri [amr] and Huachipaeri [hug], but mentions under Amarakaeri that “Amarakaeri and Huachipaeri [hug] are considered to be dialects of the same language, Harakbut.” Others recognize only one language, or two “emergent languages.” | Brazil;Peru; | South America | 11.77,70.81 | |
| 2,442 | scs-har | Hare | North Slavey; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 75 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | Slavey can be further divided into Bearlake and Hare (together constituting North Slavey), Mountain, and Slave or South Slavey. | Canada; | North America | 64.438892,-124.498425 | ||
| 4,281 | hss | Ḥarsusi | Ḥarsūsī; Harsusi; Hersyet; Harsi `Aforit; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~700 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Modern South Arabian | Oman; | Near East | 20.0,56.5 | |||
| 10,685 | tmd | Haruai | Harway; Taman; Waibuk; Wiyau; Wiyavik; Wiyaw; Wovan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Piawi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.10, 144.34 | |||
| 4,279 | hrz | Harzani | Harzandi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,100 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Harzani is spoken in the Galinghaya in the district of Zonuz, a rural area of the Marand sub-province. It’s also spoken in the Babrastein, and Dash Harzand villages, where it originated. | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036,48.2519 | ||
| 485 | ybj | Hasha | Yashi; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.907119, 8.406086 | |||
| 2,713 | had | Hatam | Hattam; Borai; Mansim; Atam; Tinam; Miriei; Moi; Adihup; Uran; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,000 | Isolate; Pacific | Adihup; Miriei; Moi; Tinam; Uran; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.954, 133.997; -1.202, 133.896; -1.233, 134.187 | ||
| 7,489 | hsl | Hausa Sign Language | Hausa Sign Language; Maganar Hannu; Maganar Bebaye | Sign Language; African | Nigeria; | Africa | 12.006960, 8.537304 | |||||
| 4,291 | hvk | Haveke | Aveke; ‘Aveke; Neukaledonien; Haeke; Hmwaveke; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.9665,164.7866 | |||
| 4,275 | hps | Hawai’i Sign Language | Hawaii Sign Language; Hawai’i Pidgin Sign Language; Pidgin Sign Language; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Sign Language; Pacific | USA; | North America | 21.63, -158.00 | |||
| 125 | haw | Hawaiian | Ōlelo Hawai’i; ‘Ōlelo Hawai’i Makuahine; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | USA; | North America | 21.894103, -160.161856 | |||
| 9,170 | hvn | Hawu | Sabu; Havunese; Savu; Sawu; Sawunese; Savunese; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Seba (Heba); Timu (Dimu); Raijua (Raidjua); Mesara (Mehara); Liae; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||
| 5,710 | scp | Helambu Sherpa | Sherpa; Yholmo; Yolmo, Yohlmo; Yohlmu Tam; Yol-mo; Ölmo | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9842 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Eastern Helambu Sherpa; Western Helambu Sherpa; Lamjung Yolmo; Ilam Yolmo | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.92, 85.63 | ||
| 1,747 | heg; helo1243 | Helong | Helon; Semau; Kupang; Kupong; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Timoric; Western Timoric | Helong Darat (Funai); Helong Pulau (Semau); Helong Bolok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -10.1414,123.2801;-10.1029,123.3652;-10.0958,123.2658 | ||
| 10,431 | her | Herero | Ochiherero; Otjiherero | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~24,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Central Herero; Mbandieru (East Herero, Mbanderu) | Botswana;Namibia;Angola; | Africa | -21.02, 20.57 | ||
| 10,626 | ham | Hewa | Sisimin; Umairof; Yoliapi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Western Sepik Hill | Eastern; Central; Western | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.04, 142.55 | ||
| 10,558 | auk | Heyo | Arima; Arinua; Arinwa; Lolopani; Ruruhip; Wanwan; Wan Wan | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 1,824 | Torricelli; Maimai | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.83, 142.47 | |||
| 2,376 | hid | Hidatsa | Gros Ventre; Minitari; Duan; Hiraca; Hinatsa; Minnetaree; Gros Ventres; Doan; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Siouan; Missouri River Siouan | USA; | North America | 47.7321,-102.6758 | |||
| 4,163 | chd | Highland Chontal | Chontal, Chontal of Oaxaca; Chontal (Highland); Chontal de Oaxaca (Sierra); Tequistlateco; Highland Oaxaca Chontal; Mountain Tequistlatec | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,413 | Tequistlatecan | c.3,000 speakers (LC) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.25,-95.75 | ||
| 10,851 | qvj, qud; qxr, qug, qvi, qvz, qxj, quw, qvo | Highland Ecuadorian Quichua | Loja; Calderón [qud]; Cañar Highland Quichua [qxr]; Chimborazo [qug]; Imbabura Quichua [qvi]; Northern Pastaza Quichua [qvz]; Salasca [qxl]; Tena Quichua [quw]; Napo Quichua [qvo]; Cotopaxi Quichua. | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,153,800 | Quechuan; Quechua IIB | Chimborazo Quichua [qug]; Imbabura Quichua [qvi]; Cotopaxi Quichua; Cañar [qxr];; Loja (Saraguro) [qvj]; | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Ethnologue (2017) lists a number of separate “languages” where others consider them to be dialects of a single language: Loja [qvj]; Calderón; Cañar Highland Quichua [qxr]; Chimborazo [qug]; Imbabura Quichua [qvi]; Northern Pastaza Quichua [qvz]; Southern Pastaza Quichua [qup]; Salasca [qxl]; Tena Quichua [quw]; Napo Quichua [qvo]. | Ecuador; | South America | ||
| 548 | hij | Hijuk | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.2861,10.4919 | ||||
| 10,414 | Hill Miri | Miri; Sarak | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Though Hili Miri is listed under Mising [mrg] in Ethnologue, most experts on the Aranuchal Pradesh and Tani languages treat Hill Miri and Mising as separate and distinct languages belonging to different branches of the Tani subgroup (Burling 2003; Sun 2003, 1993). | India; | South Asia | 26.9612, 94.0539 | |||
| 4,266 | hir | Himarimã | Hi-Merimã; Hi-Marimã, Maimã | No one knows. | Unclassified (possibly Arawan?) | It was through oral reports, for instance, that most of the information known about the Hi-Merimã, who live the region of the mid-Piranha River, between the Juruá and the Purus rivers, in the State of Amazonas, was obtained. In 1943, this Indian group, which became known for their conflicts with neighboring populations, was estimated as having more than 1,000 individuals. No one knows how many they are today: the Hi-Merimã rejected any contact with the encroaching society, and even with other Indians, with whom they maintain, even today, hostile relations. (Povos Indígenas no Brasil, https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/c/no-brasil-atual/quem-sao/Indios-isolados, accessed 06-07-2016. Some sources have estimated 40 in the group, but how this number was reached is uncertain. | Brazil; | South America | -6.25, -64.70 | |||
| 61 | dhm | Himba | Dhimba; Dimba; Otjidhimba; Zemba; Tjimba; Simba; Chimba; Oluthimba; Luzimba; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000–35,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Namibia;Angola; | Africa | -18.056570, 13.840657; -17.623922, 14.377762; | |||
| 4,265 | hii | Hinduri | Handuri | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 138 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 31.0011,77.3107 | |||
| 2,315 | gin | Hinukh | Hinuq; Hinux; гинухский язык; ჰინუხური ენა; ჰინუზას მეც; гьинузас мец; hinuzas mec; Գինուխերեն; Ginukh; Ginux; Ginukhtsy; Guang; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~600 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Tsezic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.17642940057645, 45.986961731064795 | |||
| 4,267 | hiw | Hiw | Hiu; Torres; Torres Island; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.1343,166.5671 | |||
| 3,219 | hix | Hixkaryana | Hishkariana; Hixkaryána; Hishcariana; Waiboi; Hixkariana; Hichkaryana; Sokaka; Faruaru; Xereu; Kumiyana; Parukoto-Charuma; Sherewyana; Wabui; Xerewyana; Parucutu; Chawiyana; Hishkaryana; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Cariban; Parukotoan | Brazil; | South America | -1.0,-59.0 | |||
| 2,517 | sxr | Hla’alua | Saaroa; Lha’alua; Saroa; Saarua; Rarua; La’alua; La’arua; Pachien; Paichien; Sisyaban; Shishaban; 拉阿魯哇語 | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Tsouic | The Tsouic language has traditionally been divided into the northern branch (Tsou) and the southern branch (Kanakanabu and Saaroa). As for the ethnicity, the Saaroa people, together with the Kanakanabu people, had long been classified as part of the Tsou nationality in Taiwan. However, the Saaroa and the Kanakanabu have been officially recognized as two independent ethnic groups in June 26, 2014. | Taiwan; | East Asia | 23.133, 120.721; 23.228, 120.84989 | ||
| 5,125 | hle | Hlersu | Shansu; Lesu; Sansu; 勒蘇; 山蘇; 散蘇; 勒寺帕 [ɬɛɾ55 sɿ55 pha21]; 勒寺潑 [ɬɛɾ55 sɿ55 pho21] | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~15000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | classified under the Yi Nationality | China; | East Asia | 23.38, 101.16; 23.19, 101.39; 24.01, 101.52 | ||
| 5,638 | hmr | Hmar | Hamar; Mhar; Hmari | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 83,404 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 24.1666666667,93.0 | |||
| 4,276 | mrk | Hmwaveke | Moaveke; Ceta; Faa Ceta; Neukaledonien; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.9665,164.7866 | |||
| 10,969 | hoc | Ho | हो जगर; ହୋ ଜଗର; hōō jagara | Austroasiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | India; | South Asia | ||||||
| 6,997 | hos | Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language | ngôn ngữ ký hiệu thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, HCMCSL, NNKHTPHCM, Southern Vietnamese Sign Language, Vietnamese Sign Language | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~45,000 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | “Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language (HCMCSL) developed out of a mixture of original sign languages in Southern Viet Nam with French Sign Language in 1886, when the first school for deaf people was established in Lai Thieu, Binh Duong Province.” (Woodward et al., 2015) | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 10.79, 106.68 | ||
| 4,270 | hoa | Hoava | Hoava-Kusaghe | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,360 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Hoava, Kusaghe | Hoava and Kusaghe (ksg) are sometimes considered separate languages (see Ethnologue, based on data gathered in 1999) but Davis (2003) shows cognate percentages near 90%% and reports mutual ineligibility. | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -8.08333333333,157.5 | |
| 4,271 | hoh | Hobyot | Habyot; Hobyót; Hobi; Hewbyót | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Modern South Arabian | Yemen;Oman; | Near East | 16.6388,53.0612 | |||
| 2,375 | hoi | Holikachuk | Upper Innoko; Innoko | Dormant () | 0 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | Holikachuk is intermediate between Ingalik and Koyukon, and was only identified as a separate language in the 1970s. | USA; | North America | 64.2254,-155.3027 | ||
| 5,065 | hoo | Holoholo | Kiholoholo; Horohoro; Guha; Kalanga; Kikalanga; Ikalanga; Lilima; Sekalaka; Chikalanga | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Botswana;Zimbabwe; | Africa | -20.537649,27.006712;-20.899871,24.773741;-20.513856,27.811018 | ||||
| 10,109 | 1ev | Homshetsi | Hamshen; Hamschen; Homshetsma; Hemşince | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | “relatively large numbers” | Indo-European; Armenian; Western Armenian | Turkey;Russia;Georgia; | Europe;Caucasus;East Asia | ||||
| 4,494 | len | Honduran Lenca | Lenka; Lenca | Dormant () | 0 | Lencan | Honduran Lenca and Chilanga (Salvadoran Lenca) are related but quite distinct languages; neither has any remaining speakers. | Honduras; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 13.6459,-87.0996 | ||
| 7,111 | hds | Honduras Sign Language | LESHO | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Honduras; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||||
| 5,848 | juh | Hõne | Hone; Wapan Gwana; Gaateri; Kona Jukun; Pindiga-Jukun; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukonoid | Pindiga; Gwana; | Nigeria; | Africa | |||
| 7,184 | hks | Hong Kong Sign Language | Heung Kong Sau Yue; 香港手語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Sign Language; East Asian | China; | East Asia | ||||
| 2,374 | hop | Hopi | Tusayan; Moki; Moqui; Pueblo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000+ | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan | Second Mesa Shipaulovi village; Second Mesa Mishongnovi (Toreva) village; Third Mesa; First Mesa; | USA; | North America | 35.8721,-110.6205 | ||
| 487 | hoe | Horom | Kaleri | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.486, 9.14 | |||
| 640 | ero | Horpa | Ergong; Daofu; Horpa-Shangzhai; Hor; Hórsók; Danba; Western Jiarong; Pawang; Bawang; 爾龔語; 道孚語; 霍爾語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 45,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | Daofu; Geshiza | China; | East Asia | 31.091339,101.748892 | ||
| 1,786 | hti; hoti1237 | Hoti | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; East Seram; Setic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.0143,130.3692 | ||||
| 4,273 | hoz | Hozo | Begi-Mao; Mao of Begi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Mao | Ethiopia; | Africa | 9.3352,34.53 | |||
| 4,274 | hpo | Hpon | Hpön; Phun; Phön; Phon; Megyaw; Samong; Hpun; | Dormant | 0 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | North Hpon; South Hpon; | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 24.65,97.0666 | ||
| 4,278 | hru | Hruso | Aka; Hrusso; Angka; Angkae; Tenae; Hruso B; Hrus(s)o; Angka(e); Gusso | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,000 | Isolate | Hruso | India; | South Asia | 27.1666, 92.6312 | ||
| 1,247 | huo | Hu | Angku; Āng-kú; 戶語 | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~700 | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Angkuic | China; | East Asia | 22.1743,100.9264 | |||
| 8,115 | qub | Huallaga Quechua | Upper Huallaga Quechua; Eastern Huánuco Quechua; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40,000 | Quechuan; Quechua I | Pachitea (Panao) | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987) This Quechua language is well-documented by David Weber (1989, 1998). | Peru; | South America | -10.2, -75.8 | |
| 3,278 | hub | Huambisa | Jíbaro; Xívaro; Huambiza; Wambisa; Wampis; Maina; Shuar-Huampis | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Chicham family (Jivaroan) | Peru; | South America | -4.0,-78.0 | |||
| 2,085 | hsf, hus, hva | Huastec | Wastek, Wasteko, Huasteco; Te:nek; Tenek; Teenek; Huastec, Veracruz; Huasteco de Tantoyuca | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,700 | Mayan; Huastecan | Ethnologue distinguishes 3 Huastec languages; others have only 1. INALI also has 3 “variantes.” | |||||
| 4,292 | hve, hue, huv, hvv | Huave | Huave; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-15,000 | Isolate; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | San Dionisio del Mar, San Francisco del Mar, San Mateo del Mar, Santa María del Mar | Ethnologue lists 4 Huave languages, San Dionisio del Mar Huave [hve], San Francisco del Mar Huave [hue], San Mateo del Mar Huave [huv], and Santa María del Mar Huave [hvv]. INALI distinguishes 2 “variantes” of Huave. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.192003, -94.450428 | |
| 8,112 | qwh | Huaylas Quechua | Quechua ancashino; Ancash Quechua; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 336,000 | Quechuan; Quechua I | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Peru; | South America | -9.520440, -77.568526 | ||
| 5,099 | tee | Huehuetla Tepehua | Tepewa, Huehuetla; Tepehua de Hidalgo; Tepehua de Huehuetla; Tepehua; Tepewa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Totonacan; Tepehua | Huehuetla (Hgo), Barrio Atzlan, Linda Vista (Mirasol), Mecapalapa (Pue) | Ethnologue distinguishes 3 Tepehua languages: Tepehua, Huehuetla [tee] Tepehua, Pisaflores [tpp] Tepehua, Tlachichilco [tpt]. INALI also distinguishes 3 “variantes” of Tepehua. The categorization adopted here is that of Carolyn MacKay and Frank Trechsel. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.5,-98.0 | |
| 6,569 | hch | Huichol | Vixaritari Vaniuqui, Vizaritari Vaniuki | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35,724 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Corachol | San Andrés Cohamiata (Western Huichol), San Sebastián-Santa Catarina (Eastern Huichol), Coyultita | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 21.95, -104.06 | ||
| 3,277 | huh | Huilliche | Williche; Veliche; Huiliche; Beliche; Huilche; Mapuche; Chesungun; Chedungun; Tsesungun; Chesumun; Tsesumun; | Araucanian | Tsesungún | Campbell (2012:97): Willem Adelaar (personal communication) points out that Huilliche (“Beliche”, Veliche, Huiliche), often considered a dialect of Mapudungun, is likely a separate language. Crevels (2012:190): Huilliche is related to Mapuche, but barely intelligible with it. Although they appear in some Colonial texts, the alternate names Huilche and Huiliche are deemed incorrect by some, as the graphemes “l” and “ll” represent distinct phonemes in this language. Writing the name of the language as “Huiliche” rather than “Huilliche” changes the meaning of the term substantially, signifying something like “people of the nail” rather than “people of the south.” | Argentina;Chile; | South America | -40.4803,-73.5424 | |||
| 1,787 | huw | Hukumina | Bambaa; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; West Central Maluku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.1514,126.2713 | |||
| 4,288 | huy | Hulaulá | Judeo-Aramaic; Lishana Noshan; Lishana Axni; Jabali; Kurdit; Galiglu; ‘Aramit; Hula Hula; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~9,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Bijar; Bokan; Kerend; Qasr Shirin; Sanandaj; Saqiz; Sainqala; Tekab | Israel;Iran; | Near East | 34.1703,46.1432 | ||
| 1,788 | huk; hulu1246 | Hulung | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku; Northwest Seram | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.8614,128.5606 | ||||
| 1,213 | hnu | Hung | Cuói; K’katiam-Pong-Houk; Pheng; Theng; P’eng; Phong | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Toum; Dan Lai; Phong; Ly Ha | Very closely related to Pong and Tum. | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.3333,105 | |
| 5,014 | nat | Hungworo | Ngwoi; Nkwoi; Ngwe; Ingwo; Ingwe; Ungwe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.187268, 6.253431 | |||
| 2,316 | huz | Hunzib | Gunzib; гунзибский язык; ჰუნზიბური ენა; гьонкьос мыц; honƛʼos mɨc; нахадинский язык; Enzeb; Xunzal; Khunzal; Khunzaly; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600-800 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Tsezic | The Hunzib language belongs to the Dido subgroup of the northwestern group (Avar-Ando-Dido) of Dagestan languages. There is no consensus on the position of the Hunzib language in the genealogy of Dido languages. E. Bokarev considers it to be an independent language, E. Lomtadze is of the opinion that it is only a dialect. There are no distinct dialects within the Hunzib language itself, just slight differences in pronunciation. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.1666666667,46.25 | ||
| 1,862 | hup | Hupa | Hoopa-Chilula; Hupa-Chilula-Whilkut; Hoopa; | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Pacific Coast Athabaskan | USA; | North America | 41.0982, -123.68 | |||||
| 3,275 | jup | Hupda | Hup, Hubde; Hupdë; Hupdá Makú; Jupdá Macú; Makú-Hupdá; Macú de Tucano; Ubdé; Hupdë; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1500 | Nadahup; Eastern Makuan | Nëhup; Tuhup; Hupdë; | The term “Makú” has pejorative connotations; “Nadahup” is the preferred term for this group of languages. | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.166666666667,-69.25 | |
| 2,088 | mjg-huz | Huzhu | Mongghul; Halchighol; Naringhol; Hu-tsu; Narin-guor; 互助土家語 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50000 | Mongolic; Shirongolic; Northern Shirongolic | Halchighol; Naringhol; Fulan Nuraghol/Fulaan Nura/Karlong; Datong (extinct); Tianzhu | “Mongghul, or Huzhu Mongghul, is, together with (Minhe) Mangghuer, generally referred to as “Monguor’ in the specialist literature. The Chinese nomenclature subsumes the two populations and their languages under the designation Tu or Turen ‘Local People’, and assigns only dialect status to the two varieties. Linguistically it is, however, clearly a question of two separate languages.” (Stefan Georg 2003:286) | Huzhu is listed as a dialect of Tu [mjg] in Ethnologue. | China; | East Asia | 36.7608,102.4255; |
| 6,038 | ahg-hwa | Hwarasa | Qwara; Qwarina; “Kara”; Quara; Qwarenya; 中库希特语支 | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Central Cushitic | Ethiopia; | Africa | ||||
| 6,106 | lig-hwe | Hwela | Hwela-Numu; Huela; Weila; Wiila; Weela; Vwela; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,500 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | The language of a special caste of blacksmiths living among the Kulango-Abron (who speak a Gur language) in northeastern Ivory Coast. (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | Ghana; | Africa | |||
| 10,584 | ksi | I’saka | Isaka; Krisa | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 347 | Sko | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.80, 141.30 | |||
| 10,608 | ian | Iatmul | Big Sepik; No. 2 Sepik; Middle Sepik; Gepma Kwudi; Gepma Kwundi; Ngepma Kwundi; Nyaura | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 46,000 | Sepik; Ndu | Nyaura (Western); Palimbei (Central and Eastern Iatmul) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.30, 143.32 | ||
| 7,929 | iby | Ibani | Bonny; Ubani; Ịjọ; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60,000 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Eastern Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 10,974 | babu1242 | Ibatan | Ibatan of Babuyan claro | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500-3,000 (first and second language speakers) | Batanic, Malayo-Polynesian, Austronesian | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 19.48, 121.96 | |||
| 8,596 | ibn | Ibino | Ibeno; Ibuno | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.60, 8.15 | |||
| 1,789 | ibu; ibuu1240 | Ibu | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | West Papuan; North Halmahera; Sahuan | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 1.5269,127.5265 | ||||
| 8,592 | ibr | Ibuoro | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.50, 7.93 | ||||
| 666 | arh | Ica | Arhuaco; Aruaco; Bintuk; Bíntucua; Bintucua; Ijca; Ijka; Ika; Ike; Bintukwa; Arwako; Busitana; Icu; Ixca; Bintuka; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,799 | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Colombia; | South America | 10.6666666667,-73.75 | |||
| 5,015 | idc | Idon | Idong; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 5,937 | tyh | Iduh | O Du; O’du; ‘Iduh; Hat; Haat; Tay Hat | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30 | Austro-Asiatic; Khmuic; Pray-Pram; Pramic | Believed to be an eastern dialect of Khmu until recent fieldwork by Gerard Diffloth. | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 19.435231,104.4286 | ||
| 4,295 | igg | Igana | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 114 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.716300011, 144.7819061 | ||||
| 2,910 | ign | Ignaciano | Moxo, Mojo, Mojeño | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Javeriano, Loretano, Trinitario?, Ignaciano? | Crevels (2012:174): The distinction between language and dialect is often more socio-political than linguistic, as in the case of Ignaciano and Trinitario. Aikhenvald (1999a: 67) lists Moxo and Ignaciano as alternative names for the same language; Ethnologue lists Mojo as an alternative name for Ignaciano, with Trinitario as a dialect with limited intelligibility, but also lists Trinitario as a separate language with the dialects Loreto [Loretano] and Javierano. | Bolivia; | South America | -15.1666666667,-65.4166666667 | |||
| 5,079 | ahl | Igo | Ahlõ; Ahlon; Achlo; Anlo; Ago; Ahonlan; Ahlon-Bogo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Togo; | Africa | 7.2,0.7 | |||
| 4,297 | ihb | Iha Based Pidgin | As a pidgin, this language has no native speakers. | Pidgin or Creole; Iha based | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.94, 132.29 | |||||
| 4,298 | ikx | Ik | Icietot; Teuso; Teuth; Ngulak; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~16,000 | Kuliak | Uganda; | Africa | 3.75,34.1666666667 | |||
| 10,759 | ikr | Ikaranggal | Ikarranggali; Aghu Tharnggalu | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.620126, 143.932745 | |||
| 5,066 | ikz | Ikizu | Ikikizo; Ikikizu; Kiikizu; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 132,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Sizaki; Ikizu; | Tanzania; | Africa | |||
| 5,067 | ntk | Ikoma | Nata; Ikinata; Ekinata; Egiikɔma; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 36,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Issenyi; | Tanzania; | Africa | |||
| 8,194 | ibe-iko | Ikorom | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5000-8000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Akpes | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.06, 5.09 | ||||
| 3,220 | txi | Ikpéng | Txikāo; Ikpeng; Txicão; Txikân; Chikaon; Chicao; Tunuli; Tonore; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 342 | Cariban; Pekodian | Brazil; | South America | -11.7376,-53.616 | |||
| 4,299 | ilg | Ilgar | Garig/Garig-Ilgar;Garig; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Iwaidjan | Garig; Ilgar; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -11.393997,132.116928 | |
| 3,429 | ili | Ili Turki | T’urk; Tuerke; 伊犁突厥語; 伊犁土爾克語 | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Turkic; Central Asian Turkic | China; | East Asia | 44.0244,81.145 | ||||
| 4,300 | ilv | Ilue | Idua; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.9185,8.2397 | |||
| 4,302 | imn | Imonda | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 274 | Border; Waris | Imonda is treated as a dialect of Waris by Laycock (1973), who nevertheless writes: “The dialect spoken at Imonda is very distinct, and is regarded by Imonda villagers as a separate language.” The classification in the Catalogue follows Seiler (1985). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.33, 141.17 | |||
| 2,828 | dul | Inagta Alabat | Alabat Island Agta; Alabat Island Dumagat; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <13 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
| 10,657 | mzu | Inapang | Itutang; Midsivindi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,290 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Z’graggen (1971) includes two separate languages corresponding to Inapang–Itutang and Midsivindi–despite noting that they are 73% “lexically interrelated”. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.68, 144.90 | ||
| 3,272 | inp; inap1243 | Iñapari | Inapori; Inapari; Inamarí; Iapari; Inamarí; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 (4 siblings & their 1 uncle) | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan, Southwestern branch; Southern Outlier | Inapari; Cuniba; Cuchitineri | “In 2012 I talked to a UC Berkeley anthropology student who had interacted with the single remaining family of speakers earlier that same year, and she put the number [of speakers] at 3” (Lev Michael, personal communication). | Peru; | South America | -12.319931, -69.272822 | |
| 3,431 | smn | Inari Saami | инари-саамский язык; inarinsaame; anarâškielâ; Anárašgiella; Enaresamisk; Enaresamiska; “Inari Lappish;” | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Uralic; Saami | Finland; | Europe | 68.8446,27.2817 | |||
| 4,294 | idr | Indri | Yanderika; Yandirika; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~700 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | South Sudan; | Africa | 8.4397,25.5926 | |||
| 4,305 | inb, inj | Inga | Ingano | Quechuan; Quechua IIB | Highland Inga (Aponte Inga /San Andrés Inga / Santiago Inga); Jungle Inga (Yunguillo-Condagua / Guayuyaco). | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechua complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987). Ethnologue distinguishes Inga (Highland Inga) [inb] from Jungle Inga (Lowland Inga) [inj], where others do not. | Colombia; | South America | 1.0, -77.0 | |||
| 1,457 | izh | Ingrian | Izhorian; ижорский язык; inkeroisen kieli; ižoran keeli; isuri keel; izhor; inkerin kieli; Ingrisch; Isurisch; Ižorisch; ingrien; užory; ižorskij jazyk; inkerioinen; maakeeli | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~130 | Uralic; Finnic | Soykin; Lower Luzh; Oredezh; Khava; | Sometimes considered a dialect of Finnish. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 59.716667,28.466667 | |
| 3,697 | aij | Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic | Lishanid Noshan; Neo-Aramaic (Arbel Jewish); Lishana Didán; Hulani; Kurdit; Galigalu; Jbeli; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Arbīl (aka Arbel, Arwīl), Dobe, Ḥalabja, Koy Sanjaq, Sardasht, Sulemaniyya | Israel;Iraq; | Near East | 36.1128, 44.033 | |||
| 2,063 | iks | Inuit Sign Language | Inuit Uukturausingit; IUR | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <40 | Sign Language; North American | Baker Lake, Rankin Inlet, Taloyaok | Canada; | North America | 62.8, -92.083; 64.32, -96.02; 69.53, -93.53 | ||
| 6,449 | ike | Inuktitut | ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ; Inuit; Eastern Arctic Eskimo; Eastern Canadian Eskimo | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30,000 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Inuit | Arctic Quebec; Saglouc; Itivimmiut; Point Harrison; Great Whale River; Belcher Island; Wakeham Bay; Tarramiut; North Baffin; Iglulik; Grise Fiord; Pond Inlet; Clyde River; Arctic Bay; Resolute Bay; Repulse Bay; Rigolet; South Baffin; Cape Dorset; Frobisher Bay; Coral Harbour; Labrador; Chesterfield Inlet; Aivilik; | Inuktitut is the collective name for the dialects of Inuit (Eastern Eskimo) spoken on the northern coast of Canada, from the Mackenzie Delta in the west to Labrador in the east. The dialects of Western Canadian Inuktitut are usually distinguished from Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, the boundary falling between the Central Arctic coast and Baffin Island, but there is no sharp discontinuity. All of the Inuktitut speakers of the newly formed territory of Nunavut, which encompasses dialects belonging to both the Western and Eastern divisions, can understand one another’s speech. | Canada; | North America | 58.102769,-68.461464 | |
| 2,369 | ipk | Inupiaq | Inuit; Inuvialuktun | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 26,644 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Inuit | North Alaska Inupiaq; Seward Peninsula Inupiaq | Inupiaq is the collective term for the dialects of Western Eskimo (q.v.) spoken in Alaska and immediately adjacent parts of Northern Canada. There are two major dialect groups, Seward Peninsula Inupiaq (Qawiaraq) and North Alaskan Inupiaq. Seward Peninsula Inupiaq includes the local dialects of the southern Seward Peninsula and Norton Sound area, and of the villages surrounding Bering Strait and on King and Diomede Islands. North Alaskan Inupiaq includes the the Malimiut dialect around Kotzebue Sound and the North Slope dialect spoken along the Arctic Coast as far east as the Mackenzie Delta. The Seward Peninsula and North Alaskan dialect groups differ significantly from each other and a fair amount of experience is required for a speaker of one to understand a speaker of the other. (Golla et al. 2010.) Ethnologue (2013) considers Inupiaq [ipk] a “macrolanguage” which includes: North Alaskan Inupiatun [esi] and Northwest Alaska Inupiatun [esk]. Others do not make this distinction. | USA;Canada; | North America | 68.3217, -133.532; 71.2725, -156.7749; 66.8972, -162.5855; 64.5433, -163.029; 64.9728, -168.0616; 65.755, -168.9167 | |
| 4,306 | ipo | Ipiko | Ipikoi; Higa; Epai; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Trans-New Guinea; Inland Gulf | Editor’s note: Given a count of 200 speakers in 1977, it is possible that Ipiko may now be a dormant language (a language which now has no speakers). No more recent information is available, and Ipiko’s current status is unknown. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.435678005,144.8769073 | ||
| 2,026 | iqu | Iquito | Iquita; Ikito; Amacacore; Hamacore; Quiturran; Puca-Uma; Ikitu | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12-15 | Zaparoan | Pintuyacu | Kaufman (2007:69) has Iquito-Cahuarano as a single language; others have the 2 as separate languages. | Peru; | South America | -3.25,-74.0 | |
| 3,271 | irn | Irantxe | Iranshe; Iranxe; Irntxe; Iranche; Mynky; Münkü; Menki; Manoki; Myky; Irántxe | Isolate; South American | Irántxe; Münkü (Mynky) | Brazil; | South America | -13.0,-58.0 | ||||
| 10,457 | iry | Iraya | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Mangyan | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | |||||
| 3,437 | gle | Irish | Gaeilge; Irish Gaelic; Erse; Gadhelisch; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000-40,000 | Indo-European; Celtic; Goidelic | Connacht (Western Irish), Donegal (Northern Irish, Ulster), Munster (Southern Irish). | United Kingdom;Ireland; | Europe | 52.5,-9.0 | ||
| 5,625 | iru | Irula | Iruḷa; Eravallan; Erukala; Irava; Irulan; Irular; Irular Mozhi; Irulavan; Iruliga; Iruligar; Kad Chensu; Korava; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | Northern Irula; Vette Kada Irula; Irula Pallar; Mele Nadu Irula; | India; | South Asia | 11.4369,76.5032 | ||
| 5,068 | isn | Isanzu | Kinyihanzu; Kinyisanzu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | ||||
| 2,831 | agk | Isarog Agta | Bikol; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Bikol | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 13.6805,123.3805 | |||
| 4,308 | isc | Isconahua | Iskonawa; Iscobakebo; Iscobaquebu | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Peru; | South America | -7.760233, -74.515153 | |||
| 5,855 | isk | Ishkashimi | Ishkashmi; Ishkashim; Eshkashimi; Eškāšmī; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Ishkashmi; Zebak; Sanglechi | Tajikistan;Afghanistan; | Near East | 36.4248, 71.3344; 36.4442, 71.3432; 36.4431, 71.3356; 36.4470, 71.3518 | ||
| 10,458 | inn | Isinay | Isinai; Inmeas; Malaates | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Central Cordilleran | Dupax del Sur; Aritao; Bambang | The Isinay language used in formal writing is based on the dialect used in Dupax del Sur. (Reid et al., 2016) | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 16.3, 121.1 | ||
| 1,806 | srl; isir1237 | Isirawa | Saberi; Saweri; Okwasar; Sawuri-Hablifuri; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,800 | Tor-Kwerba; Greater Kwerba | Western Isirawa; Eastern Isirawa; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.8783,138.5485 | ||
| 5,152 | 1kq | Isolado do Tanaru | Isolado do Buraco | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Unclassified; Tupían? | This “language” refers to only one individual, the “Tanaru Isolated Indian,” the last survivor of an unknown indigenous group that was massacred by ranchers during the 1980s and 1990. He was born around 1960 (according to estimates), now alone in region west of Rondonia, near the town of Corumbiara. He is often called “the Indian of the hole”, because of a hole of about one meter long, half a meter wide, and more than three meters deep which he is always digs in the straw huts that he builds to live in. This case is reported frequently in media and other reports. For example, see http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndio_do_Buraco, http://telmadmonteiro.blogspot.com/2009/04/o-indigena-da-terra-tanaru-simbolo-da.html, etc. | Brazil; | South America | |||
| 1,061 | isth1244 | Isthmus Zapotec | Isthmus Zapotec; Zapotec (Isthmus); Zapoteco (Istmo); Zapotec, Isthmus; Zapoteco del Istmo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Juchitán, San Blas Atempa, Comitancillo, Ixtaltepec, Tehuantepec | 1 of approx. 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. For most linguists the number is much lower, between 4 and 10. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.416667,-95.0 |
| 3,440 | ist | Istriot | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Croatia; | Europe | 45.0541,13.7246 | ||||
| 3,442 | ruo | Istro Romanian | Istro-Romanian; Other Roumanian Lects; Istro-Rumanian; Romanian, Istro | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Eastern Romance | Croatia; | Europe | 45.3907,14.436 | |||
| 4,311 | isu | Isu (Northwest Region, Cameroon) | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.391730, 10.050327 | ||||
| 549 | szv | Isubu | Su; Isu; Isuwu; Suwu; Subu; Bimbia; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 3.955366, 9.244283 | |||
| 1,062 | itl | Itelmen | ительменский язык; Itənmən; Kamchadal; Itelymem; итэнмэн; камчадальский язык; Итәнмән’ин крвэӆхатас | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Chukotko-Kamchatkan; Kamchatkan | Itelmen; Kharyuz; Napanskij; Sedanka; Sopocnovskij; Xajrjuzovskij; | The ethnonym Kamchadal is also used to refer to the old Russian-speaking immigrant population of Kamchatka, which may or may not have absorbed Itelmen-speaking elements in the past. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 57.0,157.5 | |
| 2,911 | ite | Itene | Iteneo; Iténez; Moré; More; Maré; Iten; Guarayo; Itenez; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 44 | Chapacuran; Central Chapacuran | Bolivia; | South America | -12.0822,-64.9731 | |||
| 4,312 | itr | Iteri | Alowiemino; Iyo; Laro; Rocky Peak; Yinibu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 447 | Left May | Rocky Peak | Laycock (1973) lists two separate languages–Yinibu (Rocky Peak) and Iyo–athough he writes that Iyo may be the same language as Yinibu. According to Årsjö (1999), Rocky Peak is a dialect of Iteri. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.0807, 141.5039 | |
| 1,807 | itx; itik1240 | Itik | Ittik; Betef; Ittik-Tor; Borto | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Tor-Orya; Tor | Ittik-Tor; Ittik; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.3181,139.148 | ||
| 2,914 | ito | Itonama | Saramo; Machoto; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Isolate; South American | Bolivia; | South America | -12.8333333333,-64.3333333333 | |||
| 8,600 | itm | Itu Mbon Uzo | Itu Mbon Uso; Itu Mbuzo; Ito Mbonuso | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.53, 7.80 | |||
| 2,996 | itz | Itza’ | Itz; Itzá; Itzaj; Petén Itzá Maya; Yucatec Maya; Icaiche Maya; Maya; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Mayan; Yucatecan | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.03, -89.87 | |||
| 981 | ibd | Iwaidja | Iwaydja; Iwaidji; Ibadjo; Eiwaja; Jiwadja; Limba; Karadjee; Jiwaidja; Iwaiji; Eaewandja; Unalla; Limbakaraja; Eaewardja; Eaewarga; Eae-warge-ga; Iwaija; Iwaja; Iyi; Ji:wadja; Juwadja; Limba-Karadjee; Tarula; Uwaidja; Yiwadya; Yiwayja; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Iwaidjan | Iwaydja; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Most of the languages of the group are extinct or threatened with imminent extinction, and only two – Iwaidja and Maung – have speech communities large enough to ensure daily use by a full age range including children. (DoBeS) | Australia; | Australia | -11.4407565,132.5594586 |
| 10,687 | iwo | Iwur | Dintere; Iwoer; Iwur; Morop | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Lowland Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.11, 140.82 | |||
| 2,057 | ixc | Ixcatec | Ixcateco; Ixcatec; Iskateko | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9 | Otomanguean; Popolocan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.8333333333,-97.1666666667 | |||
| 4,314 | ixi, ixj, ixl | Ixil | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 69,137 | Mayan; Mamean | Chajul, Nebaj, San Juan Cotzal | Ethnologue (2009) distinguished 3 Ixil languages: Chajul Ixil [ixj]; Nebaj Ixil [ixi]; and San Juan Cotzal Ixil [ixl]. INALI has 2 “variantes.” Others have only 1 Ixil language. Ethnologue (2013) now lists only one [ixl] | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.46, -90.89 | ||
| 4,939 | otz | Ixtenco Otomí | Yühmü; Ixtenco; Otomi, Ixtenco; Southeastern Otomí; Otomi; Otomí; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 740 | Otomanguean; Otopamean | Ixtenco Otomí; Tilapa Otomí; Jalisco Otomí; Western Otomí; Northeast Otomí; Northwestern Otomí; | Ethnologue has 9 Otomí languages: Otomi, Eastern Highland [otm] Otomi, Estado de México [ots] Otomi, Ixtenco [otz] Otomi, Mezquital [ote] Otomi, Querétaro [otq] Otomi, Temoaya [ott] Otomi, Tenango [otn] Otomi, Texcatepec [otx Otomi, Tilapa [otl]. INALI also has 9 “variantes” of Otomí. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.145862, -97.533929 | |
| 8,749 | zaa, zpd, zae, zaq | Ixtlán | Sierra de Juárez Zapotec; Zapotec (Juárez); Zapoteco ( Juarez Sierra); Sierra de Juarez; Ixtlan; Zapotec; Zapotec, Sierra de Juárez; Zapoteco de Atepec; Ixtlán Zapoteco; Northern Sapoteko, Serrano | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,900 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | San Juan Atepec, San Pablo Macuiltianguis, Santa Ana Yareni, San Miguel Abejones, San Miguel Aloapam | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI count each variety of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approx. 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major language areas: (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) Possibly one of several daughter languages in the Monte Albán Zapotec language clade. It “reflects earlier migrations than do the other Sierra Norte languages” (Beam de Azcona, 2021) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.330742, -96.487204 | |
| 558 | yko | Iyasa | Yasa; Iyassa; Yassa; Iyaasa; Maasa; Bongwe; “Ndowe”; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | May be mutually intelligible with Kombe [nui]. | Gabon;Cameroon;Equatorial Guinea; | Africa | 2.377154, 9.829789 | ||
| 550 | uiv | Iyive | Uive; Yiive; Ndir; Asumbo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 6.4354,9.5278 | |||
| 7,934 | ijc | Izon | Ijo (Kolokuma); Izo; Uzo; Ijo; Ijaw; Central-Western Ijo; Ịjọ; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000,000 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Western Ijo | Iduwini; Oyiakiri; Kumbo; Ekpetiama; Koluama; Kolokuma-Opokuma; Ikibiri; Egbema; East Olodiama; East Tarakiri; Ogbe Ijo; Ogboin; Mein; Ogulagha; Kabo; West Olodiama; West Tarakiri; Bumo; Arogbo; Furupagha; Apoi; Oporoza; Tuomo; Operemo; Oporomo; Basan; Gbarain; | Nigeria; | Africa | |||
| 5,046 | cbo | Izora | Chokobo; Cokobo; Cikobu; Chikobo; Cokobanci; Azora; Zora; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 425 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.843688, 10.361742; | |||
| 4,115 | dyb | Jabirr-Jabirr | Jabirrjabirr; Dyaberdyaber; Djaberdjaber; Djaberadjaber; Djabirdjabir; Dyabir-Dyabir; Djaberadjabera; Tjabartjabara; Tjabiratjabir; Tjabirtjabira; | Dormant | Nyulnyulan; Western Nyulnyulan | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.55866,122.495732 | |||
| 3,267 | jbt | Jabutí | Yabutí; Jabotí; Djeoromitxi; Jeoromitxi; Kipiu; Quipiu | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~50 | Jabutian | Brazil; | South America | -12.25,-62.25 | |||
| 4,321 | jda | Jad | Bhotia; Dzad | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 30.645,78.3627 | |||
| 1,264 | jah | Jah Hut | Jah Het; Eastern Sakai; Ost-Sakai | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; Jah Hut | Kuala Tembeling; Ulu Ceres; Ulu Tembeling; Pulau Guai; Kerdau; Ketiar Krau; Krau | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 3.6452,102.3065 | |||
| 1,263 | jhi | Jahai | Jehai; Pangan; Jehehr; Pangan-Dialekte | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Menraq-Batek | Jehai; Batek The | Terms which include ‘Pangan’ tend to refer historically to a wider group of Northern Aslian speaker; they are outdated and derogatory. | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.75,101.5 | ||
| 6,149 | jac, jai | Jakalteko | Jacaltec, Jakalteco, Popti’ | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 38,350 | Mayan; Q’anjob’alan-Chujean | Eastern, Western | Ethnologue (2009) distinguished 2 Jakalteko languages (Eastern Jakalteko [jac] and Western Jakalteko [jai]) where others have only 1. Ethnologue (2013 has only 1, [jac]. | Guatemala;Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.6685, -91.7111; 16.3137, -93.2084 | |
| 7,185 | 1kx | Jakarta Sign Language | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,800-9,600 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
| 10,920 | Jakato | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | West Chadic A3 group | 9.068604, 9.364322 | |||||||
| 4,315 | jak | Jakun | Jaku’d; Jakud’n; Jakoon; Djakun; Orang Hulu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 1.8871,103.984 | |||
| 4,004 | bxl | Jalkunan | Dyala; Dyalanu; Jalkuna; Blé; Jelkuna; Jalakuna; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Burkina Faso; | Africa | ||||
| 7,186 | jcs | Jamaican Country Sign Language | Konchri Sain; Country Sign; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Jamaica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.00, -76.93 | |||
| 2,924 | jaa | Jamamadí | Yamamadi; Jamamadi; Yamadi; Yamamadí; Kanamanti; Canamanti; Madi; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 980 | Arawan | Jarawara | Some other groups are called “Jamamadí”, which is confusing. Kaufman (2007:67) has a “Jamamadí language area” with 4 “emergent languages”: Jamamadí, Kanamantí, Jarawara, Banawá. Crevels (2012:182) distinguishes Jarawara (180 speakers) from Jamamadí (800 speakers). Dixon (1999:295) has only Madi (Jarawara [Jarauára, Jaruára], Jamamadi, Banawá [Banivá, Baniwá-Jafí,Kitiya, Banavá, Banauá, Jafí]). | Brazil; | South America | -7.5,-65.5 | |
| 2,608 | djd | Jaminjung | Baj Subgroup; Dyaminydyung; Djamadjong; Djamindjun; Djamundon; Djamunjun; Dyamindyung; Jaminjang; Kaminjung; Murinyuwan; Murinyuwen; Tjamindjung; Tjaminjun; Yilngali; Djamindjung; Jilngali;Jaminjungan; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >100 | Mirndi | Jaminjung; Ngaliwurru; | Australia; | Australia | -15.02818965,130.3565783 | ||
| 6,785 | jan | Janday | Jandai; Koenpel; Goenpul; Coobenpil; Jendairwal; Djandai; Jundai; Dsandai; Tchandi; Noogoon; Djendewal; Janday | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Durubulic | Australia; | Australia | -27.56865,153.462392 | ||||
| 4,337 | jna | Jangshung | Jangrami; Zangram; Zhang-Zhung; Jangiam; Thebor; Thebör Skadd; Thebarskad; Central Kinnauri; Zhang-zhung; Kanāwri; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,990 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India; | South Asia | 31.5833333333,78.4166666667 | |||
| 5,016 | jni | Janji | Anafejanzi; Jenji; Tijanji; Ajanji; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,150 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.054727, 8.799942 | |||
| 10,971 | jya | Japhug | kɯrɯskɤt | Sino-Tibetan > Trans-Himalayan > Gyalrong | Kamnyu (kɤmɲɯ 干木鸟 gānmùniǎo) Related to the other core Gyalrong languages of Tshobdun, Zbu, and Situ; related to West Gyalrong languages of Khroskyabs, Stau, and Tangut | China; | East Asia | |||||
| 8,129 | jru | Japréria | Japrería; Japreria; Yucpa-Yaprería; Motilón; Yukpa-Japrería; Yaprería | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 95 | Cariban | Venezuela; | South America | 10.55, -72.71 | |||
| 848 | jqr | Jaqaru | Haqearu; Haqaru; Haq’aru; Aru; Hakaru-Kauki; | Aymaran | Jaqaru; Cauqui | The Aymaran family has also been called Jaqi and Aru. Cauqui (Kawki, Cachuy, Cauque) has sometimes been treated as a separate language though most consider it a dialect of Jaqaru. Crevels (2012) reports 9 speakers for Cauqui (data from 2005). | Peru; | South America | -13.0,-76.0 | |||
| 3,845 | anq | Jarawa | Jarawa (in Andamans) | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 340 | South Andamanese | India; | South Asia | 11.61, 92.66 | |||
| 10,074 | 1xw | Jarqu’i | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <14,000? | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | |||||
| 4,069 | ddj; jaru1254 | Jaru | Djaru; Jaroo; Tjaru; Wawari; Dyaru; Charrau; Deharu; Djara; Djaro; Jarrau; Jarroo; Jarrou; Jaruo; Jaruru; Ka:biri; Karbery; Kodjangana; Meening; Neening; Nining; Njinin; Njining; Nyinin; Ruby Creek; Waringari; Waiangara; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 217 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa; closely related to Wanyjirra | Nyininy; Wawarl | Australia; | Australia | -18.5244, 127.5825 | ||
| 5,317 | qvw | Jauja-Huanca Quechua | Huaylla Wanca Quechua; Southern Huancayo Quechua; Huanca Huaylla Quechua; Huaylla Wanca Quechua; Yaqa; Huaylla; Nyuqa; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250,000 | Quechuan; Quechua I | Ñuha Wanka (Jauja); Yaqa Wanka (Huancayo and Concepción] | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Peru; | South America | -12.136,-75.2453 | |
| 4,338 | jns | Jaunsari | Janusari; Jaunsauri; Jansauri; Pahari | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 96,995 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 30.4859, 78.0908 | |||
| 1,808 | jvd | Javindo | Krontjong; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pidgin or Creole; Dutch based | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
| 4,090 | djw | Jawi | Djaui; Towahi; Tohawi; Ewenu; Ewenyoon; Chowie; Djaoi; Djau; Dyao; Dyawi; Ewanji; Ewenyun; I:wanja; Jarrau; Tohau-i;Djawi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3 | Nyulnyulan; Western Nyulnyulan | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | The Jawi language is very close to Bardi these days, differing mostly in the use of some words; however, there is some evidence that it used to be more different, and the two varieties converged over the course of the 20th Century. | Australia; | Australia | -16.4151748,123.191145 | |
| 2,027 | djn | Jawoyn | Adowen; Charmong; Chauan; Chau-an; Djauan; Djauun; Djauwung; Djawan; Djawanj; Djawin; Djawun; Djouan; Gundjawan; Jawan; Jawin; Jawony; Kumertuo; Tjauen; Tjawen; Tweinbol; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Gunwinyguan | Ngarlahmi; Letpurrirt; Kerniyn’mi; | Australia; | Australia | -14.17990999,132.5558136 | ||
| 2,310 | jyy | Jaya | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,200 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Chad; | Africa | 12.187,18.1645 | ||||
| 10,415 | pzn | Jejara | Para; Para Naga; Naga, Para; Bara Naga; Parasar | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,460 | Sino-Tibetan; Aoic | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 26.21, 95.16 | |||
| 8,409 | jje | Jejueo | 제주어; Jejumal; 제주말; Jeju saturi; 제주 사투리; Saturi; 사투리; Jeju bangeon; 제주 방언; 濟州方言; Chejueo; 濟州語; Jejutmal; 제줏말; Jeju Jiyeokeo; 제주 지역어; 濟州地域語 | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000-10,000 | Koreanic | South Korea; | East Asia | 33.366667,126.533333 | |||
| 2,300 | tow | Jemez | Towa; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Kiowa-Tanoan; Tanoan | USA; | North America | 35.6151,-106.7242 | |||
| 362 | jek | Jeri Kuo | Jeli Kuo; Celle; Jeri; Jeri.kuo; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 9.2647,-5.8666 | |||
| 8,649 | nrf | Jèrriais | Guernésiais; Jersey French; Jersiais; Jèrriais; Jersey Norman; Guernsey French | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,874 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Considered by some to be an outlying dialect of Norman. | United Kingdom; | Europe | 49.2211, -2.1368 | ||
| 5,588 | jee | Jerung | Jero; Jerum; Jerunge; Jherung; Jero Mala; Zero; Zerum; Zero Mala | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 271 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Balkhu-Sisneri; Ratnawati; Madhavpur | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.2241,86.3909 | ||
| 3,506 | trg | Jewish Azerbaijani Neo-Aramaic | Lishán Didán; Lishanán; لشان ددان; Neo-Aramaic (Persian Azerbaijan); Lishanid Nash Didán; Persian Azerbaijan Jewish Aramaic; Lakhlokhi; Galihalu; לשן דידן; Lišān Didān; לשנן; Lišānān | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,450 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Birdug; Naghada; Salmas; Ṣablagh; (Jewish) Urmi | Azerbaijan;Georgia;Israel;Iran; | Caucasus;Near East | 38.1150, 44.4555 | ||
| 1,865 | juo | Jiba | Kona; Jukun Kona; Jibi; Jibe; Jibə | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000-2,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukonoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.0587,11.2829 | |||
| 5,367 | shv | Jibbali | Jibbālī; Shehri; Śḥeri; Šhaḥri; Śḥərɛ̄t; Geblet; Gəblɛ̄t; Sheret; Sehri; Shahari; Jibali; Ehkili; Qarawi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Modern South Arabian | Western Jibbali; Eastern Jibbali; Kuria Muria; Central Jibbali; | Oman; | Near East | |||
| 10,921 | jiby1234 | Jibyal | Ankwei | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2-3000 | West Chadic A3 group | 9.060199, 9.183607 | |||||
| 2,299 | apj | Jicarilla Apache | Jicarilla; Hikariya; Apache (Jicarilla); Apache; Eastern Apache | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Apachean | Jicarilla is an emergent language within the Southern Athabaskan dialect complex. | USA; | North America | 36.9336,-106.9984 | ||
| 4,325 | jie | Jilbe | Zoulbou; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Nigeria; | Africa | 11.749,14.5458 | |||
| 4,327 | jim | Jimi (Cameroon) | Djimi; Jimjimen; ‘Um Falin; Bi-Gimu; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500-3,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Wadi; Djimi; Jimo; Malabu; Zumo; | Cameroon; | Africa | 10.339154, 13.562401 | ||
| 4,335 | jmi | Jimi (Nigeria) | Bi-Gimu; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Zumo; | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.701093, 9.813126 | ||
| 3,797 | jig | Jingulu | Djingili; Djingulu; Jingali; Tjingilu; Chingalee; Djingila; Lee; Chunguloo; Tchingalee; Tjinggili; Jilngali; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10 | Mirndi | Australia; | Australia | -16.6271636,133.5450627 | |||
| 1,328 | pnu | Jiongnai Bunu | Punu; Qiungnai; Kiong Nai; Jiongnai; Jiongnaihua; Hualan Yao; Chiung-nai; Bunu, Jiongnai; 炯奈語; 花籃瑤 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Hmong-Mien; Hmongic | China; | East Asia | 23.3902,108.5135 | ||||
| 4,340 | jul | Jirel | Ziral; Jiri; Jirial | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,919 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.6419,86.2123 | |||
| 4,088 | dze | Jiwarli | Djwarli; Tjiwarli; Djiwali; Dyiwarli; Guwari; Jivali; Jiwali; Juwali; Kuwari; Tcheewarlee; Tivali; Tjiwali; Tci-warli; Thiin; Te:n; Teen; Tenma; Djiwarli | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Mantharta | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -23.266581,115.99823 | ||
| 8,009 | dyo | Jola-Fonyi | Kújoolaak Kati Fooñi; Kujamataak; Jola-Fogny; Diola-Fogny; Dyola; Jóola; Jola; Yola; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 413,490 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Kalounaye; Buluf; Fonyi; Narang; Kombo; | Senegal;Gambia;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | |||
| 572 | jeu | Jonkor Bourmataguil | Djongor Bourmataguil; Dougne; Karakir; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Musunye; Dougne; | Chad; | Africa | 11.4261,19.0145 | ||
| 2,902 | yau | Jotí | Joti; Hodï; Waruwaru; Hotí; Yuwana; Yoana; Yuana; Chicano; Chikano; Jodi; Hoti; Waruwaru Waruwádu; | Isolate; South America | Venezuela; | South America | 6.075,-65.6323 | |||||
| 10,722 | Jowshaqani | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian; Central Plateau | Iran; | Near East | 33.99, 51.40 | |||||
| 5,997 | juu | Ju | Sho; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.104923, 9.822267 | |||
| 4,341 | jun | Juang | Patua; Patra-Saara; Puttooas; Juango | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30875 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Juang | India; | South Asia | 21.3333333333,86.0 | |||
| 10,837 | Judeo-Egyptian Arabic | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Israel;Egypt; | Africa;Near East | ||||||||
| 10,502 | Judeo-Hamadani | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian | It consists of the dialects spoken by the Jewry of Hamadan, Malayer, Nehavand, Tuyserkan. | “Ethnologue uses the designation “Dzhidi” (i.e., Jidi) for all Iranian dialects spoken by the Iranian Jews. Having given the alternative name Judeo-Persian, with the identifier [jpr], the Ethnologue classifies Dzhidi under “Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian,” and further describes it as being “similar” to Bukharic [bhh] and Iranian Persian [pes], noting that Dzhidi employs the Hebrew script for writing (Ethnologue, s.v. “Dzhidi”). This data could not be more inaccurate. First, Jidi is a designation used by the speakers of the Jewish dialect of Isfahan (Judeo-Isfahani), and does not necessarily apply to the Jewish dialects native to other towns. Secondly, as we shall see below, the native Jewish dialects spoken in various towns are very far from constituting a homogeneous whole and therefore cannot be lumped together collectively as a single language. Thirdly, these dialects or languages, which we refer to here as Judeo-Median, are from the Northwest branch of Iranian family, genealogically distinct from Persian, a Southwest Iranian language, and also from Bukhari (and Juhuri). Finally, in contrast to Judeo-Persian, with its long written tradition, Judeo-Median has survived in spoken form only.” (Habib Borjian 2014) | Israel;Iran; | Near East | 34.8000, 48.5167 | |||
| 10,484 | yhd | Judeo-Iraqi Arabic | Judeo-Baghdadi | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 151,820 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Israel;Iraq; | Near East | ||||
| 10,499 | Judeo-Isfahani | Jidi | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian | The Judeo-Median vernacular of Isfahan. | “Ethnologue uses the designation “Dzhidi” (i.e., Jidi) for all Iranian dialects spoken by the Iranian Jews. Having given the alternative name Judeo-Persian, with the identifier [jpr], the Ethnologue classifies Dzhidi under “Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian,” and further describes it as being “similar” to Bukharic [bhh] and Iranian Persian [pes], noting that Dzhidi employs the Hebrew script for writing (Ethnologue, s.v. “Dzhidi”). This data could not be more inaccurate. First, Jidi is a designation used by the speakers of the Jewish dialect of Isfahan (Judeo-Isfahani), and does not necessarily apply to the Jewish dialects native to other towns. Secondly, as we shall see below, the native Jewish dialects spoken in various towns are very far from constituting a homogeneous whole and therefore cannot be lumped together collectively as a single language. Thirdly, these dialects or languages, which we refer to here as Judeo-Median, are from the Northwest branch of Iranian family, genealogically distinct from Persian, a Southwest Iranian language, and also from Bukhari (and Juhuri). Finally, in contrast to Judeo-Persian, with its long written tradition, Judeo-Median has survived in spoken form only.” (Habib Borjian 2014) | Iran; | Near East | 32.6333, 51.6500 | ||||
| 3,443 | itk | Judeo-Italian | Italkian; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance | Italy; | Europe | ||||
| 10,500 | Judeo-Kashani | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian | The Judeo-Median vernacular of Kashan. | “Ethnologue uses the designation “Dzhidi” (i.e., Jidi) for all Iranian dialects spoken by the Iranian Jews. Having given the alternative name Judeo-Persian, with the identifier [jpr], the Ethnologue classifies Dzhidi under “Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian,” and further describes it as being “similar” to Bukharic [bhh] and Iranian Persian [pes], noting that Dzhidi employs the Hebrew script for writing (Ethnologue, s.v. “Dzhidi”). This data could not be more inaccurate. First, Jidi is a designation used by the speakers of the Jewish dialect of Isfahan (Judeo-Isfahani), and does not necessarily apply to the Jewish dialects native to other towns. Secondly, as we shall see below, the native Jewish dialects spoken in various towns are very far from constituting a homogeneous whole and therefore cannot be lumped together collectively as a single language. Thirdly, these dialects or languages, which we refer to here as Judeo-Median, are from the Northwest branch of Iranian family, genealogically distinct from Persian, a Southwest Iranian language, and also from Bukhari (and Juhuri). Finally, in contrast to Judeo-Persian, with its long written tradition, Judeo-Median has survived in spoken form only.” (Habib Borjian 2014) | Iran; | Near East | 33.9889, 51.4772 | |||||
| 10,834 | aju | Judeo-Moroccan Arabic | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 258,930 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Israel;Morocco; | Africa;Near East | |||||
| 10,503 | Judeo-Shirazi | Jidi | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Southwest Iranian | The Jewish vernacular of Shiraz. | “Ethnologue uses the designation “Dzhidi” (i.e., Jidi) for all Iranian dialects spoken by the Iranian Jews. Having given the alternative name Judeo-Persian, with the identifier [jpr], the Ethnologue classifies Dzhidi under “Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian,” and further describes it as being “similar” to Bukharic [bhh] and Iranian Persian [pes], noting that Dzhidi employs the Hebrew script for writing (Ethnologue, s.v. “Dzhidi”). This data could not be more inaccurate. First, Jidi is a designation used by the speakers of the Jewish dialect of Isfahan (Judeo-Isfahani), and does not necessarily apply to the Jewish dialects native to other towns. Secondly, as we shall see below, the native Jewish dialects spoken in various towns are very far from constituting a homogeneous whole and therefore cannot be lumped together collectively as a single language. Thirdly, these dialects or languages, which we refer to here as Judeo-Median, are from the Northwest branch of Iranian family, genealogically distinct from Persian, a Southwest Iranian language, and also from Bukhari (and Juhuri). Finally, in contrast to Judeo-Persian, with its long written tradition, Judeo-Median has survived in spoken form only.” (Habib Borjian 2014) | Iran; | Near East | 29.6167, 52.5333 | ||||
| 3,448 | jdt | Judeo-Tat | Hebrew Tat; Jewish Tat; Juhuri; çuhuri; жугьури; ז’אוּהאוּראִ ; ג’והורי; горско-еврейский; джуури; джухури; Dağ yəhudiləri dili; cuuri; cuhuri; Judeo-Tatic; Dzhuhuric; Juwri; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~25,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Derbend; | Russia;Azerbaijan;Israel; | Caucasus;Europe;Near East;East Asia | 31.5166,34.5964 | ||
| 10,832 | yud | Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Israel;Libya; | Africa;Near East | ||||||
| 3,705 | ajt | Judeo-Tunisian Arabic | Arabic; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 352,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Arabic | Tunis; | Israel;Tunisia; | Africa;Near East | 33.8795,10.0634 | ||
| 10,501 | Judeo-Yazdi | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian | Yazdi; Kermani | The Jewish residents of Yazd and Kerman speak two varieties of essentially the same language. | “Ethnologue uses the designation “Dzhidi” (i.e., Jidi) for all Iranian dialects spoken by the Iranian Jews. Having given the alternative name Judeo-Persian, with the identifier [jpr], the Ethnologue classifies Dzhidi under “Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian,” and further describes it as being “similar” to Bukharic [bhh] and Iranian Persian [pes], noting that Dzhidi employs the Hebrew script for writing (Ethnologue, s.v. “Dzhidi”). This data could not be more inaccurate. First, Jidi is a designation used by the speakers of the Jewish dialect of Isfahan (Judeo-Isfahani), and does not necessarily apply to the Jewish dialects native to other towns. Secondly, as we shall see below, the native Jewish dialects spoken in various towns are very far from constituting a homogeneous whole and therefore cannot be lumped together collectively as a single language. Thirdly, these dialects or languages, which we refer to here as Judeo-Median, are from the Northwest branch of Iranian family, genealogically distinct from Persian, a Southwest Iranian language, and also from Bukhari (and Juhuri). Finally, in contrast to Judeo-Persian, with its long written tradition, Judeo-Median has survived in spoken form only.” (Habib Borjian 2014) | Iran; | Near East | 31.8972, 54.3678; 30.2833, 57.0833 | ||||
| 10,835 | jye | Judeo-Yemeni Arabic | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 51,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Israel;Yemen; | Near East | 15.646, 43.929 | ||||
| 6,046 | lbo-juk | Juk | Suai | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; West Bahnaric | Not the same as the Western Katuic Kui language, also known as Suai in Thai. Recently located by Thai linguist Theraphan Luangthongkum. | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 15.3333, 106.85 | ||
| 662 | jua | Júma | Arara, Kagwahibm, Kagwahiph, Kagwahiv, Kavahiva, Kawahip, Kawaib, Yumá | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Tupi-Kawahib | Brazil; | South America | -7.5,-64.0 | |||
| 6,196 | qhq | Jumaytepeque Xinka | Jumay Xinka; Xinca de Jumaytepeque | Dormant () | 0 | Xincan | Xinkan languages are currently represented by only three people, all of whom are second language users [semispeakers] of the languages. (Rogers 2010:1) | Xinkan is a language family with four members: Guazacapán Xinka, Chiquimulilla Xinka, Jumaytepeque Xinka, and Yupiltepeque Xinka. Two of the four are extinct; the other two have only 3 elderly second language semi-speakers (Rogers 2010:3). Despite the very significant differences among these languages and lack of mutual intelligibility, “Xinkan” is often erroneously talked of as though it were only a single language. For example, Ethnologue (2013) gives only a single “Xinca” [xin] language, with no known L1 speakers. | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.344, -90.256 | |
| 6,630 | tju | Jurruru | Tjuroro; Tjururu; Tjororo; Tjururo; Churoro; Choororo; Chooraroo; Djururo; Djururu; Chooraro; | Dormant | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -23.103734,116.026382 | ||
| 3,152 | jur | Juruna | Jurúna; Yurúna; Iuruna; Jaruna; Yudya; Yuruna; Jurna; Yudjá; Djudjá; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Tupian; Jurunan | Brazil; | South America | -5.0,-54.5 | |||
| 603 | ktz | Ju|’hoan | Ju/’hoan; Agau; Kung-Tsumkwe; Xu; Xun; Kung; !Xo; Zhu’oasi; Dzu’oasi; Tsumkwe; Dobe Kung; Xaixai; Žhu|hõasi; Ju/’hoansi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,000 | Kx’a | Nogau; Dzu’oasi; | Ju|’hoan is generally considered to be a variety of the !Xun [knw] language. | Botswana;Namibia; | Africa | -19.591168, 20.502033 | |
| 3,793 | ahg | K’emant | Qimant; Kimanteney; Western Agaw; Falaša; Kemant; Falasha; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few hundred | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Central Cushitic | Dembiya; Kwolasa; Hwarasa; Kayla; Achpar; Qimant; Semyen; | Ethiopia;Eritrea; | Africa | 12.6666666667,37.4166666667 | ||
| 8,049 | quc | K’iche’ | Kiché; Quiché; Quiche; K’iche’, Central; Central Quiché; Chiquel; Cachabel; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 922,378 | Mayan; K’ichean | Guatemala;Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.3482,-90.7177;15.0309,-91.1485 | |||
| 4,345 | kbe | Kaanju | Kandju; Kaantyu; Gandju; Gandanju; Kamdhue; Kandyu; Kanyu; Karnu; Jabuda; Neogulada; Yaldiye-Ho; Ka:ntju; Ka:ndyu; Kantju; Karnju; Karndheu; Karntju; Karnyu; Kamdheu; Ka-ntyu; Kan·ntyu; Kambhue;Kanju; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -13.45659025,142.9043198 | |||
| 3,151 | urb | Kaapor | Urubú-Kaapor; Urubú; Kaaporté; Caapor; Ka’apor; Anambé; Guajá; Urubú; Amanajé; Manaze; Amanage; Manaxo; Manajo; Manazo; Ka’apór; Urubú-Ka’apór; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~800 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Northern Tupi-Guaranian | Brazil; | South America | -2.33333333333,-46.5 | |||
| 804 | kvf | Kabalai | Kaba-Lai; Kabalay; Kabalaye; Keb-Kaye; Gablai; Lay; Lai; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <17,885? | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Gablai; | Chad; | Africa | 9.465995, 16.274820 | ||
| 3,247 | xkp | Kabatei | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Kabate; Kalas | Iran; | Near East | 37.05,49.76 | ||||
| 5,465 | agy; sout2905 | Kabulowan | Southern Alta; Kabuluen, Kabuluwan, Kabuluwen; “Baluga”; “Kabalat”; Pugot | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400-500; 400 (Headland, 2010) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Meso-Cordilleran; Philippine Negrito | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 15.0149,121.1540; 15.3189,121.1857; 15.3010,121.1443 | |||
| 5,069 | cwa | Kabwa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | |||||
| 3,261 | xac | Kachari | Boro; Bårå; Plains Kachari; Cachari; Kachāri; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 59,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India; | South Asia | 26.5,91.0 | |||
| 1,248 | xkk | Kaco’ | Kachah’; Kacho’; Kachok; Kacoq; Kacok; Kancho; Kachah | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,365 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; North Bahnaric | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 13.934,107.4222 | |||
| 1,809 | kzd; kada1286 | Kadai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; West Central Maluku; Buru-Sula-Taliabo | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.7465,125.2606 | ||||
| 4,361 | kdu | Kadaru | Kadaro; Kadero; Kaderu; Kodoro; Kodhin; Kodhinniai; Nubian (Hill); Koldagi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Nubian | Kuldaji; Kururu; Kurtala; Dabatna; Kadaru; Kafir | Sudan; | Africa | 12.1789, 30.2398 | ||
| 3,150 | kbc | Kadiwéu | Mbaya-Guaikuru; Caduveo; Ediu-Adig; Mbayá; Guaicuru; Mbaya; Mbayá-Guaycuru; Guaicurú; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1600 | Guaicuruan | Brazil; | South America | -20.0,-57.0 | |||
| 10,089 | zkd | Kadu | Gadu; Gamaan; Kado; Kantu; Kadu-Ganaan; Kato; Kudo; Maw; Mawteik; Puteik; Asak; Sak; Thet; Kadu; Andro; Sengmai; Chakpa; Phayeng; Katu; Gado; Woni; That; ကဒူး | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kachinic | Settaw; Mawkhwin; Mawteik | This language was formerly classified as Kado (kdv), which has split into Kadu (zkd) and Kanan (zkn) since 2011 (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2011-002). Kadu (zkd) is different from Kaduo (ktp), a language of China belonging to the Southern Ngwi branch in Tibeto-Burman language family. It is also different from Katu (ktv), a Mon-Khmer language of Vietnam. | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 24.419, 95.85; 21.259722, 92.117778; 21.233333, 94.083333; 21.300000, 92.850000 | |
| 4,450 | ktp | Kaduo | Khàtù; Gazhuo; Kado; Kadu; 卡多話 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Kaduo, spoken in Yunnan 雲南 Province (China), belongs to the Southern Ngwi branch in the Tibeto-Burman language family. It is different from Kadu (zkd), a language of Myanmar belonging to the Luish branch in Tibeto-Burman language family. It is also different from Katu (ktv), a Mon-Khmer language of Vietnam. | China; | East Asia | 23.430, 101.692; 22.585, 101.862; 23.957, 101.108; 24.024, 101.988 | ||
| 9,429 | jka | Kaera | Dorit | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,500 | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Closely related to Teiwa; considered by some in fact to be a dialect of Teiwa. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.310756, 124.031491 | ||
| 3,250 | xkg | Kagoro | Kakolo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Mali; | Africa | 14.139572, -9.826523; 13.582839, -8.033166; 14.008571, -7.514827; 13.410263, -6.389412 | |||
| 10,646 | kct | Kaian | Kayan | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <792 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.07, 144.76 | |||
| 1,810 | kzb; kaib1244 | Kaibobo | Kaibubu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku; Piru Bay; Seram Straits | Kaibobo; Hatusua; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.1843,128.1829 | ||
| 1,811 | kbw, trb | Kaiep | Samap; Sumup; Terebu; Terepu; Turupu | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.6666,143.8166 | |||
| 4,475 | kzq | Kaike | Tarali Kham | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 794 | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.9642,82.9819 | |||
| 3,148 | kgp | Kaingang | Kaingan; Bugre; Coroado; Coroados; Caingang; Kaingng; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,500 | Jean; Southern Je | Southeast Kaingang; Southwest Kaingang; Central Kaingang; Paraná Kaingang; | Brazil; | South America | -26.0,-52.0 | ||
| 10,524 | kxa | Kairiru | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,507 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.33, 143.55 | ||||
| 1,812 | krd; kair1265 | Kairui-Midiki | Cairui; Midiki; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Timoric; Kawaimina | Midiki; Kairui; | East Timor; | Pacific | -8.7222,126.2878 | ||
| 5,017 | kce | Kaivi | Kaibi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,320 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 2,963 | kgk, pta | Kaiwá | Kaiwá; Caiwa; Caingua; Kaingwá; Cayua; Caiua; Kayova; Kaiowa; Kaiova; Chiripá; Nhandeva; Txiripá; Tsiripá; Ñandeva; Apytare; Kaiwá/Kayová; Kayowá; Kaiowá; Caiová; Caiguá; Pãi; Pãi-Tavyterã; | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guaranian | Kaiwá; Tembekuá; Teüi; Pai Tavytera | There is considerable confusion about different Guaranían languages and varieties, several of which are sometimes called “Ñandeva (Nhandeva) as at least one of their alternate names. It is sometimes difficult from reports to determine which are the same with varying names and which are different with the same name. For cases involving overlapping names, Rodrigues and Cabral (2012:498) have among several others in their Guaraní Branch of Tupían: Kaiwá (Kayowá, Kaiowá, Caiová, Caiguá, Pãi, Pãi-Tavyterã) Brazil, Paraguay Nhandéva (Ñandeva, Chiripá) Brazil, Paraguay Chiriguano (Ava, Simba) Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay Tapiete Bolivia (Argentina) Ethnologue has: Kaiwá [kgk] (Caingua, Caiua, Caiwa, Cayua, Kaiova, Kaiowá, Kayova) Ava Guaraní [nhd] (Apytare, Ava, Chiripá, Tsiripá, Txiripá) Pai Tavytera [pta] (Ava, Pai, Tavytera) Ñandeva [tpj] (Guasurango, Guasurangue, Ñanagua, Nandeva, Tapiete, Tirumbae, Yanaigua) Ethnologue distinguishes Kaiwá [kgk] and Pai Tavytera [pta], which here are treated as variants of the same language. | Brazil;Argentina; | South America | -23.0,-55.0 | |||
| 3,214 | 08c | Kaixana | Caixana | Dormant () | 0 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Aikhenvald (1999a:71) places also Bahwana/Chiriana and Kaixana, both extinct, with Manao in her Middle Rio Negro group of “North Amazonian Arawak.” | Brazil; | South America | |||
| 1,813 | tcq; kaiy1239 | Kaiy | Taori-Kei; Taori-Kaiy; Kai; Todi; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Lakes Plain; Tariku; Doutai-Kai-Waritai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.943,138.1777 | |||
| 3,248 | xkj | Kajali | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036, 48.2519 | |||||
| 2,220 | tbd | Kaki Ae | Tate; Raepa Tati; Tati; Lorabada; Lou; Raepa-Tati; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 510 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8.0,145.833333333 | |||
| 3,137 | cbv | Kakua | Cacua; Macu de Cubeo; Macu de Guanano; Macu de Desano; Bada; Kakwa; Bará; Báda; Kákwa; Báda; Cakua; Macú-Paraná; Wacara | Kakua-Nukak | Macú-Paraná Cacua; Vaupés Cacua; | Kakua and Nukak languages are related to each other, but not obviously to other languages. Formerly they were liked with the Nadehup (Nadahup, Makúan) languages, and all of these together sometimes joined with Puinave, called the Makú-Puinave family or Puinavean. Today, any relationship with Puinave remains undemonstrated, and evidence for linking Nedehup and Kakua-Nukak remains inconclusive (see Epps and Salanov 2013:16). | Colombia; | South America | 1.08333333333,-70.0 | |||
| 8,689 | kal | Kalaallisut | Inuit; Eskimo; Greenlandic; Greenlandic Eskimo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 53,000 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Inuit | West Greenlandic; East Greenlandic; Polar Eskimo | Greenlandic is the English name for the Inuit (Eastern Eskimo) dialects of Greenland (the Inuit term is Kalaallisut). Of the seventy-nine Inuit communities in Greenland, all but seventeen are on the west coast, including the largest, Nuuk. (Golla 2007). | There is a significant dialect difference between the west coast settlements and those on the east coast, leading to a distinction between West Greenlandic and East Greenlandic. The five Thule communities in the far northwest of the island constitute a third dialect cluster, sometimes called Polar Eskimo. This dialect is closer to the speech of Baffin Island than to West or East Greenlandic, and is usually considered to be a variety of Eastern Canadian Inuktitut that has been influenced by standard Greenlandic. (Golla 2007) | Denmark;caledonia; | Europe;North America | 64.175,-51.738889; |
| 7,936 | ijn | Kalabari | Ịjọ; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 258,000 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Eastern Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 1,891 | kgv; kara1499 | Kalamang | Karas Laut (Seaside Karas); Kalamang-mang | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 134 | Trans-New Guinea; West Bomberai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.2940,132.4153 | |||
| 1,593 | gwc | Kalami | Baškarīk; Gāwrī; Gārwī; Dīrī; Bashkarik; Garwi; Gawri; Gowri; Garwa; Gaawro; Kalami Kohistani; Kohistani; Kohistana; Bashgharik; Dir Kohistani; Diri; Dirwali; Dardu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Dashwa; Thal; Lamuti; Ushu; Kalam; Rajkoti | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.2893,72.6168 | ||
| 4,826 | knz | Kalamsé | Kalemsé; Kalenga; Sàmòmá; Sàmó; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Kasoma; Logremma; | Mali;Burkina Faso; | Africa | 13.6024,-3.109989 | |||
| 1,814 | kly; kala1394 | Kalao | Kalaotoa; Lambego | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Kaili-Wolio; Wotu-Wolio | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -7.3134,121.0034 | |||
| 4,409 | kls; kala1372 | Kalasha | Kalasa; Kalashamon; Kalash; Dardu | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000-5,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone. Dardic | Northern Kalasha spoken in the valleys of Birir, Bumburet, and Rumbur; Southern Kalasha spoken in the valleys of Jinjiret and Urtsun | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.701005, 71.694859 | ||
| 4,736 | mwp | Kalaw Kawaw Ya | Kala Yagaw Ya; Yagar Yagar; Mabuiag; Kala Lagau Langgus; Langus; West Torres | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | approximately 900 | Pama-Nyungan | Kalaw Kawaw Ya (Saibai dialect: kala1378); Mabuyag; Kulkalgau Ya; Kawrareg | Australia; | Australia | -9.2348, 142.4155 | ||
| 4,148 | fla, spo | Kalispel-Spokane-Pend d’Oreille-Salish | Nqlispélišcn; Kalispel; Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille; Kalispel-Pend D’oreille; Kalispel-Flathead; “Flathead”-Kalispel; Salish; Montana Salish-Kalispel-Spokane; Flathead-Kalispel-Spokane; Flathead-Pend d’Oreille-Spokane; Montana Salish-Pend d’Oreille-Spokane; Séliš; Spokane-Kalispel-Flathead; Qalispé; Flathead-Kalispel-Spokane; Spokan; Montana Salish-Kalispel-Spokane; Flathead-Pend d’Oreille-Spokane; Montana Salish-Pend d’Oreille-Spokane; Spokane-Kalispel-Flathead; Npoqínišcn; Spokane; Flathead; Selish | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70 | Salishan; Interior Salish | Kalispel; Pend d’Oreille; Spokane; Montana Salish | Varieties of this language are spoken by four groups: Spokane, Kalispel, Salish (or Bitterroot Salish, from their original homeland south of Missoula, Montana), and Pend d’Oreilles. The Salish and the Pend d’Oreilles share the Flathead Reservation in Montana with each other and with the Kutenais. | Because four separate groups are represented, entering their language under a single name is problematic. However, the varieties used by each tribe are mutually intelligible with few dialectal differences, so their languages are represented with one entry here. Ethnologue has 2 languages here, Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille [fla] and Spokane [spo]. | USA; | North America | 47.5944,-114.1182 |
| 6,632 | ktg, wwb | Kalkatungu | Calcadoon; Galgadung; Galgadungu; Galgaduun; Kalka-donna; Kalkadoon; Kalkadun; Kalkadung; Kalkadunga; Kalkaladoona; Kalkatongo; Kalkatunga; Kulkadoon; Kulkodone; Maithakari; Mantaba; Roongkari; Rungkari; Kalkutung; Wakabunga; Waggaboonyah; Waggabundi; Wakobungo; Waukaboonia; Worgabunga; Workabunga; Workoboongo | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Kalkatungic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Wakabunga (ISO 639-3: wwb) is apparently another name for Kalkatungu (ktb), mistakenly identified as a new language. | Australia; | Australia | -20.8213821, 139.0590511 | |
| 2,906 | caw | Kallawaya | Callahuaya; Callawaya; Machaj-Juyai, Pohena | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Mixed Language | Bolivia; | South America | -15.1357,-69.1699 | ||||
| 3,260 | xal | Kalmyk-Oirat | Kalmyk; West Mongolian; Xal‘mg keln; Kalmuk; Kalmuck; Kalmack; Qalmaq; kalmytskii jazyk; Khal:mag; Oirat; Volga Oirat; European Oirat; Western Mongolian; Weilate; Xinjiang Mongolian; Western Mongol; Oiratisch; Kalmückisch; Western Mongul; Xal’maq; Calmucki; Хальмг келн; калмыцкий язык | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 323,857 | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Western Common Mongolic | Sart Qalmaq; Buzawa; Oirat; Torgut; Dörböt | Note that Spoken Oirat and Written Oirat (aka Clear script /Todo Bichig, which is based on Mongolic scripts and was designed by a Buddhist monk in 1648) are different. And “Kalmyk and Xinjiang Oirat are mutually intelligible to a great extent.” (Elena Indjieva 2009:6) | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 46.566667, 45.316667;41,85 | |
| 10,598 | ywa | Kalou | Yawa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 820 | Sepik; Tama | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.93985,142.217 | |||
| 9,489 | woi | Kamang | Woisika; Waisika; Kamana-Kamang | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Western Kamang; Lowland Kamang; Upland Kamang | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.258181, 124.894568 | ||
| 3,309 | jmr | Kamara | Mara; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ghana; | Africa | 9.0858,-2.2576 | |||
| 1,815 | kzx; kama1362 | Kamarian | Kamariang; Seruawan; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku; East Piru Bay; Seram Straits | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.4366,128.5345 | |||
| 10,474 | xas | Kamas | Kamassian; камасинский язык; калмажи шəкə; ʒaǯ̕ kall; kamassin kieli; Kamasse; | Dormant () | 0 | Uralic; Samoyedic | Koibal | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 57.9964, 92.8784 | ||
| 2,221 | klp | Kamasa | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Trans-New Guinea; Angan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.95,146.2 | ||||
| 10,571 | kms | Kamasau | Komasau; Komassau; Sagi; Wand Tuan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Ghini; Hagi; Segi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.85, 143.84 | ||
| 3,122 | kay | Kamayurá | Kamaiurá; Camaiura; Kamayirá; Kamayura; Kamayur; Camaiurá; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian | Brazil; | South America | -12.0833333333,-52.5833333333 | |||
| 4,472 | kyy | Kambaira | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Trans-New Guinea; Kainantu-Goroka | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.27, 146.08 | ||||
| 5,998 | tey-kam | Kamda | Kamdang; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Kadu | Sudan; | Africa | 11.391187, 29.119034 | |||
| 4,414 | kmi | Kami (Nigeria) | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.044462, 6.570498 | ||||
| 4,357 | kcu | Kami (Tanzania) | Kikami; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,518 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Kami is an endangered, under-described Eastern Bantu language, classified as G36 in the referential classification of Guthrie (1971) | Tanzania; | Africa | -6.729292, 37.922087 | ||
| 3,239 | xmu | Kamu | Gamor; Kamor; Ngangigamor; Malak Malak; Gamu; Ngangigmor; Gamy; Kamorrkir; Komorrkir; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Eastern Daly | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -13.874192,131.143664 | ||
| 10,744 | xla | Kamula | Wawoi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.29, 142.64 | |||
| 3,236 | xnb | Kanakanavu | Kanabu; Kanakanabu; Sprache von Formosa; 卡那卡那富語 | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Austronesian; Tsouic | The Tsouic language has traditionally been divided into the northern branch (Tsou) and the southern branch (Kanakanabu and Saaroa). As for the group identity, the Kanakanabu people, together with the Saaroa people, had long been classified as part of the Tsou nationality in Taiwan. However, the Kanakanabu and the Saaroa have been officially recognized as two independent ethnic groups in June 26, 2014. | Taiwan; | East Asia | 23.283,120.746;23.245,120.723 | ||
| 10,149 | zkn | Kanan | Gadu; Gamaan; Kado; Kantu; Kadu-Ganaan; Kato; Kudo; Maw; Mawteik; Puteik; Asak; Sak; Thet; Gado; Andro; Sengmai; That; Woni; Kadu-Ganaan; ကနန်း | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~9,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kachinic | Banmauk; Indaw; Pinlebu | This languages used to be part of Kado (kdv), which has split into Kadu (zkd) and Kanan (zkn) since 2011 (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2011-002). | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | ||
| 3,235 | xns | Kanashi | Kanasi; Kanāshī; Kanaśi; Mālāni | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,400 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India; | South Asia | 32.0833333333,77.25 | |||
| 2,222 | kqw | Kandas | King; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.4121,152.7868 | |||
| 527 | kbs | Kande | Kanda; Okande; Okandé; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | -.1318,11.8103 | |||
| 4,354 | kcp | Kanga | Krongo Abdalla; Kufa-Lima; Chiroro-Kursi; Abu Sinun; Kufo; Kufa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~8,000 | Kadu | Krongo Abdalla; Kufa-Lima; Kanga; Chiroro-Kursi; Abu Sinun; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.844,29.4708 | ||
| 10,654 | igm | Kanggape | Igom | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 930 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Ataitan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.42, 144.82 | |||
| 1,210 | kxs | Kangjia | Kangyang Hui; 康家語 | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 377 | Mongolic; Shirongolic; Southern Shirongolic | China; | East Asia | 35.959, 101.978 | |||
| 2,223 | knr | Kaningra | Kaningara | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 327 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Eastern Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.5784, 143.3612 | |||
| 3,366 | wat | Kaninuwa | Kaokao; Wataluma; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 360 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.23, 150.25 | |||
| 6,688 | 1j2 | Kaniyang | Nyunga; Kaniyan; Kaneang; aneang; Kunjung; Kunyung; Ka:lbar-anggara; Jabururu; Yobberore; Uduc-Harvey tribe; Kaleap; Qualeup; Qua-lup; Quailup; Waal.g; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Nyungic | Australia; | Australia | -33.495598,116.354485 | ||||
| 4,258 | kxn | Kanowit-Tanjong | Kanowit; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Melanau-Kajang | Kanowit; Tanjong; | Note: Tanjong/Tanjung may in fact be considered a language separate from Kanowit, but further research is needed. | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 2.087396, 112.165452 | |
| 4,621 | xkt | Kantosi | Kantonsi; Yare; Yarsi; Dagaare-Dioula; Dagaari Dioula; Yari; Dagaari-Jula; Dagaari-Yula | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,300 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ghana; | Africa | 10.97, -1.93 | |||
| 4,604 | khx | Kanu | Likanu; Kaanu; Kano; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | ||||
| 4,444 | ksk | Kanza | Kansa; Kansas; Kaw; Konze; Kanze; | Awakening () | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dhegihan | Dissolved in 1902, the Kaw Nation was reconstituted in 1959 with a headquarters at Kaw City, Oklahoma, and now has a membership of about 1,700. There have been no fluent speakers of the language since the early 1980s, but about a dozen people claim some knowledge of it. | USA; | North America | 36.7657,-96.8652 | |||
| 1,889 | kax; kaoo1238 | Kao | Kau; Ka’u; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | West Papuan; North Halmahera; Kao River; Paguic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 1.1479,127.8204 | |||
| 10,522 | ykm | Kap | Ali; Yakamul | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,079 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Ali; Yakamul; Yigel | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.13, 142.47 | ||
| 4,432 | kpg | Kapingamarangi | Kirinit; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Micronesia; | Pacific | 1.05,154.75 | |||
| 3,113 | kxo | Kapixaná | Capixana; Kanoé; Kapishaná; Kapixaná/Kanoé; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | -10.790,-65.332 | |||
| 668 | ake, pbc | Kapong | Kapon; Ka’pong; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <11,550 | Cariban; Venezuelan | Akawayo; Ingarikó; Patamuna; Purukotó; | In the principal sources there are considerable differences concerning which entities are considered separate languages and which are dialects, and especially about to which language different varieties should be assigned. Gildea (2012) has Kapong as single language to which Akawayo, Patamona, and Ingarikó belong. Gildea (personal communication, Nov. 2014) clarifies this: “Patamuna, Arekuna, Akawaio, and Makushi are very similar, and all of them may be mutually intelligible with just a bit of exposure (like Spanish and Portuguese). I found nothing to suggest rethinking Migliazza’s (18985) explanation of the “dialect area” (repeated in Gildea 1998, 2012). My subjective impressions (in the absence of detailed comparisons of wordlists) is that Patamuna and Akawaio have phonological differences, but Desrey Fox (native speaker of Akawaio) said they are the “same” language, Ka’pong (sky people), and I had no reason to doubt her; she also said that Patamuna (Guyana) and Ingarikó (Brazil) are pretty much identical, just spoken on different sides of the border. Makushi is clearly a different language.” | Brazil;Venezuela;Guyana; | South America | 6.0,-59.5 | |
| 1,890 | khp | Kapori | Kapauri | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Isolate | Some question this language’s classification. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.4,139.7 | ||
| 10,617 | dju | Kapriman | Sare; Mugumute; Wasare | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,339 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.51, 143.24 | |||
| 4,406 | klo | Kapya | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.050127, 9.866482 | ||||
| 8,089 | cak, ckk, cke, ckc, cki, ckj, ckd, ckf, ckw, cbm | Kaqchikel | Kakchiquel; Kaqchikel, Central; Cakchiquel; Kaqchiquel; Kachiquel; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 475,889 | Mayan; K’ichean | Akatenango Southwestern Kaqchikel; Central Kaqchikel; Eastern Kaqchikel; Northern Kaqchikel; Santa María de Jesús; Santo Domingo Xenacoj; South Central Kaqchikel; Southern Kaqchikel; Western Kaqchikel; Yepocapa Southwestern Kaqchikel. | Ethnologue (2009) separated Kaqchikel into 10 different entries, which are dialects of a single Kaqchikel language. | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.47, -90.99 | |
| 7,949 | kah | Kara | Fer; Dam Fer; Fertit; Kara (in Central African Republic); | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,800 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Central African Republic; | Africa | ||||
| 2,366 | kdr | Karaim | Karaite; Karaïm; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Turkic; Kipchak | Trakay; Galits; Eastern Karaim; Northwestern Karaim; | The Karaim language belongs to the Kipchak-Polovtsy group of Turkic languages. The closest related languages are Kumyk, Karachay-Balkar and Crimean Tatar. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Ukraine;Lithuania; | Europe | 54.6666666667,24.9166666667 | |
| 1,654 | kpj | Karajá | Karajá-Xambioá; Karaho; Caraja; Karaja; Xambioá; Chamboa; Ynã; Karaja-Shambioá; Javaé; Karajá language area | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3060 | Isolate; South America | Javaé; Xambioá; Southern Karajá; Northern Karajá | Although Javaé is the most divergent dialect, it’s still mutually intelligible with the other three dialects (Southern Karajá, Northern Karajá, and Xambioá). The Javaé tend to be treated differently by speakers of the other dialects (who call them “Ixÿju”, a term generally reserved for non-Karajá speaking tribes), but that seems to be due mostly to historical, rather than linguistic differences. The main linguistic difference is that the distinctions between male and female speech, very ubiquitous in the other dialects, are much less so in Javaé. (Eduardo Ribeiro 2016, p.c.) | Ethnologue, Rodrigues (1999:167), and Ribeiro (2006) all list Karajá as a single language. On the contrary, Campbell (2012:94) distinguishes Karajá and Javaé (Javaje, Javae) as separate languages, and Crevels (2012) distinguishes 3 languages: Javaé (Karajá), Karajá (Carajá, Iny), and Xambioá (Karajá do Norte, Ixybiowa, Iraru Mahãdu). Typically included in the Macro-Je hypothesis. | Brazil; | South America | -9.983486,-50.284753 |
| 4,191 | gbd | Karajarri | Karrajarri; Garadjiri; Garadyari; Guradjara; Gard’are; Karatjarri; Karadjari; Garadjeri; Karadhari; Garadjara; Laradjeri; Naudu; Nadja; Nadjanadja; Kularupulu; Nawudu; Nawurungainj; Minala;Karadjeri; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Pama-Nyungan; Marrngu | Nawurtu; Nangu; Najanaja; | Australia; | Australia | -18.71361155,122.0338064 | ||
| 4,476 | kzr | Karang | Kareng; Mbum; Mbum-East; Laka; Lakka; Eastern Mbum; Lakka Mbum; Mbum Bakal; Nzák Kàráng; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Karang; Sakpu; Ngomi; Mbere; | Cameroon;Chad; | Africa | 8.223723, 14.935707 | ||
| 2,311 | kth | Karanga | Kurunga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Maban | Karanga; Kashmere; Bakha; Koniéré; | Chad; | Africa | 8.3093,15.3588 | ||
| 2,367 | kpt | Karata | Karatai; каратинский язык; კარატაული ენა; Karatin; КIкIирлIи мацIцIи; Kirdi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | Anchix; Tokita; | Karata belongs to the Andi subgroup of the northwest Dagestan languages (the Avar-Ando-Dido languages) in the Caucasian language family. Two dialects (Karata, Tokita) and four subdialects (Anchikh, Archi, Ratsitl and Rachabalda) are distinguishable. The Karata and Tokita dialects differ both in regard to phonetics and morphology, but they are mutually comprehensible. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.5833333333,46.3333333333 | |
| 3,231 | xrw | Karawa | Bulawa | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 44 | Sepik; Ram | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.09628868,147.8647003 | |||
| 10,630 | tzx | Karawari | Tabriak | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,300 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Lower Sepik | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.49, 143.59 | |||
| 5,640 | mjw | Karbi | Mikir; Arleng; Manchati; Karbi Karbak; Arleng Alam; Nihang; Puta; Naga-Mikir | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >150,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Karbic | Chingthang; Mirlong; Rong Kethang | Thriving in some areas, endangered in others. | India; | South Asia | ||
| 2,368 | krl | Karelian | karjala; карельский язык; Karelian proper; Karelisch; carélien; karely; Sobstvenno-Karel’skij-Jazyk; Karely; Karelian Proper; Karel’skiy Jazyk; Severno-Karel’skij; karel΄skij jazyk; karjalan kieli; venäjänkarjalaisten kieli; Russisch-Karelisch; Olonetzisch-Lüdisch; Gárjilgiella | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 63,000 | Uralic; Finnic | Southern Karelian; Northern Karelian; Novgorod; Tver; Olonets Karelian; | Karelian belongs to the North group of the Baltic-Finnic language, with the closest related language being Finnish. Some scholars do not regard Karelian as a separate language at all, but classify it as an eastern dialect of the Finnish language. However, it should be considered a separate language because of its geo-political location within the boundaries of another state. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia;Finland; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 64.0,32.0 | |
| 586 | kbj | Kari | Kare; Li-Kari-Li; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 4.8392,25.5432 | |||
| 2,114 | car | Kari’nja | Kari’nya; Carib; Galibí; Galibi; Kalinya; Cariña; Caribe; Karínya; Kali’na; Kalihna; Maraworno; Marworno; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~8,600 | Cariban; Guianan | Murato (Myrato, Western Carib), Tabajari. (Eastern dialect primarily in eastern Suriname and in French Guiana and Brazil; western dialect in central and western areas of Suriname and in Guyana and Venezuela.) | Gildea (2012:80) lists Kari’nja among the Cariban languages not yet classified within possible subgroups. Kaufman (2007) places it in his Guianan Branch. | Brazil;Venezuela;Guyana;Suriname;French Guiana; | South America | 5.5,-56.0 | |
| 2,120 | bql; bila1257 | Karian | Karen; Bilakura; Banks-Inseln | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few dozen speakers or less | Trans-New Guinea; Madang; Northern Adelbert; Numugenan; Karian-Usan-Yaben | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.93,145.56 | |||
| 4,380 | kgn | Karingani | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,600 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036,48.2519 | ||||
| 3,107 | kuq | Karipuna | Karipúna do Guaporé; Caripuna; Jau-Navo; Juanauo; Karipuná de Rondônia; Kagwahiva; Karipuna; Karipuna do Guapore; Parintintín/Tenharim/Juma; Kawahib/Paranawat/Pawaté-Wirafed; Tukumanfed; Diahoi [Jiahui; Djahui; Diarroi]; Ah’e; Kagwahiva; Kari; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Kawahib | Jacaria, Pama (Pamana) | Brazil; | South America | -10.0,-65.0 | ||
| 3,106 | ktn | Karitiana | Karitiâna; Caritiana; Karitiána; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 320 | Tupian; Arikem | Brazil; | South America | -9.5,-64.0 | |||
| 5,018 | kil | Kariya | Kariyu; Kauyawa; Lipkawa; Vinahe; Wihe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.908788, 9.774494 | |||
| 5,558 | vka | Kariyarra | Kariera; Karriara; Kariyara; Gariera; Kyreara; Kaierra; Minjiburu:; Minjubururu; Minjirbururu; Kudjunguru; Paljarri; Kariera-Ngaluma; Karriarra; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Australia; | Australia | -21.09237034,117.6641089 | |||
| 10,680 | yuj | Karkar-Yuri | Karkar; Yuri | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >1,000 | Pauwasi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
| 5,641 | adi-kar | Karko (India) | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | |||||
| 1,857 | kko | Karko (Sudan) | Garko; Kithonirishe; Nubian (Hill); Ajang; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8,000 | Nubian | Tabaq | Karko and Wali [wll] speakers often identify themselves as speaking the same language, called Ajang… the term ‘Ajang’ is used among several Nuba Mountain languages of the Nubian group to refer to their common identity. (Krell 2012) | Sudan; | Africa | 11.931389,29.442778 | |
| 1,368 | arr | Karo (Brazil) | Arara, Urukú, Káro | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Tupian; Ramaraman | Brazil; | South America | -10.3333333333,-62.0 | |||
| 4,462 | kxh | Karo (Ethiopia) | Kerre; Cherre; Kere; Hamar-Koke; Amar; “etc.”; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; South Omotic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.2003,36.0681 | |||
| 2,224 | xkx | Karore | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 550 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.1542,149.8205 | ||||
| 6,689 | 1j3 | Kartujarra | Kartutjara; Kardutjara; Kadaddjara; Kardutjarra; Kiadjara; Gardudjara; Gagudjara; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -23.27912297,121.7321284 | |||
| 2,297 | kyh | Karuk | Karok; Karuk; Quoratem; Charoc; Quoratean; | Isolate; North American | USA; | North America | 41.7929,-123.3763 | |||||
| 4,159 | ccj | Kasanga | Cassanga; Kassanga; I-Hadja; Haal; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 12.2702,-16.1553 | |||
| 1,534 | kju | Kashaya | Southwestern Pomo; Southwest Pomo; Kashayn; Kashia; | Pomoan | USA; | North America | 38.6603,-123.3045 | |||||
| 3,454 | csb | Kashubian | Cassubian; Kaszubski; Cashubian; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 | Indo-European; Balto-Slavic; Slavic; West Slavic | Kashubian Proper; Slovincian; | Poland; | Europe | 54.356076, 17.893982 | ||
| 5,885 | 1l3 | Kasong | Song; Chong of Trat | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40 | Austro-Asiatic; Pearic; Central Chong | Distinct language often confused with Chong (cog). Some consider it a dialect of Suoy. Also Song (1l3) of Mon-Khmer is different from Song (soa) of Tai-Kadai though both of them are spoken in Thailand. | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 13.228214,99.852433 | ||
| 2,032 | bqy | Kata Kolok | Benkala Sign Language; Bengkala Sign Language; Balinese Sign Language | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~175 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
| 3,103 | xat | Katawixi | Catauisi; Catauichí; Catawixi; Catauixi; Catawishi; Catauichi; Hewadie; Katawishi; Katawishí; Katawishi; Quatausi | Dormant () | 0? | Harakmbut-Katukinan; Katukinan | Brazil; | South America | -8.8416,-66.0937 | |||
| 5,193 | ykt | Kathu | Gasu | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 24.136,105.249 | |||
| 3,979 | bsh | Kati | Bashgali; Kativiri; Nuristani; Bašgalī | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,700-5,100 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Nuristani | Western Kativiri; Mumviri; Eastern Kativiri | Afghanistan;Pakistan; | South Asia;Near East | 35.420967, 71.292564 | ||
| 4,355 | kcr | Katla | Akalak; Kalak; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,200 | Niger-Congo; Katla-Tima | Kiddu; Kirkpong; Karoka; Kateik; Bombori; Julud; Koldrong; | Sudan; | Africa | 11.8333333333,29.3333333333 | ||
| 4,005 | kav | Katukina | Catuquina; Pidádiapá; Catuquino; Katukína; Katukina do Jutaí | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 550 | Harakmbut-Katukinan; Katukinan | Cutiadapa (Kutia-Dyapa) | The number of distinct languages within Katukinan is not certain, and Katukina and Kanamarí may not be distinct languages. Campbell (2012:91) has Dyapá (dialects or languages) (also known as Southern Katukinan, Tshom-Djapá [Txunhuã-Djapá], Canamarí, Kanamarí) (perhaps the same as Tucundiapa (Tucano Dyapa, Hondiapa/Hon-Dyapá)]). Aikhenvald and Dixon (1999: 343) have for Katukinan: Kanamarí, Katukina do Biá, Txunhuã-Djapá, and Katawixí. Adelaar (2007: 180) has two languages, Katawixi and Katukina Lato, which has three varieties: Kanamarí, Katukina do Biá, and Tyohon Dyapa. | Brazil; | South America | -5.6159,-68.7304 | |
| 3,102 | knt | Katukina do Acre | Katukina; Katukína, Panoan; Catuquina; Kamanawa; Kamannaua; Katukina do Juruá; Wanninawa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 318 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Brazil; | South America | -6.4899, -69.2578 | |||
| 3,099 | kbb | Katxúyana | Kashuyana-Warikyana; Kaxuiana; Kaxuiâna; Kashuyana; Kashujana; Kachuana; Kaxuyâna; Kahyana; Kaxúyana; Katxúyana; Warikiana; Warikyana; Werikyana; Ingarïnyana; Ingarüna; Xikuyana; Txikuyana; Xikïyana; Txikïyana; Pauxi; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <150 | Cariban; Parukotoan | Pawiyana; Pawixi; Pauxi; Shikuyana; Warikyana; | “One dialect … is spoken by people under 50 in multiple villages of the Parque do Tumucumaque, plus in at least two villages in their traditional homelands along an easterly tributary of the Trombetas named the Rio Cachorro (in Katxuyana, the /Katxuru/ River, hence the name Katxuu-yana ‘people of the Katxuru’). The other is spoken by the elders (over 50) in these same villages, and by speakers of all ages in the two villages along the Nhamundá River … self-identified speakers of Xikuyana and Katxuyana have both told me that there are differences between them: some members of the subordinate group, the Xikuyana, insist that their language is not mutually intelligible with Katxuyana, whereas the dominant group, the Katxuyana, describe Xikuyana was “the same Katxuyana, just pronounced a little more smoothly”. In my own work with both groups, I was unable to identify any differences at all between the two, so although each labels a clear social construct, I do not consider them to be major dialects.” (Spike Gildea, personal communication, October, 2014.) | Brazil; | South America | 2.043,-55.4589 | |
| 10,745 | bpp | Kaure | Kaureh, Kaurne | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Kaure | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.347215, 139.812557 | |||
| 5,871 | Kaurna | Kaura; Coorna; Koornawarra; Nganawara; Kurumidlanta; Milipitingara; Widninga; Winnaynie; Meyu; Winaini; Winnay-nie; Wakanuwan; Adelaide tribe; Warra; Warrah; Karnuwarra; Jaitjawar:a; Padnaindi; Padnayndie; Medaindi; Medain-die; Merildekald; Merelde; Gaurna; Nantuwara; Nantuwaru; Meljurna; Midlanta; | Awakening () | >50 | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Australia; | Australia | -34.34966141,138.4800794 | ||||
| 4,176 | ckv | Kavalan | Kuwarawan; Kiwarawa; Kuvarawan; Kibalan; Kiwaraw; Kuvalan; Kavarauan; Kvalan; Shekwan; Cabaran; Kabalan; Kabaran; Kamalan; Kavanan; Kbalan; Sprache von Formosa; 噶瑪蘭語 | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ? | Austronesian; East Formosan; Northern East Formosan | Kareovan | Taiwan; | East Asia | 23.978097,121.605898 | ||
| 2,225 | kcb | Kawacha | Kawatsa; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Trans-New Guinea; Angan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.96, 146.21 | |||
| 2,295 | xaw | Kawaiisu | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Numic | USA; | North America | 35.0589,-118.4026 | ||||
| 3,149 | kyz | Kawaiwete | Kayabí; Kajabí; Caiabi; Parua; Maquiri; Caiabí; Paruá; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Tupi-Kawahib | Brazil; | South America | -11.0,-55.5 | ||||
| 3,101 | alc; qawa1238 | Kawésqar | Kawesqar; Kaweskar; Qawasqar; Kawashkar; Qawashqar; Halakwalup; Pecheré; Southern Alacaluf; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | About 10 | Kawesqaran (Alacalufan) | Kawésqar; Tawóqser; Alakaluf | Chile; | South America | -49.0731, -74.2438 | ||
| 3,100 | ktx | Kaxararí | Cacharari; Kashararí; Kaxariri; Kaxarari; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Brazil; | South America | -9.5682,-66.1596 | |||
| 1,132 | gyd | Kayardild | Gayardild; Bentinck Islanders; Gaiardilt; Gajadild; Gajardild; Gajardilt; Gaja dilt; Gayadilt; Gayardilt; Gaya dilt; Kaiadil; Kaiadilt; Madunun; Maldanunda; Malununda; Malununde; Mardunung; Marlanunda; Gajadilt; Southern Tangkic; Yangkaal-Kayardild; South Wellesley; Guyadilt; Ngarrkuwa Kangk; Rarumbanda Kangk; Bandingkawanda Kangk; Bentinck Language; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Tangkic | Australia; | Australia | -17.08808051,139.4873823 | |||
| 1,892 | kzl; kaye1241 | Kayeli | Kajeli; Cajeli; Caeli; Gaeli; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Seram; Nunusaku | Lumaete (Lumaiti, Lumara, Mumaite); Kayeli; Leliali (Liliali); | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.39,127.1008 | ||
| 10,553 | wnp | Kayik | Wanap; Menandon; Minendon | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 769 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
| 4,189 | gbb | Kaytetye | Kaiditj; Kaititj; Gaididj; Kaititja; Kaitije; Katitja; Katitcha; Katitya; Kaitish; Kaddakie; Kadda-kie; Kaitidji; Kaitiji; Kaititje; Katitch-a; Kat-titch-a; Kat-tit-ya; Kaytej; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Australia; | Australia | -20.61525316,134.235744 | |||
| 1,894 | kzu | Kayupulau | Kajupulau; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 573 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.5464,140.725 | |||
| 7,252 | 1hl | Kazhuo | 卡卓語 | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,341 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | They are descendants of a Mongol army which probably settled about 700 years ago and married local Nisu women. There are no identfiable vestiges of Mongol in their speech. | China; | East Asia | |||
| 4,386 | khh | Kehu | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.19, 136.14 | ||||
| 4,363 | kec | Keiga | Yega; Keiga-Timero; Keiga-Al-Kheil; Demik; Aigang; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,070 | Kadu | Demik; Keiga; | Sudan; | Africa | 11.3184,29.696 | ||
| 1,895 | kdy; kede1239 | Keijar | Keder | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Tor-Kwerba; Orya-Tor; Coastal Tor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.043,139.0979 | |||
| 3,257 | xel | Kelo | Tornasi; Kelo-Beni Sheko; Ndu-Faa-Keelo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Eastern Jebel | Beni Sheko; Kelo; | South Sudan; | Africa | 9.4463,34.0219 | ||
| 2,086 | kyo | Kelon | Kelong; Kalong; Klon | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Probur; Panggar; Halerman; Gendok; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.400314,124.420714 | ||
| 381 | kem | Kemak | Ema; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 72,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Kemak; Nogo; | Indonesia;East Timor; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -8.933758,125.175292 | ||
| 1,897 | xkwkemb1250 | Kembra | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 | Lepki-Murkim-Kembra | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.908,140.3942 | ||||
| 573 | klf | Kendeje | Yaali; Kindeje | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Maban | Yaali; Faranga; | Chad; | Africa | 13.6299,21.5771 | ||
| 551 | kvm | Kendem | Bokwa-Kendem; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 5.7061,9.6377 | |||
| 10,775 | Kene | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.495850,166.754963; | |||||
| 4,463 | kxi | Keningau Murut | Central Murut | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Ambual; Dusun Murut; Nabay | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.366803,116.201303 | ||
| 1,260 | kns | Kensiu | Mos; Mengo; Tiong; Mawas; Belubn; Kenseu; Kensieu; Kensiw; Moniq; Monik; Mendi; Ngok Pa; Orang Bukit; Orang Liar; Kense; Sakai; Maniq; Moni; Menik; Meni; Jarum; Semang Proper (of Ulu Krian); Semang; Semang-Dialekte | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Maniq | Kensiu Batu; Ulu Selama; Kedah; Kentaq Nakil; Kensiu Siong; Jeher; Plus; Ijoh; Jarum | Thailand;Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 7.1712,99.7915 | ||
| 7,871 | xnz | Kenuzi | Kenuz; Kunuzi; Kenzi; Nubian (Kunuz); Kenzy; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 | Nubian | Libya;Egypt; | Africa | 24.153025, 32.880436; 24.488818, 32.944988; 24.827344, 28.684071 | |||
| 9,569 | kuk | Kepo’ | Kepoq; Kepo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; West Flores | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
| 4,179 | clk; idum1241 | Kera’a | Idu-Mishmi; Idu; Midu; Lho-Pa; “Chulikata”; “Chulikotta”; Ida; Midhi; Yidu Luoba; Chulikatta; Idu Mishmi; Chulikātā Mishmi; Neda; Methun; Bebejiya; 義都語; 珞巴 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Trans-Himalayan/Tibeto-Burman; Digarish; Kera’a-Tawrã | Kera’a (Midu & Mithu); Tawrã (Digaru Mishmi) | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 28.5501,96.0957 | ||
| 2,429 | krk | Kerek | керекский язык | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Chukotko-Kamchatkan; Chukotkan | Khatyrka; Mainypilgino; | Kerek used to be classified as a dialect of Chukchee, but it has idiosyncratic features suggesting, on the one hand, a non-Chukchee-Koryak (probably Eskimo-Aleut) substrate, and, on the other hand, transitionality towards Koryak; the superficial similarity of Kerek with Chukchee can also be due to secondary Chukchee areal influence on Kerek. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 62.25,175.0 | |
| 10,724 | Kesha’i | Keša’i; Keši | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian; Central Plateau | “The speakers of Keša’i call their vernacular ozmun dahâhi ‘village language’, an endonym shared by some kindred dialects.” | Iran; | Near East | 33.23, 51.47 | |||
| 2,430 | ket | Ket | Imbak; кетский язык; Yenisei Ostyak; Yenisey Ostiak; Imbatski-Ket; Остыганна ӄа’; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Yeniseian; Northern Yeniseian | “The Ket language belongs to the Ket Assan (Yenisey) group of the Paleo-Asiatic languages. Kott (Kot), Arin, Assan (Asan) also belong to this group but these people have been assimilated by either the Khakass, Evenks or Russians. The Kets are the only living people of the western Paleo-Asiatic group. The generic origin of the language is not clear, but it is assumed that it is related to the Sino-Tibetan or North-Caucasian languages. ” – The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 64.0,87.0 | ||
| 4,451 | ktt | Ketum | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Trans-New Guinea; Awyu | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.35, 140.60 | ||||
| 1,887 | xkv | Kgalagadi | Khalagari; Khalakadi; Kxhalaxadi; Qhalaxarzi; Shekgalagadi; Sekgalagadi; Kgalagari; Qhalaxadi; Kalahari; Qalaqarzi; Kxalaxari; Kxhxlaxadi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Koma; Kgalagadi; Phaleng; Kenyi; Rhiti; Siwane; Khakhae; Balaongwe; Ngologa; Shaga; Pedi; | Botswana;Namibia; | Africa | |||
| 2,434 | kjh | Khakas | Khakhas; Abakan Tatar; хакасский язык; Хакас тілі; Xakas tįlį; тадар тілі; Hakasça; Hakas Türkçesi; Yenisei Tatar; Sagaijer; South Siberian Turkic; Abaqan; Khakhass; Xakas; Kamacintzi; ハカス語; 하카스어; 哈卡斯语; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Yenisei Turki | Sagai; Kamassian; Shor; Beltir; Kacha; Kyzyl | “The Khakass language belongs to the Uighur-Oguz group in the eastern Hun branch of the Turkic languages. It has its genetic origin in the ancient Uighur language unity. The Khakass language is an aggregation of different tribal languages, and it has achieved its present form only during the 20th century. More colourful dialectal peculiarities have been levelled by the unified language. Former tribal languages constitute the dialects of the Khakass language. The internal Sagai dialect is spoken in the regions of Askyz and Tashtyp (the Beltyr subdialect forming a special group), the Katshin dialect in the regions of Ust-Abakan, Altai and Shirin, the Kyzyl dialect in the Saralin and Shirin regions, the Shor dialect (NB! not the language) in the Tashtyp region. The Sagai and the Kachin dialects have the greatest number of speakers and are the most widespread. ” – The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 53.0,90.0 | |
| 4,396 | klj | Khalaj | Turkic Khalaj, Chaladsch, Arghu | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Turkic, Southern | Iran; | Near East | 34.3751, 50.3063 | |||
| 4,408 | klr | Khaling | Rai; Kaling; Khalinge Rai; Khael Bra; Khael Baat | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 27.5781,86.7163 | |||
| 4,346 | kbg | Khamba | Khamba Khaadi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,330 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | India; | South Asia | 29.0105,94.7653 | |||
| 10,482 | Khamnigan Ewenki | Khamnigan Evenki; Khamnigan Tungus; Horse Tungus; Tungus Evenki; 通古斯鄂溫克 | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Tungusic; Northern Tungusic | two different dialectal forms | Khamnigan in the technical sense refers to the Khamnigan ethnic group, and their common community language was Khamnigan Mongol. However, historically a considerable part of the Khamnigan also have spoken dialects of Ewenki, a Tungusic language. (Juha Janhunen, p.c.) | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 49.296, 119.797 | ||
| 8,234 | 1lj | Khamnigan Mongol | Khamnigan; Kamnigan; Hamunikan; Xamnigan;哈姆尼堪; 汗尼幹蒙古語; хамниганский язык | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Northern Common Mongolic | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 49.296, 119.797 | |||
| 1,425 | kht; kham1290 | Khamti | Hkamti; Khampti; Khamti Shan; Khampti Shan; Khandi Shan; Kam Ti; Tai Kam Ti; Tai-Khamti; Kamti; Kham(p)ti; Hkampti; Shan; Khampti Sam; Hkampti Shan; Tai Khamti | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000 speakers total: 8,000 in Northwest Myanmar (Burma) and 6,000 in Assam in Northeast India | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Southwestern Tai | North Burma Khamti; Assam Khamti; Sinkaling Hkamti | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 26.0522,97.1739;26.0312,92.5127 | ||
| 1,424 | ksu | Khamyang | Khamjang; Khamiyang; Shyam; Tai Khamyang | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Southwestern Tai | India; | South Asia | 26.89, 93.99 | |||
| 4,397 | kjm | Kháng | Khaang; Tayhay; Tay Hay; Xa; Xá Khao; Xa Xua; Xa Don; Xa Dang; Xa Hoc; Xa Ai; Xa Bung; Quang Lam; Hang; Bren; Ksakautenh; Putenh; Pouteng; Teng; Theng; Xa Suak | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,921 | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Bit-Khang | Kháng Clau; Kháng Ai | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 22.0333,102.6666 | ||
| 5,618 | khr | Kharia | Haria; Kharvi; Khatria; Kheria; Khadia; Khariya; Khaɽia | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Kharia-Juang | Mirdha-Kharia; Dhelki Kharia; Dudh Kharia | Thriving in some areas, endangered in others; the reported numbers of speakers are probably too low. | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 22.5,84.3333333333 | ||
| 10,911 | kaf | Khatso | Kazhuo; 喀卓; Katso; 卡卓; Gazhuo; 嘎卓; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,432 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Lolo–Burmese; Loloish; | China; | East Asia | 24.148024, 102.664922 | |||
| 3,814 | kqg | Khe | Kheso; Bambadion-Kheso; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,300 in Burkina Faso | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Burkina Faso;Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 10.004691, -4.240826 | |||
| 5,643 | xkf | Khengkha | Khenkha; Khen; Keng; Ken; Kyengkha; Kenkha | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~40,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Upper Kheng; Lower Kheng; Middle Kheng | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.0786,91.0272 | ||
| 5,644 | nkh | Khezha Naga | Kheza; Kezami; Khezhama; Khezha; Kezhama; Keźama; Naga, Khezha | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <23,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Angami-Pochuri | India; | South Asia | 25.6811,94.367 | |||
| 5,645 | kix | Khiamniungan Naga | Khiamngan; Aoshedd; Khiemnungan; Khiamniungan; Kalyokengnyu; Nokaw; Welam; Naga, Khiamniungan | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 47,800 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India; | South Asia | 26.229961,95.035461 | |||
| 2,436 | kjj | Khinalugh | Xinalug; Xinaliq; Khinalug; Khinalugi; каьтш мицI; kätš micʼ; хиналугский язык; kaʕtʃ mitsʼ; kätš; kätiš; kättid mic’; Xınalıq dili; kətşi mi; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian | Azerbaijan; | Caucasus | 41.1666666667,48.0833333333 | |||
| 3,815 | kqm | Khisa | Komono; Khi Khipa; Kumwenu; Khi; Khise; Khi-sɛ; Khi-sa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Burkina Faso;Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | ||||
| 3,252 | xkc | Kho’ini | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036,48.2519 | |||||
| 8,249 | naq | Khoekhoe | Khoekhoegowap; Khoekhoegowab; Khoe; Bergdama; Nama; Dama; Naman; Namakwa; Namaqua; Maqua; Tama; Tamma; Tamakwa; Berdama; Bergdamara; Damara; Damaqua; Khoi; Khiri; Grikwa; Griqua; Xrikwa; Xirikwa; Gry; Gri; “Kakuya Bushman Nasie”; “Rooi Nasie”; “Cape Hottentot”; “Hottentot”; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 190,000-210,000 | Khoe; Khoekhoe | ǂAkhoe, Hai||om, Gaub Damara, Sesfontein, Namidama, Central Nama, Gobabis, Bondelswarts | South Africa;Botswana;Namibia; | Africa | -20.313721, 14.968872; -22.654572, 17.017822; -28.352734, 16.864014; -19.414792, 17.896729 | ||
| 5,647 | khw | Khowar | Khowār; Citālī; Čitarī; Arnyiā; Arniyā; Qāšqarī; Khawar; Chitrali; Citrali; Chitrari; Arniya; Patu; Qashqari; Kashkari; Dardu | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | North Khowar; Swat Khowar; South Khowar; East Khowar | Can be marginally considered threatened, but as a local lingua franca, it should not be considered endangered per se in Pakistan. In India on the other hand, it should be considered to reflect incipient endangerment. | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 36.0,72.0 | |
| 6,108 | sgh-khu | Khufi | Khuf; Chuf; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,380 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | The Khufi language is one of the Iranian languages of the Indo-European language group, belonging to the northern group of the Pamir languages. The Roshani language is the closest related language to Khufi and some authors consider Khufi to be a dialect of Roshani. The divergences in their vocabularies are rare and inessential; the basic differences lie in the phonetics. Of importance is, however, that the Khufis consider themselves a separate people. | Afghanistan; | Near East | 37.859500, 71.603726 | ||
| 2,209 | kfm; khun1255 | Khunsari | Kuk; Khwanshari | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwestern Iranian; Nuclear Central Iran; Kermanic; | Khunsari; Judeo-Khunsari | Iran; | Near East | 32.8795,51.6796 | ||
| 2,505 | khv | Khvarshi | Khwarshi; Xvarshi; хваршинский язык; ხვარშიული ენა; Kedaes hikwa; Khvarshin; Khwarshi; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Tsezic | Inxokvari; Xvarshi; | The Khvarshi language belongs to the Dido subgroup of the northwestern group of the Dagestan languages and is divided into two: the Khvarshi and the Inhokari dialects. The Inhokari dialect has in turn three vernaculars. Loan-words have been absorbed into the Khvarshi vocabulary throughout the centuries, from the Avar, Arab, Turkish and Georgian languages. In the 20th century Russian has exerted the strongest influence particularly in terms of political and technical vocabulary. The Khvarshi do not have a written language of their own, instead, they use that of the Avar. Avar has become the common language for communication and the mother tongue has been reduced to home usage within the Khvarshi community. The Khvarshi language has been little researched. The first records of the language were made by R. Erckert at the end of the 19th century. During the past 50 years it has been studied more seriously by E. Bokareva, D. Lomaishvili and E. Lomadze. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.25,46.1666666667 | |
| 7,452 | xuu | Khwe | Kxoe; Khoe; Buga; Mbarakwena; Barakwena; Barakwengo; Hukwe; !Hukwe; Xuhwe; Xu; Zama; Vazama; Cazama; Mbarakwengo; Glanda-Khwe; Schekere; Mbara Kwengo; Kxoedam; Khwedam; Xun; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Khoe; Kalahari | ||Xo-Kxoe; Buga-Kxoe; ||Xom-Kxoe; Kxoedam; Buma-Kxoe; | Khwe [xuu] and ||Ani [hnh] form a dialect cluster. | South Africa;Botswana;Namibia;Angola;Zambia; | Africa | -18.010080, 22.434082; -18.890695, 22.966919; -16.156645, 21.780396 | |
| 4,181 | frt | Kiai | Fortsenal | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.45, 166.93 | |||
| 2,205 | blv; bolo1261 | Kibala | Bolo; Haka; Ipala; Kibala-Ngoya; Kimbundu de Kwanza Sul; “Ngoya”; Pala; Quibala; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid; Central-Western Bantu; Mbundu; | Bolo (Libolo, Lubolo); Hebó; Mbwĩ; | Related to Haku, Kimbundu [kmb], Kissama, Sende, Ucela (Imbundu) | Angola; | Africa | -10.4355,14.5901 | ||
| 10,741 | prm | Kibiri-Porome | Kibiri; Gibiri; Polome; Porome | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1180 | Isolate; Pacific | Aird Hills; Porome | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.45, 144.30 | ||
| 4,390 | kic | Kickapoo | Kikapoo; Kikapú; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,100 | Algic; Algonquian; Fox | USA;Mexico; | North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 39.6972,-95.7089; 35.4245,-97.0713; 28.6147,-100.4386 | |||
| 3,565 | sjd | Kildin Saami | Kildin Sámi; Eastern Saami; Kola Saami; кильдинский саамский язык; Кӣллт са̄мь кӣлл; Kiillt saam’ kiill; kiltinänsaame; Gielddasámegiella; Kildin Sami; “Kildin Lappish”; “Lapp”; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Uralic; Saami | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 68.004353, 35.001731 | |||
| 10,473 | Kilen | Sungari Nanay; килен; 赫哲語奇楞方言; Sungari Nanai; Akani; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 in China | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Amur Tungusic | Ethnologue considers Kilen to be part of Nanai [gld], but Prof. Juha Janhunen (2015, p.c.) suggests it should be listed as a separate language. | “The speakers of Kilen on the Chinese side are officially listed as Hezhe (Hedjen, Chinese Nanai). And it is better described as Nanai with Udeghe phonetics.” (Juha Janhunen, p.c.) | Russia;China; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 47.4689, 133.8574 | ||
| 10,472 | Kili | Kur-Urmi Nanay; Kur-Urmi Nanai; кили | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Amur Tungusic | Ethnologue considers it part of Nanai [gld], but Prof. Juha Janhunen (2015, p.c.) suggests it be listed as a separate language. | Kili is basically Nanai with Ewenki phonetics. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 48.8068, 134.121 | ||
| 2,293 | klb | Kiliwa | Kiliwi; Quiligua; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8 | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 31.3333333333,-115.666666667 | |||
| 10,672 | kih | Kilmeri | Kilmera | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,200 | Border; Bewani | Eastern; Western | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.89, 141.19 | ||
| 4,389 | kia | Kim | Masa; Kosop; Kwasap; Kuasap; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Kosop; Gerep; Garap; Kolop; | Chad; | Africa | 9.91666666667,15.9166666667 | ||
| 5,147 | sbt | Kimki | Aipki; Kimgi; Sukubatom; Sukubatong | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Isolate | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.27, 140.88 | |||
| 4,353 | kco | Kinalakna | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 220 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.040325165,147.4664001 | ||||
| 4,373 | kfk | Kinnauri | Kinnaura Yanuskad; Kanoreunu Skad; Kanorug Skadd; Lower Kinnauri; Kinori; Kinner; Kanauri; Kanawari; Kanawi; Kunawari; Kunawur; Tibas Skad; Kanorin Skad; Kanaury Anuskad; Koonawure; Malhesti; Milchanang; Milchan; Milchang; Kinauri; Kanāwri; Kanāwarī; Kanoreunu Skadd; Kanōrug Skadd; Tibas Skadd; Lower Kanauri; Lower Kănawi; Upper Kanauri; Minchhang; Minchhanäng | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Unknown | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India; | South Asia | 31.58333, 78.41667 | |||
| 1,262 | knq | Kintaq | Kenta; Kintak; Kintk; Kintaq Bong; Bong | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Maniq | Thailand;Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.75, 101.28 | ||||
| 4,401 | kkm | Kiong | Akoiyang; Akayon; Okonyong; Okoyong; Iyoniyong; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.2906,8.3523 | |||
| 867 | kio | Kiowa | Kiowan; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Kiowa-Tanoan | USA; | North America | 35.1016,-98.6197 | |||
| 653 | apk | Kiowa Apache | Oklahoma Apache; Plains Apache; Kiowa-Apache; Na’isha; Llanero; Na-isha; Apache, Kiowa; | Dormant () | 0 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Apachean | USA; | North America | 35.1018,-98.6033 | |||
| 9,769 | kyi | Kiput | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Long Tutoh; Long Kiput; Lemiting | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 4, 114.4 | |||
| 10,652 | geb | Kire | Gire; Giri; Kire-Puire | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,900 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.26, 144.71 | |||
| 7,931 | okr | Kirike | Okrika; Ịjọ; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 248,000 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Eastern Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 4,395 | kiy | Kirikiri | Kirira; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Lakes Plain | Kirikiri; Faia; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.0,137.166666667 | ||
| 4,394 | kis | Kis | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 216 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.509520054,142.7848358 | ||||
| 4,785 | mlk | Kiwilwana | Ilwana; “Malakote”; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Kenya; | Africa | 0.706844,39.802647 | |||
| 2,292 | clm | Klallam | Clallam; S’klallam; Na’klallam; Nəxʷsƛ’áy’əmucən; Klellam; nəxʷsƛʼáyʼəmʼucən; | Awakening () | Salishan; Central Salish | Becher Bay; Western; Eastern; | USA; | North America | 47.8475,-122.585 | |||
| 2,291 | kla | Klamath-Modoc | Lutuami; Modoc; Klamath; E-ukshikni; | Awakening () | Plateau | Klamath; Modoc | USA; | North America | 42.5,-121.5 | |||
| 4,182 | fuj | Ko | Kau; Fungor; Fungur; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,680 | Niger-Congo; Heiban; Eastern Heiban | Kau; Nyaro; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.6714,30.8386 | ||
| 843 | cku | Koasati | Coushatta; Koasáti; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Muskogean | USA; | North America | 30.083333,-92.116667;30.709444, -94.934444 | |||
| 4,352 | kcj | Kobiana | Cobiana; Uboi; Buy; Guboy; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 12.4017,-16.3229 | |||
| 4,359 | kdq | Koch | Koc; Kocch; Koce; Kochboli; Konch | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Tintekiya; Banai; Harigaya; Satpariya; Wanang; Chapra | India;Bangladesh; | South Asia | 25.7603,90.3955 | |||
| 5,623 | cdz | Koda | Kora; Kōḍā; Kaora; Korali; Korati; Kore; Mudi; Mudikora; Koɖa; Koɽa; Mundari; Mundari-Ho | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | India;Bangladesh; | South Asia | 22.1263,87.0776 | |||
| 4,365 | kfa | Kodagu | Kodava; Coorge; Kadagi; Khurgi; Kotagu; Kurja; Kurug; Kodava Thak; Koḍagu | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 97,011 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | This may be more than one language. Incipient endangerment. | India; | South Asia | 12.1666666667,76.8333333333 | ||
| 1,899 | vko; kode1237 | Kodeoha | Kondeha; Kondea | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.4147,120.9155 | |||
| 2,090 | 1hs | Kodiak Russian Creole | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pidgin or Creole; Russian based | Russia;USA; | Caucasus;Europe;North America;East Asia | 65.700241, -174.149151 | ||||
| 5,019 | kcs | Koenoem | Kanam; Korenoem; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 1,965 | kso | Kofa | Kota; Gbwata; Batta; Demsa Bata; Gboati; Gbwate; Bete; Birsa; Dunu; Gwate; Dii; Muleng; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Malabu; Ribaw; Zumu; Demsa; Ndeewe; Wadi; Jirai; Garoua; Kobotachi; | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 1,900 | kpi; kofe1239 | Kofei | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | East Geelvink Bay; Barapasi-Sauri-Kofei | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.3833,136.7907 | ||||
| 5,648 | kkt | Koi | Koyu; Kohi; Koyi; Koi Bo’o; Koyu Bo’ | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-3,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Sungdel; Behere | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.3607,86.8661 | ||
| 4,867 | nkd | Koireng | Kwoireng; Koirng; Kolren; Koren; Quoireng; Liyang; Liyangmai; Liangmai; Liangmei; Lyengmai | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,410 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 24.2319,93.7463 | |||
| 2,227 | kqi | Koitabu | Koita; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,700 | Trans-New Guinea; Koiarian | West Koita; East Koita; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.33333333333,147.083333333 | ||
| 10,612 | kxt | Koiwat | Sawos | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~450 | Sepik; Ndu | Koiwat is included within Laycock’s (1973) “Sawos language”, which he admits may consist of multiple languages, noting that “no real dialect surveys have been undertaken”. The classifications here follow the survey work of Staalsen (1975). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.03, 143.62 | ||
| 6,692 | gko | Kok-Nar | Gundara; Gog Nar; Kundara; Koko-Nari; Koko-Nar; Koko-Nhang; Kuk-Narr; Kuuk-Nhang; Kok Narr; Kok Nhang; Kundar; Koknar; Gugu Nar; Gugu Nhang; Kuantari; Goondarra; Wangara; Wanggara; Kokowanggara; Kokawan-gar; Kokatabul; Kokodaue; Koko-daua; Oikand; Kok Nar; Kok-Narr; Kwanthar | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -16.17852418,141.5751913 | ||
| 4,445 | ktd | Kokatha | Aluna; Cocotah; Cookutta; Geebera; Gogada; Gugada; Kakarrura; Keibara; Kokatja; Kokitta; Kokit-ta; Koocatho; Koogatho; Koogurda; Kookata; Kookatha; Kotit-ta; Ku:gurda wongga; Kugurda; Ku-gurda; Kukata; Kukataja; Kukatha; Kukatja; Madun-tara; Madutara; Maduwonga; Madu-wonga; Maiuladjara; Maiulatara; Matuntara; Nganitjiddia; Nganitjidi; Nganitjini; Wanggamadu; Wongamardu; Yallingarra; Gogoda; Kokata | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -29.40268488, 133.4980182 | |||
| 574 | kou | Koke | Khoke; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Chad; | Africa | 10.8575,18.1315 | |||
| 10,760 | okg | Koko Babangk | Kok Peponk; Kok-Babonk; Koko Kunaniy; Kok-Papangk; Kok-Paponk | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Koko-Bera; Kok-Wap; Kok-Peponk | Australia; | Australia | -15.826024, 141.480158 | ||
| 4,402 | kkp | Koko-Bera | Koko Bera; Kukaberra; Kungkara; Konanin; Goona-nin; Gunani; Gunanni; Goonamin; Goonamon; Koko papung; Kokopapun; Ba:bung; Kokobera; Kok Kaber; Gugu Bera; Kok-Kaper; Kok-Per; (Yirrq-) Kongarrlh; Kok-Kapér; Kok-Chel; Koko Pera; Kokopera; Kukubera; Berang; Paperyn;Gugubera; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <15 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -15.46465646,142.0337612 | |||
| 4,232 | kkk | Kokota | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -7.94, 159.168; -8.1906, 159.222 | ||||
| 10,809 | kol | Kol | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Isolate; Pacific | “At present. Kol has not been demonstrated to form bona-fide family with any of the other languages of Britain (Dunn et al. 2005a, 2002, 2005b, Stebbins 2009) but there are promising similarities between the noun class systems of Kol and the Baining languages that must be examined as soon as a more extensive description of Kol is published (cf. Stebbins 2009:229, 238)” (Hammarström, forthcoming). | Vanuatu; | Pacific | ||||
| 6,693 | 0hr | Kolakngat | Kolacgnat; Coligan; Kolijon; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -38.471266,143.422444 | ||
| 3,801 | klc | Kolbila | Kolbilari; Kolbilla; Kolena; Kolbili; Zoono; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few hundred | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon; | Africa | 8.21149,12.677794 | |||
| 3,161 | yux | Kolyma Yukaghir | Forest Yukagir; Southern Yukagir; южноюкагирский язык; Forest Yukaghir; Jukagirisch; Odul; Kolyma; Kolym; Southern Yukaghir; Одул; Одун ажуу; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~40 | Yukaghir | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 65.75,150.833333333 | |||
| 4,416 | kmm | Kom | Kom Rem; Kolhreng | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,467 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Kolhreng | India; | South Asia | 24.0414,93.6639 | ||
| 10,563 | xbi | Kombio | Anamagi; Endangen | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,970 | Torricelli; Kombian | East Kombio (Wampurun); North Kombio (Mwi); South Kombio (Yanimoi); West-Central Kombio (Wampukuamp) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.48, 142.69 | ||
| 3,279 | koi | Komi-Permyak | Komi; Permyak; Komi-Perm; коми-пермяцкий язык; Komipermjakki; Permin komi; перем коми кыв; Kama Permyak; Komi-Permyat; komi-permjackij jazyk; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 110,000 | Uralic; Permian | South Permyak; North Permyak; Zyudin; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 59.5,54.5 | ||
| 10,697 | xoi | Kominimung | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 328 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.69, 144.78 | ||||
| 10,748 | Komnzo | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Morehead-Upper Maro | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8.702164, 141.587799 | |||||
| 3,233 | xom | Komo | Koma of Daga; Como; Central Koma; Gokwom; Hayahaya; Madiin; Koma; South Koma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,435 | Koman | Chali; Koma of Begi; Beilla; Koma of Daga; | Ethiopia;South Sudan; | Africa | 8.75,33.75 | ||
| 4,367 | kfc | Konda-Dora | Porja; Koṇḍa; Konḍa (Kūbi); Konda; Konḍa | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | Kubi; Konda-Dora | India; | South Asia | 19.5,83.0 | ||
| 1,901 | kdw | Koneraw | Konorau; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Trans-New Guinea; Mombum | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.3854,137.9415 | |||
| 2,290 | mjd | Konkow | Maidu; Maidu, Northwest; Meidoo; Tsamak; Michopdo; Concow; Holólupai; Konkau; Yuba; Secumne; Maiduan; Nákum; Sekumne; Northwest Maidu; Northwestern Maidu; “Digger”; | Maiduan | Pulga; Feather Falls; Nemsu; Eskewi; Challenge; Otaki; Metsupda; | USA; | North America | 39.467,-121.5155 | ||||
| 3,317 | kma | Konni | Koma; Koni; Komung; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ghana; | Africa | 10.25,-1.58333333333 | |||
| 5,020 | klk | Kono | Konu; Kwono; Kowono; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,520 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 4,423 | koa | Konomala | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Laket; Konomala; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.169494,152.889711 | |||
| 5,650 | nbe | Konyak Naga | Konyak; Tableng; Kanyak; Naga, Konyak | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~70,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Sang; Tabu; Tamkhungnyuo; Sima; Shanlang; Hopao; Chinglang; Jakphang; Mohung; Totok; Tableng; Mon; Tolamleinyua; Shamnyuyanga; Shengha; Longching; Ngangching; Tang; Angphang; Mulung; Shunyuo; Gelekidoria; Choha; Chingkao; Kongon; Changnyu; Longmein; Longkhai; Chen; Sowa; Longwa; Tobunyuo; | India; | South Asia | 26.9367,95.1745 | ||
| 3,232 | xop | Kopar | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 229 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Lower Sepik | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.86342597, 144.5258484 | ||||
| 10,686 | opk | Kopkaka | Kopka | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.91, 139.93 | |||
| 1,306 | kqz | Korana | Kora; Korana Hottentot; !Ora; Koranna; !Kora; Koraqua; Gorachouqua; !Gora | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Khoe; Khoekhoe | South Africa; | Africa | -29.5,20.5 | |||
| 5,621 | kfq | Korku | Kurku; Muwasi; Muasi; Kuri; Bondeya; Bopchi; Korki; Ramekhera; Kurku-Ruma | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Korku | Bondoy; Bouriya; Mawasi; Ruma | Thriving in some areas, endangered in others; the overall number of speakers recorded is likely to be too low. | India; | South Asia | 22.5,78.5 | |
| 4,375 | kfo | Koro (Cote d’Ivoire) | Koro Jula; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40,000 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | ||||
| 7,649 | jkr | Koro (India) | Aka; Hrusso; Angka; Angkae; Tenae; Gusso | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800-1,200 | Unclassified; Sino-Tibetan? | Hruso; Levai (Bangru) | India; | South Asia | 27.1667, 92.6312 | ||
| 4,226 | krf | Koro (Vanuatu) | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Not to be confused with Koro [jkr] spoken in India, or Koro [kfo] spoken in Côte d’Ivoire. | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.3242,167.4728 | |||
| 1,902 | xkq; koro1311 | Koroni | Oengsongi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki; East Coast | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.6412,121.9894 | |||
| 5,999 | krp | Korop | Ododop; Durop; Kurop; Dyurop; Erorup; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,640 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 5.101887, 8.711952;5.094364, 8.783175 | |||
| 4,449 | ktl | Koroshi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 27.190693, 56.300726; 29.601117, 52.542973; | ||||
| 4,385 | khe | Korowai | Kolufaup; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Trans-New Guinea; Awyu | North Korowai; South Korowai; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.25,140.0 | ||
| 4,368 | kfd | Korra Koraga | Koragar; Koragara; Korangi; Korra; Koraga; Koraga, Korra | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000 | Dravidian; South-Central Dravidian | Ande; Tappu; Mudu; Onti | India; | South Asia | 11.6952,75.6738 | ||
| 3,090 | xor | Korubo | Caceteiros; Chankuëshbo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 26 | Pano-Tacanan; Mayoruna | Chankuëshbo | Brazil; | South America | -5.8346,-70.9277 | ||
| 5,624 | kfp | Korwa | Ernga; Singli; Erngga; Mundari; Mundari-Ho; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >35,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | Majhi-Korwa; | India; | South Asia | 22.4922,84.1552 | ||
| 2,506 | kpy | Koryak | Nymylan; Korak; корякский язык; нымылан; Korjakische; Koræiki; Koriak; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Chukotko-Kamchatkan; Chukotkan | Apokinskij; Cavcuvenskij; Gin; Itkan; Kamenskij; Palan; Paren; Xatyrskij; | Like the speakers of Chukchee, the Koryak population is divided into two ecological groups known as the Coastal Koryak and the Reindeer or Chavchuven Koryak; in this case, dialectal differences are also involved. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 61.0,167.0 | |
| 4,393 | kiq | Kosadle | Kosare | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Isolate | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.79, 140.20 | |||
| 8,869 | kid | Koshin | Kosin; Kaw; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000-3,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
| 4,428 | kos | Kosraean | Kusaie; Kosrae; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,570 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Lelu-Tafunsak; Malen-Utwe; | Nauru;Micronesia; | Pacific | 5.3,163.0 | ||
| 4,427 | koq | Kota (Gabon) | Ikota; Ikuta; Kotu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 43,460 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon;Congo; | Africa | 0.207366, 13.721718; 0.255431, 13.974506 | |||
| 4,369 | kfe | Kota (India) | Kotta; Kowe-Adiwasi; Kother-Tamil; Kôta; Kōta | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | Ko Bashai; Each village that speaks Kota has their own form of the language which they call mānt. Mānt also refers to differences in dialect, usage, vocabulary, or region or age of speaker. For example, Kanmar Mānt refers to when one group of speakers attempt to exclude others. Kolmel Mānt has been the one that has been the standard for linguistic work on Kota language. | India; | South Asia | 11.5,77.1666666667 | ||
| 2,094 | kvc; kove1237 | Kove | Kaliai-Kove; “Kombe” | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Fewer than 9,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Western Melanesian Oceanic; North New Guinea; Ngero/Vitiaz; Ngero | East Kove; Central Kove (“standard”); West Kove; Kove on Tamunia & Arumigi Islands | Sometimes listed as Kaliai-Kove, but Kaliai (now called Lusi) is a separate language spoken next Kove. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.33,149.30 | |
| 2,228 | xow | Kowaki | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.63, 145.41 | ||||
| 2,279 | kwh | Kowiai | Koiwai; Kaiwai; Kuiwai; Aiduma; Kayumerah; Kajumerah; Adi; Namatota; Namatote; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian | Waikala; Namatota; Keroi; Adijaya; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.9437,134.0881 | ||
| 1,939 | koy | Koyukon | Denaakk’e, Ten’a | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Dene (Athabaskan) | Upper; Central; Lower | “The name Koyukon is not Koyukon in origin or Athabaskan at all; it comes through a Russian spelling for an Eskimo term that a Russian trader decided for no clear reason to apply to the Koyukuk River.” (Krauss 2000) | USA; | North America | 64.881667, -157.704444 | |
| 5,042 | kpk | Kpan | Eregba; Yorda; Ibukwo; Kpwate; Hwaye; Hwaso; Nyatso; Kpanten; Ikpan; Abakan; Nyonyo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukonoid | Apa; Eregba; Donga; Bissaula; Takum; Kumbo; Kente; | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.58333333333,10.1666666667 | ||
| 6,000 | kym | Kpatili | Kpatiri; Kpatere; Ngindere; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Central African Republic; | Africa | 5.301989, 21.889473 | |||
| 5,078 | kef | Kpessi | Kpesi; Kpétsi; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,358-3,100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Togo; | Africa | 7.987795,1.191023; 8.122877, 1.133811 | |||
| 3,087 | xra | Krahô | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,184 | Jean; Northern Je | Timbíra (Canela [Kanela], Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê). Ethnologue has Krinkati-Timbira (with dialects Krinkati [Karakati] and Timbira). It gives Canela as a separate language, with dialects: Apanjekra (Apanhecra, Apaniekra), Ramkokamekra. It also lists as separate Gavião of Pará (Parakatêjê, Pukobjê), said to be related to Krikati-Timbira, Canela, Krahô; it also has Krahô and Kreye (Krem-Ye, Crenge, Crange, Creye, Crenye, Taze, Tage) as distinct languages. | Brazil; | South America | -8.4071, -47.2851 | |||
| 5,337 | rka | Kraol | Southern-Central Mnong; Chrau; Crau; Trao | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1960 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Central Bahnaric; South Bahnaric; Mnong | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 13.588,106.9438 | |||
| 4,440 | krv | Kravet | Kowet; Khvek; Kavet | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,380 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; West Bahnaric; Brao-Kravet | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 14.0175,107.0136 | |||
| 2,961 | kre | Kreen-Akarore | Kren Akarore; Panará; Ipewí; Kren-Akarore; Creen-Acarore; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250 | Jean; Northern Je | Brazil; | South America | -10.0,-55.0 | |||
| 3,086 | kqq | Krenak | Botocudo; Aimoré; Nakrehé; Nakpié; Naknyanúk; Etwet; Minyãyirún; Yiporók; Pojitxá; Potén; Krekmún; Bakuén; Aranã; Batachoa; Crenaque; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10 | Krenakan | Brazil; | South America | -15.5,-41.0 | |||
| 2,670 | xre | Kreye | Crengez; Krenjé; Crenge; Bacabal; Kremye; Kreye; Krem-Ye; Crange; Creye; Crenye; Taze; Tage; Canela; Kanela; Krahó; Pukobyé; | Jean; Northern Je | Kanela; | Timbíra (Canela [Kanela], Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê). Ethnologue has Krahô and Kreye (Krem-Ye, Crenge, Crange, Creye, Crenye, Taze, Tage) as distinct languages from “Canela”. | Brazil; | South America | -2.5644,-46.6589 | |||
| 5,884 | 1fn | Kri | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Phoongq | Closely related to Maleng/Pakatan and the Vietic Phong. | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.25, 105 | ||
| 2,671 | xri | Krikatí | Krinkati; Krikati-Timbira; Canela; Kanela; Krenjé; Krahó; Pukobyé; Krikati-Timbita; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 682 | Jean; Northern Je | Timbíra (Canela [Kanela], Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê). Ethnologue has Krinkati-Timbira (with dialects Krinkati [Karakati] and Timbira). It gives Canela as a separate language, with dialects: Apanjekra (Apanhecra, Apaniekra), Ramkokamekra. It also lists as separate Gavião of Pará (Parakatêjê, Pukobjê), said to be related to Krikati-Timbira, Canela, Krahô; it also has Krahô and Kreye (Krem-Ye, Crenge, Crange, Creye, Crenye, Taze, Tage) as distinct languages. | Brazil; | South America | |||
| 365 | krm | Krim | Kim; Kittim; Kirim; Kimi; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few hundred | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Krim is linguistically the same language as Bom, though their speakers may consider them distinct (Childs 2012). | Sierra Leone; | Africa | 7.2425,-11.9476 | ||
| 4,381 | kgo | Krongo | Korongo; Kurungu; Kadumodi; Tabanya; Dimodongo; Nuba; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 21,700 | Kadu | Fama-Teis-Kua; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.5,30.0 | ||
| 4,439 | krr | Kru’ng 2 | Krueng; Kru’ng; Krung; Krɯɱ | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,400 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; West Bahnaric; Brao-Kravet | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 13.57, 106.76 | |||
| 1,739 | jct | Krymchak | Judeo-Crimean Tatar; Krimchak, крымчакский язык; кърымчах тыльы; Kırımçakça; кримчацька мова; кырымчак тележ Judeo-Crimean Turkish; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Turkic; Kipchak | Closely related to Crimean Tatar. | Georgia;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania; | Caucasus;Europe | 45.0,34.0833333333 | ||
| 2,508 | kry | Kryts | Kryz; Kryc; Dzek; кърыцIаь мез; qryc’ä mez; цIека meз; c’eka mez; Qrız dili; крызский язык; джекский язык; Kryzy; Katsy; Dzhek; Dzheki; Kjruaj mez; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Yergyudzh; Xaput; Dzhek; Kryz; Alyk; | The Kryz language belongs to the Shahdag subgroup of Southeast or Lezgian-Samur group of the Dagestan languages, together with Budukh and Khinalug, but it has linguistic similarities only with Budukh. ( The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Azerbaijan; | Caucasus | 41.0833333333,48.0 | |
| 1,937 | kut | Ktunaxa | Kootenai; Kutenai; Kootenay | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 31 | Isolate; North American | USA;Canada; | North America | 50.0500000, -116.0500000 | |||
| 5,765 | xnh | Kuanhua | 寬話; 寬語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Khmuic | China; | East Asia | ||||
| 1,066 | cub | Kubeo | Cubeo; Hahänana; Hehenawa; Cuveo; Kobeua; Kubwa; Kobewa; Pamiwa; Kubewa; Pamié; Cubeu; Kobéwa; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,900 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 1.33333333333,-70.5 | |||
| 5,021 | kof | Kubi | Deno; Denawa; Denwa; Be; Kuba; Kubawa; | Dormant () | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.897368, 10.383350 | |||
| 4,510 | lkc | Kucong | Cosung; Lahlu; Lahu; 苦聰話 | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~45,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 22.6166,102.75 | |||
| 4,429 | kov | Kudu-Camo | Kudawa; Kuda-Chamo; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Kudu; Camo; | Nigeria; | Africa | 11.0166,8.8879 | ||
| 5,022 | kes | Kugbo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.746150, 6.651764 | ||||
| 2,587 | wua | Kugu-Nganhcara | Wik Nganychara; Wik Ngencherr; Wik-Ngencherra; Wik-Natjerra; Ngandjara; Wik-nantjara; Wik Ngantjera; Wiknantyara; Kugu Nganychara; Nantjara; Ngantjeri; Wik-Nantjara; Wik Njinturawik-Nganhcara; Wikngenchera;Kugu Nganchara; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.167,141.842 | |||
| 10,073 | 3oz | Kuhpayi | Kuhpāʾi | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | There is substantial dialectal variation across the Kuhpāya district. Kuhpāʾi proper is spoken in Jabal (Kuki). As one travels northwest, through Fešārk, the speech gradually approaches that of Zefra. Sagzi on the west and Qehi on the south have distinct dialects, though not radically different from that of Jabal. On the other hand, Mošgenān, Tudešk, and Ješuqān, in the east of the Kuhpāya district, possess transitional varieties closely related to those of Nāʾin (q.v.). These dialects are all endangered, being overrun by Persian. | Iran; | Near East | 32.70, 52.45 | |||
| 5,652 | kxu | Kui (India) | Kui (in India); Kandh; Khondi; Khond; Khondo; Kanda; Kodu; Kodulu; Kuinga; Kuy; Ku | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | Khondi; Gumsai | Thriving in some areas, severely endangered in others. The total number given for speakers is probably too low. | India; | South Asia | 20.0,83.5 | |
| 4,453 | kvd | Kui (Indonesia) | Lerabain; Masin-Lak; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,240 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Kui; Batulolong; Kiramang; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.43333333333,124.55 | ||
| 1,852 | kui, mzo | Kuikuro | Língua Karib do Alto Xingu; Kuikúro-Kalapálo; Kuikuru; Guicurú; Kurkuro; Cuicutl; Apalakiri; Apalaquiri; Kuikúru; Kalapalo; Calapalu; Amonap; Matipu; Kuikuro; Southern Xingu Language | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,106 | Cariban; Nahukwa | Kuikuru; Kalapalo; Matipú; Nahukua | Ethnologue (2016) list Matipuhy (a.k.a. Mariape-Nahuqua, Matipu) [mzo] and Kuikúro-Kalapálo (Kuikuru, Guicurú, Kurkuro, Cuicutl, Kalapalo, Apalakiri, Apalaquiri) [kui] as separate languages. Kaufman (2007) has Amonap (Kuikuro, Kalapalo, Matipú, Nahukuá), a member of his Bakairí group of his South Amazonian Cariban subgroup of Cariban. | Brazil; | South America | -12.4166666667,-53.0833333333 | |
| 575 | vkj | Kujarge | Kujarke; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Unclassified; Afro-Asiatic? | Chad; | Africa | 11.749,22.2431 | |||
| 4,374 | kfn | Kuk | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.461755, 10.131270 | ||||
| 4,204 | ggd | Kukatj | Kukatji; Konggada; Kalibamu; Gugadj | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -18.04972881,141.088921 | ||
| 5,886 | kux | Kukatja | Nambulatji ; Panara; Pardoo; Peedona; Peedong; Pidung; Pidunga; Wanaeka; Wangatjunga; Wangatunga; Wangkadjungga; Wangkatjunga; Wangkatunga; Wangu; Wankutjunga; Bedengo; Bidong; Bidungo; Boonara; Bunara; Gogada; Gogadja; Gogoda; Gugada; Gugadja; Gugudja; Ilbaridja; Julbaritja; Julbre; Kokatja; Kukaja; Ku-kuruba; Manggai; Nambulatji; Kukacha; Luritja; Luritcha; Loritja; Loritcha; Lurritji; Aluridja; Loorudgie; Loorudgee; Juluridja; Maduntara; Maiulatara; Jumu; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -20.242549,127.534736 | |||
| 3,240 | xmq | Kuku-Mangk | Kugu-Mangk; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.464675,142.400131 | ||
| 3,241 | xmp | Kuku-Mu’inh | Kugu-Mu’inh; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.574539,141.631086 | ||
| 3,243 | xmh | Kuku-Muminh | Kugu-Muminh; Wik Muminh; Wik-Mumin; Kugu; Gugu Muminh; Kugu-Mumihn; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <31 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.305372,142.273786 | |||
| 3,436 | ugb | Kuku-Ugbanh | Kugu-Ugbanh; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.431717,141.713483 | ||
| 3,404 | uwa | Kuku-Uwanh | Kugu-Uwanh; Kugu Nganhcara | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <40 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.261428,142.757186 | |||
| 4,250 | gvn | Kuku-Yalanji | Guguyalanji; Koko-Yalanji; Kuku-Yalangi; Gugu-Yalandyi; Booroorar; Cangoora; Chokonara; Cuegudira; Djiling; Gugu-Jalandji; Gugu-Yalandji; Gugu-Yalanji; Gumbo; Gumbu; Jal:a; Jelanji Jiling; Juliacara; Junkara; Kokalungie; Koko Yerlandji; Koko-yalanji; Kuku Yalandji; Kokoyellanji; Koko-Yerlandji; Kokoyerlantji; Kokolerlantchi; Gugu Yalandyi; Koko Jelandji; Koko Walandja; Koko-Katji;Kuku Yalanji | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Pama-Nyungan; Yalandyic | Kuku-Biraji; Kuku-Nyungkul; | Australia; | Australia | -16.118117,145.047836 | ||
| 8,330 | tpg | Kula | Lantoka; Lamtoka; Kola; “Tanglapui”; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Arumaka; Watena; Sumang; Kula; Kulatela; Larena; Kula Watena; Iramang; | While Sawila [swt] and Kula [tpg] are both sometimes called ‘Tanglapui,’ they are separate languages which are not mutually intelligible. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.2, 125.0 | |
| 101 | fni; fani1244 | Kulaale | Fagnia; Fanya; Fanyan; Fana; Fania; Fanian; Mana; Kobe; Fulfulde (Nigerian); Eywe | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 (Eberhard et al., 1997), and ‘severely endangered’ (Moseley, 2010) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa; Bua | Northern Fania; Southern Fania | Chad; | Africa | 10.176552,18.566710 | ||
| 2,312 | kxj | Kulfa | Kulfe; Kurmi; Kurumi; “Kaba So”; Koulfa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,200 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | So; Kurmi; | Chad; | Africa | 9.9742,19.1848 | ||
| 1,734 | xpk | Kulina | Culina, Culino, Kulino | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Pano-Tacanan; Mayoruna | Not to be confused with Culina [cul] (aan Arawan language). | Brazil; | South America | -5.6597,-71.5429 | ||
| 5,653 | kle | Kulung (Nepal) | Rai; Khulunge Rai; Kulu Ring; Khulung; Kholung; Khambu; Jindā | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 33,200 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Pidisoi; Tamachhang; Chhapkoa; Mahakulung; Pelmung; Sotang; Khambu; Namlung | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 27.5,87.0 | ||
| 3,888 | bbu | Kulung (Nigeria) | Bambur; Kuluno; Bakulung; Bakulu; Bakuli; Kulu; Kukulung; Wo; Wurkum; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 12.516358,8.833839 | |||
| 10,475 | Kumandin | Qumanda; Northern Altai; Куванды; куванта; кувандык; кувандыг; кувандых; къуманды; къубанды; къуўанды; къувандыг; кумандинский язык; северно-алтайский язык; Qumandy; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1044 | Turkic; South Siberian | Many scholars consider Kumandin a dialect of Northern Altai. The Kumandin are recognized as a separate ethnic group, which is included as a minority indigenous people of the North and on the United list of minority indigenous people of Russia. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 52.884889, 86.323299 | |||
| 4,415 | kmj | Kumarbhag Paharia | Malto; Malti; Maltu; Maler; Mal; Mad; Paharia; Pahariya; Kumar | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,200 | Dravidian; North Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 25.0,87.3333333333 | |||
| 3,246 | xks | Kumbewaha | Umbewaha; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Muna-Buton | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.34, 123.15 | |||
| 847 | dih | Kumeyaay | Campo, Comeya, Cuchimí, Kamia, Kamiai, Kamiyahi, Kamiyai, Ki-Miai, Ko’al, Ku’ahl, Kumeyaai, Kumiai, Kumia, Kw’aal, Quemayá, Tipái, Tipai’, Tipéi | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | Mesa Grande; Barona; Imperial; San Pasqual; Santa Ysabel; | Kumeyaay is a member of the Diegueño dialect complex, spoken in 16 communities in San Diego County and in Baja California. The Ipai and Tipai dialect clusters have sometimes been considered distinct languages, though they are to some extent mutually intelligible. Some add Kumeyaay as a third dialect cluster intermediate between these two others. (Golla 2011: 120.) | USA;Mexico; | North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 32.9359,-116.868 | |||
| 4,438 | kra | Kumhali | Kumhale; Kumbale; Kumkale; Kumali | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,200 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan | Arghakhanchi; Gorkha; Nawalparasi; Palpa | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.788,84.548 | ||
| 3,093 | zum | Kumzari | Kumzāri; Komzāri; Komzari; Kamzáree; شاریَْکُ ;شاريَْکُ | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Musandam; Laraki; | Oman; | Near East | 26.1936,56.2431 | ||
| 1,369 | cuk, kvn | Kuna | Cuna; San Blas Cuna; Cueva; Paya-Pocuro; Caimán; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 44,100 | Chibchan; Isthmic | Border Cuna, San Blas Cuna | Ethnologue distinguishes 2 Kuna languages, which others do not. They are: Kuna, Border [kvn], Kuna, San Blas [cuk]. | Colombia;Panama; | South America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.4,-78.316667 | |
| 3,340 | wlg | Kunbarlang | Gunbalang; Walang; Warlang; Gungalang; Gunbarlang; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50-100 | Gunwinyguan; Gunwinggic | Gungluwala; Djimbilirri; Gurrigurri; | Australia; | Australia | -12.020217,133.836286 | ||
| 10,944 | kdn | Kunda | Cikunda; Chikunda; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,760 | Niger–Congo; Atlantic–Congo; Benue–Congo; Bantu; Eastern Bantu; Sena-Nyanja; | Zimbabwe;Zambia;Mozambique; | Africa | -13.015901, 30.583386 | |||
| 2,210 | kfl | Kung | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600-800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.5227,10.1074 | ||||
| 6,660 | ggk | Kungarakany | Gungaragan; Gunerakan; Kangarraga; Kungarakan; Gungarakanj; Gungaragany; Kungarakayn; | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate | Australia; | Australia | -12.976028,130.946883 | |||
| 4,456 | kvs | Kunggara | Koonkurri; Ungorri; Gunggara; Kunggera; Goom-Gharra; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | ||||
| 6,787 | lku | Kungkari | Gunggari; Kuungkari; Koonkerri; Kunggari; Kungeri; Koongerri; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -24.75108713, 143.5365228 | ||
| 3,765 | kjn | Kunjen | Guguminjen; Kukumindjen; Kun’djan; ‘Kundjan; Gundjun; Koko Kuntjan; Kundjin; Kokoyan; Koonjan; Kunjin; Okundjain; Oggonjin; Koka-Koonjin; Ogh-Undyan; Ngundjan; Ogondyan; Oykangand; Kukuminjen; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20-25 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Ulkulu; Oykangand; Ogh Awarrangg; | Australia; | Australia | -16.54391507,143.0454776 | ||
| 2,229 | kto | Kuot | Panaras; Kuat; Neu-Pommern; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,400 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.05,151.5 | |||
| 5,023 | kpa | Kupto | Kutto; Kúttò; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 4,370 | kfh | Kurichiya | Kurichia; Kurichchia; Kowohans; Kurichiyars; Kuruchans | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 29,400 | Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.82, 75.52 | |||
| 6,694 | unn | Kurnai | Gunnai; Gunai; Ganai; Gaanay; Kurnay; Cunni; Gooni; Gunna; Kunnai | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Gippsland | Gunnai; Tatungalung; Brabralung; Braiakaulung; Brataulung; Krauatungulung; Bidawal; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -37.62635582,147.8838803 | ||
| 3,396 | vku | Kurrama | Gurama; Jana:ri; Jawunmara; Karama; Kerama; Korama; Kurama; Karima; Karlamay; Kurama-Jindjibandi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Australia; | Australia | -22.86592473,116.6221125 | |||
| 2,215 | faj | Kursav | Faita; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.657,145.5001 | |||
| 4,201 | gdj | Kurtjar | Kurtjjar; Kurrtyar; Gurdyar; Gunggara; Kuritjari; Kutjar; Koonkurri; Ungorri; Gilbert River tribe;Gurdjar;Ikarranggal; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1-2 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -17.31160269,141.6480703 | |||
| 5,655 | xkz | Kurtokha | Gurtü; Kurtopakha; Kürthöpka; Kurteopkha; Kurthopkha; Kurtöp; Kurtöbikha; Zhâke; Kurtöpkha; Au Gemale | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.664, 91.176 | |||
| 3,085 | kyr | Kuruaya | Kuruáya; Caravare; Curuaia; Kuruaia; | Dormant () | Ø | Tupian; Mundurukun | Brazil; | South America | -5.0033,-53.9208 | |||
| 5,873 | kgg | Kusunda | Kusanda; Kusūndu | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Isolate; South Asian | According to a report by OnlineKhabar the last remaining speaker of Kusunda, Rajamama Kusunda, passed away in April 2018. However, there are conflicting reports from 2012 which list Gyani Maiya Sen as the last speaker of Kusunda. | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.0,84.6666666667 | ||
| 10,441 | kub | Kuteb | Ati, Kutep, Kutev, Mbarike, Zumper | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >100,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukunoid | Bika-Kpambai (Abyika and Atsaenskun); Lissam-Lumbu (Askaen and Arumbu); Jenuwa-Fikyu-Kpambo (Arubur and Atsaensi and Aticwo); Rufun (Kunabe) | Dialect varieties are taken from Robert Koops “A grammar of Kuteb: a Jukunoid language of east-central Nigeria”, 2009. | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 7.000000,10.000000; | |
| 3,222 | xut | Kuthant | Gudhand; Gudanda; Gudhanda; Karundi; Karunti; Kurandi; Ka-rantee; Karrandi; Karrandee; Gar-und-yih; Gooran; Kotanda; Kutanda; Goothanto; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -17.62807482,140.8636671 | |||
| 5,024 | khj | Kuturmi | Ada; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 2,573 | thd | Kuuk Thaayorre | Thayore; Thaayorre; Taiol; Thaayorre; Tayore; Koko-Taiyor; Da:jor; Koko-Daiyuri; Kokkotaijari; Kokotaiyari; Gugujak; Daiyuri; Taiol; Kuuk Thayorre; Koko Daiyuri; Koko Taiyor; Kuuk Thaayoore; Thaayore; Thayorre; Taior; Gugudayor; Kuktayor; Kukudayore; Behran; Thaayorr; Koko Thayorr; Thayore; Ku-k Thayori; Dha:yore; Ku·k Thayori;Kuuk-Thaayorre; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.818,141.847 | |||
| 10,761 | uky | Kuuk-Yak | Kuuk Yak; Koko Yak; Kuku Yak | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers. | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.876415, 141.729616 | |||
| 3,785 | kuy | Kuuku-Ya’u | Ya’o; Koko-Ja’o; Kokoyao; Bagadji; Pakadji; Gugu Yau; Yao; Koko Ya’:o; Koka-yao; Makadama; Kuuku Ya’u; Kuku-Ya’u | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -12.610572, 143.136956 | |||
| 4,468 | kxv | Kuvi | Kuwi; Kuvinga; Kuvi Kond; Kond; Khondi; Khondh; Jatapu | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 246,513 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | Thriving in some areas, endangered in others. | India; | South Asia | 18.75,82.6666666667 | ||
| 4,062 | cwt | Kuwaataay | Kwatay; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,210 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | 12.4204,-16.7596 | |||
| 3,329 | woa | Kuwema | Tyaraity; Dyeraidy; Daktjerat; Tjerait; Djeradj; Djerag; Tyeraity; Djeraity; Djerait; Cherites; Sherait; Tjiras; Daktyeraty; Daktyerat; Djeraidj; Scherits; Cherait; Cherite; Dek Tjerratj; Dek Tjirratj; Djiratj; Guwe; Guwema; Jeerite; Nguluk Angguwe; Paperbark natives; Ponga-ponga; Tjerratj; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Northern Daly | Australia; | Australia | -12.481775,130.670058 | |||
| 6,664 | gvy | Kuyani | Guyani; Kijani; Kwiani; Gujani; Kujani; Kuyanni; Kwiana; Kooyiannie; Cooyiannie; Kooyeeunna; Kooteeuna; Koonarie; Owinia; Kooteeunna; Nganitjidi; Ngannityiddi; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -30.50201585, 138.1018386 | ||
| 4,147 | fkv | Kven Finnish | North Fennic; North Finnish; Kven; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500-10,000 (estimated) | Uralic; Finnic | Disputed whether a separate language or a dialect of Finnish. | “There have been some controversies and official debates about the Kven minority, its status and their language in Norway since the 1980s. The main questions have concerned the status of the Kven language as an independent language and the language used in schools and higher education (Anttonen 1999)… When the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages came into force in Norway in 1998, the language of the Kvens was defined as Kven/Finnish, but in 2005 the denomination was changed to ‘the Kven language’.” (Räisänen & Kunnas 2012) | Norway; | Europe | 69.38, 29.54 | |
| 6,006 | wka | Kw’adza | Qwadza; Kwadza; Ng’omvia; Ngomvya | Dormant () | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; East Cushitic | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.3753,35.8621 | |||
| 1,936 | kwk | Kwak̓wala | Kwakiutl; Kwakwaka’wakw; Kwak’wala; Kwakiutl; Kwagiutl; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 139 | Wakashan; Northern Wakashan | Southern; Northern; | Canada; | North America | 51.2000000, -126.9400000 | ||
| 2,676 | kmq | Kwama | Takwama; Gwama; Goma; Gogwama; Qewama; Koma of Asosa; North Koma; Nokanoka; Afan Mao; Amam; T’wa Kwama; Mao; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Koman | Ethiopia; | Africa | 9.5465,34.2059 | ||||
| 10,604 | kwj | Kwanga | Gawanga; Kawanga; Mende; Nihamber Sambu; Seim; Womsak | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,520 | Sepik; Nukuma | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.74, 142.71 | |||
| 3,803 | kcy | Kwarandzyey | Korandje; Belbali; lbəlbaliyya; Tabelbala; البلبالية; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3000 | Songhay | Algeria; | Africa | 29.520891, -3.268433 | |||
| 10,613 | sdk, keh | Kwaruwi Kwundi | Sos Kundi; Agbane; Agbanekundi; Akbana; Soskundi; Keak; Kwaruwikwundi; Sepik Plains; Tshuosh; Tshwosh; Sawos | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,300 | Sepik; Ndu | Kwaruwi Kwundi is included within Laycock’s (1973) “Sawos language”, which he admits may consist of multiple languages, noting that “no real dialect surveys have been undertaken”. The classifications here follow the survey work of Staalsen (1975). Ethnologue (18th edition) further splits the language into “Sos Kundi” and “Keak” (cf. Richardson and Tupper 2013), but a more conservative classification is followed here. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.99, 143.40 | ||
| 3,033 | xwa | Kwaza | Koiyá; Koaiá; Quaiá; Arara; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | -12.651,-60.4138 | |||
| 2,677 | xwg | Kwegu | Koegu; Kwegi; Koyego; Menja; Nidi; Bacha; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Surmic; Southeast Surmic | Yidinich; Muguji; | Ethiopia; | Africa | 7.0,36.0833333333 | ||
| 4,461 | kwr | Kwer | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.02, 140.01 | ||||
| 2,281 | kkb | Kwerisa | Taogwe; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.9759,138.153 | |||
| 10,603 | kmo | Kwoma | Kuome; Washkuk | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,925 | Sepik; Nukuma | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.09, 142.66 | |||
| 10,660 | kwo | Kwomtari | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <800 | Kwomtari-Nai | Central; Eastern; Western | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.51, 141.49 | |||
| 576 | gdm | Laal | Gori; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Isolate | Laal; Laabe; | Chad; | Africa | 10.0,17.6666666667 | ||
| 4,482 | lbb | Label | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.459022,152.682222 | ||||
| 4,332 | jku | Labir | Jaku; Jakun; Jakanci; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
| 9,950 | lmy | Laboya | Lamboya | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >23,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Laboya; Gaura (AKA Nggaro or Nggaura) | The term Laboya (rather than Lamboya) is used by the people themselves to designate a territory, a language, and ethnic group. (I Wayan Arka, personal communication, November 2013) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -9.70, 119.34 | |
| 4,485 | lbu | Labu | Labu’; Labo; Hapa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.75,146.916666667 | |||
| 1,442 | lac | Lacandon | Lacandón; Lakantún; Lacandon Maya | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 563 | Mayan; Yucatecan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.055931,-89.58252 | |||
| 1,506 | lbt | Lachi | Lipulio; Y To; Y Pí; Y Póng; Y Mia; Cù Te; Cu-Tê; I To; Y Poong; Ku Te; La Chi; Laji; Lati; Tai Lati | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi; Lachi | Lipupi; Liputiõ | Closely related to, but distinct from the Laji of China. | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 22.6666666667,104.833333333 | |
| 5,656 | lbj | Ladakhi | Ladaphi; Ladhakhi; Ladak; Ladwags; Ladakhī; Budhī; Bod Buṭun; Mar-yul; Ladakse skat | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Shamma; Nubra Ladakhi; Leh | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 34.0,78.0 | ||
| 3,392 | lld | Ladin | Ladino; Dolomite; Rhaeto-Romance; Rhaeto-Romanic; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~20,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Livinallese; Nones; Marebbano; Badiotto; Gardenese; Cadorino; Ampezzano; Fassano; Atesino; | Italy; | Europe | 46.5833333333,11.9166666667 | ||
| 3,444 | lad | Ladino | Judeo-Spanish; Sephardic; Hakitia; Haketia; Judeo Spanish; Sefardi; Dzhudezmo; Judezmo; Spanyol; Haquetiya; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Ladino; Judezmo; Haquetiya; | The name Ladino refers most commonly to the written/literary form of the language. Most speakers refer to the spoken language as Judeo-Spanish. | Turkey;USA;Israel;Bulgaria;Romania;Puerto Rico;Greece;Macedonia;Croatia;Albania;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Serbia;Morocco;Algeria; | Europe;North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean;Near East;Africa | 40.0,33.0 | |
| 5,555 | llj | Ladji Ladji | Latjilatji; Laitchi-Laitchi; Litchy-Litchy; Leitch-Leitchi; Latjoo-Latjoo; Lutchye-Lutchye; Latyoo-Latyoo; Litchoo-Litchoo; Laci-Laci; Laitu-Laitu; Laitu; Acaxee; Latje Latje; Latjilatji; Laitchi-Laitchi; Litchy-Litchy; Leitch-Leitchi; Latjoo-Latjoo; Lutchye-Lutchye; Latyoo-Latyoo; Litchoo-Litchoo; Laci-Laci; Laitu-Laitu; Laitu; Acaxee; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Australia; | Australia | ||||
| 10,560 | lkl | Laeko-Libuat | Laeko; Laeko-Limbuat; Watalu; Waitalu | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <538 | Torricelli; Maimai | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.70, 142.24 | |||
| 4,478 | laf | Lafofa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Niger-Congo | Jebel El Amira; Jebel Tekeim; Lafofa; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.25,31.25 | |||
| 3,576 | lgb | Laghu | Lagu; Katova; | Dormant | 0 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian;Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -7.6157,158.7359 | |||
| 4,498 | lgh | Laghuu | Yi; Laopa; Xá Phó; Lolo; Laghuu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 23.6166,105.6833 | |||
| 10,169 | kot | Lagwan | Logone; Lagwan Kotoko; Kotoko-Logone; Logone-Birni Kotoko; Lagwane; Lagouane; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Logone-Gana; Logone-Birni; Affade | Nigeria;Cameroon;Chad; | Africa | |||
| 4,500 | lhh | Laha (Indonesia) | Central Ambon; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,890 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.71, 128.07 | |||
| 1,507 | lha | Laha (Vietnam) | Xá Khao; Khlá Phlao; Klá Dong; Khlá Don; Khlá Dung; Khlá Liik; La Ha Ung; La Ha; Xá Chien; Xá Lay | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Laqua-Laha | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 21.5833333333,103.916666667 | ||||
| 2,282 | lji | Laiyolo | Da’ang; Barang-Barang; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Wotu-Wolio | Laiyolo; Barang-Barang; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -6.3862,120.4733 | ||
| 1,505 | 1l4 | Laji | Lachi; Lipulio; Y To; Y Pí; Y Póng; Y Mia; Cù Te; Cu-Tê; I To; Y Poong; Ku Te; La Chi; Laji; Lati; Tai Lati | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi; Lachi | Closely related to the Lachi (lbt) who are a recognized ethnic group in Vietnam. Note: Ethnologue and other sources do not distinguish Laji from Lachi. | China; | East Asia | |||
| 1,147 | lmw | Lake Miwok | Miwok (Lake); Miwok, Lake; | Utian; Miwokan | USA; | North America | 38.6426,-122.3849 | |||||
| 4,511 | lkh | Lakha | Tshangkha | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.488, 89.899 | |||
| 1,434 | lbc | Lakkia | Lakkja; Lakja; Lakia; Lajia; Tai Laka; Laka; Chashan Yao; Tea Mountain Yao; Lak(k)ia; 茶山瑤 | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Lakkia-Kam-Sui; Lakkia | China; | East Asia | 24.0833333333,110.166666667 | |||
| 1,743 | lkn | Lakon | Lakona; Gaua; Gog; Vure; Vurē; Banks-Inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.251,167.422 | |||
| 2,052 | lkt | Lakota | Lakhota; Lakȟótiyapi; Teton | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2000 | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dakota | Lakota (Teton) is one of 3 major dialects of Sioux, a cover term for the varieties of the Dakotan dialect complex other than Assiniboine and Stoney. | USA;Canada; | North America | 43.8333333333,-101.833333333 | ||
| 10,939 | laku1238 | Lakurumau | Laxudamau; Lakuramau; Loxodumau; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~800 | Austronesian; Western Oceanic; Meso-Melanesian; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.883; 151.250 | |||
| 5,606 | bfc | Lama | Bijang Bai; Bai; Northern Bai; Laemae | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Baic | Lanping; Nujiang; | China; | East Asia | 29.159356,99.881936 | ||
| 4,486 | lby | Lamalama | Lamulamul; Lamu-Lamu; Mba Rumbathama; Bakanambia; Barum Bathama; Korko Lama Lama; Mba Rrumbathama; Mbarrumbathama;Lama-Lama; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.62330833,143.8556152 | ||
| 5,307 | quf | Lambayeque Quechua | Ferreñafe Quechua; Cañaris-Incahuasi; Cañaris Quechua | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Quechuan; Quechua II | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Peru; | South America | -7.1772,-78.673 | ||
| 10,820 | lmu | Lamen | Lamenu; Varmali | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 850 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.583371,168.133733; | |||
| 849 | lmk | Lamkang | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,894 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 24.2569,94.0759 | ||||
| 5,131 | llh | Lamu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Closely related to Lisu. | China; | East Asia | 26.2434, 100.8654 | |||
| 7,716 | ldm | Landoma | Landouman; Landuma; Tyapi; Tyopi; Tiapi; Cocoli; Temne; Tyop | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Tiapi; | Guinea; | Africa | 11, -13 | ||
| 552 | mcu-lan | Langa | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | |||||
| 10,517 | lnm | Langam | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 254 | Mongol-Langam-Ulwa | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.30, 143.88 | ||||
| 10,463 | Langas | Laŋas, Nyamzak, Nyamzax, Nyámzax, Lundur | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||||
| 1,512 | yln | Langnian Buyang | Buyang Zhuang; Eastern Buyang; Funing Buyang; Buozaang; Buyang, Langnian; 郎念布央 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Buyang | China; | East Asia | 23.4146,105.7632 | |||
| 3,391 | oci-lnc | Languedocien | Languedocien Occitan; Languedocian; Lengadoucian; Languedoc; Langadoc; Occitan; Occitani; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >1,000,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Guyennais; Languedocien Moyen; Bas-Languedocien; Haut-Languedocien; | A variety of Occitan. | France; | Europe | 43.8899, 2.5378 | |
| 1,261 | lnh | Lanoh | Lanoh Jengjeng; Jengjeng | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~350 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; Central Aslian | Jengjeng; Kobak; Sabüm; Semnam; Yir | Lanoh’ is the official Malaysian label for a number of Central Aslian varieties in the Perak valley, but only speakers of some of these refer to themselves as Lanoh. There is no other label for this group as a whole. Varieties/dialects include Jengjeng, Kobak, Sabüm, Semnam, and Yir. Of these, only Semnam is still spoken on a daily basis (c. 300 speakers). | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | ||
| 4,543 | lwm | Laomian | Bisu; Guba; Lawmeh; 老緬語 | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China;Myanmar; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 19.75,100.0 | ||||
| 1,574 | qa6 | Lapachu | Apolista; Lapacho; Aguachile; | Dormant () | 0? | Arawakan | This language is extremely poorly attested. The last information was a list of 45 words collected in 1972 by Montaño (cited in David L. Payne 2005). | Bolivia; | South America | 3.606694,-67.909347 | ||
| 1,436 | laq | Laqua | Bubiao; Pu Peo; Ka Beo; Ka Bao; Ka Biao; Pubiao; Pupeo; Pu Péo; Pen Ti Lolo; Bendi Lolo; KaBeo; Pubiao; Qabiao; 普標語 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 432 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Laqua-Lachi | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 23.1666,105.1 | |||
| 8,116 | qux-lar | Laraos Quechua | Quechuan; Quechua IIA | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Willem Adelaar (personal communication): “Laraos is part of Yauyos Quechua”, but is a separate variety from Southern Yauyos Quechua and from Northern Yauyos Quechua. | Peru; | South America | ||||||
| 3,787 | lbz | Lardil | Engarilla; Eugoola; Ganggalida; Iukala; Jakula; Jogula; Jokal; Jokala; Jokul; Jokula; Jokulta; Jugul; Jugulda; Jungulda; Kanggaleida; Yangarella; Yookala; Yugulda; Yukula; Yukulta; Laierdila; Ladil; Lardill; Kunana; Kuna’na; Gunana; Mornington Island tribe; Leerdil; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Tangkic | Australia; | Australia | -16.53360037,139.4069131 | |||
| 4,536 | lrv | Larëvat | Larevat; Laravat; Mallicolo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 750 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.153903,167.357442 | |||
| 4,531 | lrl | Lari | Larestani; *Achomi; Fars; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Khonj; Gerash; Evaz; Lari; Bastak; Bikha; | Iran; | Near East | 27.8585,54.8547 | ||
| 4,533 | lro | Laro | Laru; Aaleira; Yillaro; Ngwullaro; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40,000 | Niger-Congo; Heiban; West-Central Heiban | Tunduli; Laro; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.7685,29.902 | ||
| 4,530 | lrg | Larrakiya | Laragiya; Larakia; Larakiya; Gulumirrgin; Larrakia; Larrakeah; Larrakeeyah; Larrakiha; Larragea; Larrekiya; Larreekeeyah; Larikia; Larrikia; Larrikiya; Larriquia; Larragia; Larekia; Ngandalagarak; Larrekiy; Larrakeeha; Larakeeyah; Larrak-eah; Binnimiginda; Gunmajerrumba; Marri; Larrakia;Laragia; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Unclassified; Darwin Region? | Australia; | Australia | -12.70664484,130.7862123 | |||
| 4,535 | lsa | Lasgerdi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 34.8679,53.4924 | ||||
| 2,265 | luf | Laua | Labu; Lauwa; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Trans-New Guinea; Mailuan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.1824,149.2053 | |||
| 1,332 | law | Lauje | Laudje; Tinombo; Ampibabo-Lauje; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 38,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Ampibabo; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.5,120.0 | ||
| 3,968 | brb | Lave | Brao; Braou; Brau; Proue; Brou; Love; Laveh; Rawe; Veh; Prou; Lue | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32,230 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; West Bahnaric; Brao-Kravet | Palau | Vietnam;Laos;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 14.1666666667,107.5 | ||
| 10,269 | lvk | Lavukaleve | Laumbe; Laube; Russell Island; Lakukaleve; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,700 | Isolate | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -9.079, 159.22 | |||
| 1,242 | lcp | Lawa | Wa; Wa Proper; Lava; Luwa; Lua; L’wa; Lavua; Lavüa; Mountain Lawa; Lawa; Western Lawa; Mae Sariang; La’wa | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic;Wa-Lawa; Waic | La-Oor | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 18.4483,98.1848 | |||
| 2,246 | lzz | Laz | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 22,000-33,000 | South Caucasian | Ardaşen-Atina (Ardeşen-Pazar); Vits’e-Arkabe (Fındıklı-Arhavi); Khopa (Hopa- Borçka) | It is important to note that South Caucasian is not genetically related in any demonstrable way to other language families of the Caucasus. | Turkey;Georgia; | Europe;Caucasus | 41.5,41.5 | ||
| 10,814 | Lebo’ Vo’ Kenyah | Kenyah; Long San Kenyah | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Sarawak; Kenyah | Often referred to simply as “Kenyah”. Many also use the name of the villages where this language is spoken as identifiers. The name “Kenyah” refers to a larger group of communities who are ethnically Kenyah and speak languages belonging to the Kenyah subgroup, but Kenyah itself contains 4-5 individual languages with internal dialect diversity. The Lebo’ Vo’ variety of Kenyah described here is not mutually intelligible with other Kenyah varieties, and speakers of Lebo’ Vo’ must use either Malay or “Lepo” type Kenyah Dialects when speaking with the wider Kenyah community. | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 3.2974, 114.7831 | ||||
| 2,915 | lec | Leco | Leko; Lapalapa; Chuncho Aleniano; Leko; Rik’a; Ateniano; | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate; South American | Bolivia; | South America | -15.0,-67.9166666667 | |||
| 2,283 | lcc | Legenyem | Laganyan; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -.3186,130.7345 | |||
| 7,371 | tql | Lehali | Teqel; Tekel; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.50, 167.33 | |||
| 7,709 | cae | Lehar | Lala; Laalaa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000-10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | 14.951791, -16.818728 | |||
| 4,512 | llk | Lelak | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 220 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Dali; Lelak; | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 4.11426,114.029 | |||
| 10,802 | lpa | Lelepa | Havannah Harbour | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -17.597085,168.209240; | |||
| 7,373 | lrz | Lemerig | Sasar; Banks-Inseln; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | ||||
| 2,284 | ley | Lemolang | Baebunta; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Sulawesi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.6303,120.1849 | |||
| 10,751 | nms | Lendamboi | Small Nambas; Letemboi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.43, 167.57 | |||
| 2,285 | lgi | Lengilu | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 3.7327,115.8728 | ||||
| 4,496 | ler | Lenkau | Admiralitäts-inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Admiralty Islands | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.33, 147.74 | |||
| 4,495 | lep | Lepcha | Lapche; Lapcha; Rong; Rongke; Rongpa; Nünpa; Leptśa; Róng; Rongpa; Lepoha; Nümpa | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few thousand | Sino-Tibetan | Tamsangmu; Ilammu; Rengjongmu | India;Nepal;Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.1666666667,88.5 | ||
| 4,528 | lpe | Lepki | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 530 | Unclassified; Lepki-Murkim-Kembra? | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.11, 140.46 | ||||
| 4,231 | gnh | Lere | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | few |