Recently in my newsfeed, I came to see a note that 21st February was the International Mother Language celebration day, this “piqued my interest” further, so I started to read up on what the celebration was all about and it lead me into the area of Endangered Languages.
My family on my mother’s side is speaking a dying language named Meänkieli, which is spoken in the valley of the Torne River. Meänmaa (Meänkieli for ‘”Our Land”‘) is the name of this area in Meänkieli. I did not grow up in this area, I never learnt the language, and my mom was not interested in teaching it to me and my siblings even when we spend most summers in Meänmaa.
There were many times as a grown-up that I would have had use of knowing the Meänkieli language, I remember one time I was up there to visit family, my aunt took me to see my grandfathers brother, we could not communicate without my aunt, as my grandfather’s brother did not speak Swedish, he spoke Meänkieli and finish which I was not able to speak.
Why am I telling you this, Meänkieli happens to be one of the endangered languages and that lead me into getting more into how many endangered languages there are around the world. I built a data pipeline from a dataset I got from The Endangered Languages Database
Data Pipeline
The data pipeline is simple, I used Google Sheets and Google Data Studio to create this map.
The Data Pipeline Architecture
I imported the dataset I download from The Endangered Languages Database into Google Sheet, I did not do any data cleaning rather used the data as is, the only thing I did was to add a header line to the dataset in Google Sheet and put some column names in it.
Endangered Languages
id | language_code | Language | language_family | status | speakers | origin | details | desc1 | desc2 | Country | Region | Geo-locations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3,645 | knw | !Xun | Ju; !Xun (Ekoka); Kung-Ekoka; !Kung; Ekoka-!Xû; Kung; !Ku; !Xu; !Hu; Qxü !Khung; !Xung; Ekoka; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000-18,000 | Kx’a | Southeastern !Xun, Northwestern !Xun, Central !Xun | South Africa;Namibia;Angola; | Africa | -28.74358,23.983154; -17.560247, 18.050537; -19.621892, 20.253296; -21.749296, 19.896240 | ||
3,956 | bpk | Ôrôê | Orowe; Boewe; Neukaledonien; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 590 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.4223,165.4678 | |||
1,933 | taa | (Lower) Tanana | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Dene (Athabaskan) | Minto-Nenana; Salcha; Chena | Tanana is the language of the Lower Tanana river, extending from Salcha through Fairbanks and Nenana to the Minto Flats. | USA; | North America | 65.157778, -149.37;64.521111, -146.980556;64.558056,-149.090556 | ||
1,043 | con | A’ingae | Kofane; Cofán; Kofán; A’i; A’ingaé; Colin; Kofan; A’ingae; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Isolate; South American | Colombia;Ecuador; | South America | 0.054639, -77.409417 | |||
3,581 | aas | Aasáx | Asax; Asá; Aasá; Assa; Asak; “Ndorobo”; “Dorobo”; Lamanik; Il Konono; Asa; Aasax; | Dormant | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; South Cushitic | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.1948,37.738 | |||
2,011 | abg; abag1245 | Abaga | Wagaba; Wagama; Vaga | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Nuclear Trans-New Guinea; Kainantu-Goroka; Siane-Yagaria; Kamano-Yagaria | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.12,145.66 | |||
3,584 | abf | Abai Sungai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Sabahan | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.587, 118.3695 | ||||
10,590 | aau | Abau | Green River; Djarok | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >7,000 | Sepik | Central; Down-River; Down-River Border; Up-River | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.97, 141.32 | ||
1,415 | abq; abaz1241 | Abaza | абаза бызшва; Abazintsy; Abazin; Ahuwa; Tapanta; Ashuwa; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 47,880 | Northwest Caucasian; Abkhaz-Adyghe; Abkhaz-Abazin | Ashkaraua/Ashkherewa (Ashkar, Ashkharywa, Ashxar, Shkaruau); Bezshagh; T’ap’anta; Psyzh-Krasnovostok; Abazakt; Apsua; Kubin-Elburgan; Kuvin | Abaza belongs to the Abkhazo-Adyghian group of the Caucasian languages. It is close to Abkhaz, but contains also elements characteristic of Kabardian. Of all languages spoken in the former USSR, Abaza phonetics are considered the most difficult. The Abaza language is divided into two dialects corresponding to the two kinship communities Tapanta and Shkaraua. There are five subdialects: Abazakt, Apsua, Kubin-Elburgan, Kuvin and Psyzh-Krasnovostok. (The Redbook of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, 2008) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 44.0,42.0 | |
9,669 | abp | Abellen Ayta | Abenlen; Ayta Abenlen Sambal; Aburlin Negrito; Sambal | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Luzon | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
1,763 | bsa; abin1243 | Abinomn | Avinomen; “Baso”; Foya; Foja; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.92, 138.89 | |||
3,847 | aob | Abom | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15 | Trans-New Guinea; Tirio | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8.424996376, 142.9303589 | ||||
10,638 | ado | Abu | Adjora; Adjoria; Azao | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,347 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Grass | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.24, 144.47 | |||
10,569 | aah | Abu’ | Abu’ Arapesh; Ua | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,560 | Torricelli; Arapeshan | Matapau | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.4, 142.8 | ||
1,381 | abz | Abui | Barue; “Barawahing”; Namatalaki; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Atimelang; Kobola; Alakaman; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||
10,730 | kgr | Abun | Karon Pantai; Madik; Yimbun | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3000 | Isolate; Pacific | Abun Ji /l/; Abun Ji /r/; Abun Ye; Abun Tat | “There are four identifiable dialects all of which are mutually intelligible, although intelligibility decreases when greater geographic distance is involved.” (Berry and Berry 1999:1) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.52, 132.19; -0.66, 131.91 | |
641 | aca | Achagua | Achagua; Xagua; Ajagua; Achawa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 283 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Colombia; | South America | 4.41666666667,-72.25 | |||
1,520 | guq | Aché | Axe; Guaiaqui; Guoyagui; Guayakí; Guayaki-Ache; Guayaki; Guayaquí; Guaiaqui; Guajaki; Guoyagui; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guaranian | Northern Aché; Yvyturuzu Aché; Ñacunday (Southern) Aché; Ypeti Aché | Paraguay; | South America | -25.25,-55.1666666667 | ||
3,591 | acz | Acheron | Garme; Asheron; Aceron; Achurun; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70,000 | Niger-Congo; Talodi | Eastern Acheron; Western Acheron; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.809,30.2453 | ||
647 | acr | Achi’ | Rabinal K’iche’; Achí; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 51,593 | Mayan; K’ichean | Cubulco, Rabinal. Some consider Cubulco a dialect of K’iche’, and many consider all of Achi’, Rabinal and Cubulco, to be just varieties of K’iche’. They are mutually intelligible. | Considered a dialect of K’iche’ by many linguists. | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.1666666667,-90.5 | |
648 | acu | Achuar | Achual; Achuar-Shiwiar; Achuale; Achuara; Jívaro; Maina | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,443 | Chicham family (Jivaroan) | Kaufman (2007: 69) considers Jívaro a “language area” with two emergent languages, Jívaro and Aguaruna. Shuar, Achuar, Aguaruna, and Huambisa are closely related languages or dialects of a single language. | Peru;Ecuador; | South America | -2.876318, -77.586775 | ||
1,004 | acv | Achumawi | Achumawi; Achomawi; Pitt River; Achoma’wi; Achowawi; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Palaihnihan | Downriver dialect groups: Madesiwi, Itsatawi, Ilmawi, Achumawi (proper); Upriver dialect groups: Atwamwi, Astariwawi, Kosalektawi, Hammawi, Hewisedawi | USA; | North America | 41.320107,-121.129761 | ||
650 | kjq | Acoma-Laguna | Western Keres Pueblo; Western Keresan; Acoma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Keresan | Acoma; Laguna | USA; | North America | 34.8964,-107.5816 | ||
6,909 | ads | Adamorobe Sign Language | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35 | Sign Language; African | Ghana; | Africa | 5.859378, -0.197951 | ||||
9,470 | adn | Adang | Alor; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.195, 124.484 | |||
2,827 | tiu | Adasen Itneg | Adasen; Addasen Tinguian; Addasen; Itneg, Adasen | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Cagayan Valley | Western Addasen; Eastern Addasen; | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | |||
1,130 | adi | Adi | 崩尼-博嘎爾语; Lho-Pa; Abhor; Abor; Boga’er Luoba; Luoba; Lhoba; Boga’er; Bengni-Boga’er; Bokar; Adi-Bokar; Na Bengni; Bengni; Miri; Abor-Miri; Miśing | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,190 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ashing; Bokar; Tangam; Shimong; Gallong; Minyong; Pasi; Pailibo; Bori; Karko; Pangi; Padam; Komkar; Ramo | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 28.526319,93.115814 | |
10,754 | dth | Adithinngithigh | Adetingiti | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | “According to Sutton (2001:459), this is a member of Northern Paman, and it is separate from Arraythinngith.” (AUSTLANG) | Australia; | Australia | -12.887711, 141.717248 | ||
3,593 | adt | Adnyamathanha | Adynyamathanha; Wailpi; Wailbi; Waljbi; Wipie; Ad’n’amadana; Anjimatana; Anjiwatana; Archualda; Benbakanjamata; Binbarnja; Gadjnjamada; Jandali; Kanjimata; Keydnjmarda; Mardala; Nimalda; Nuralda; Unyamootha; Umbertana; Adnyamathana; Anjamutina; Anyamatana; Kudnamietha; Kutchamoota; Keydnjamarda; Mardula; Nimbalda; Nimbaldi; Atnyamathanha; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Australia; | Australia | -30.83714135,139.1215397 | |||
581 | adz | Adzera | Azera, Acira, Atzera, Atsera | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Amari; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.39, 146.29 | ||
3,596 | aeq | Aer | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Jikrio Goth Aer; Jamesabad Aer | Pakistan; | South Asia | 25.272921, 69.290285 | |||
3,600 | aft | Afitti | Ditti; Unietti; Affitti; Dinik; Affiti; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Nyimang | Afitti; Ditti | Sudan; | Africa | |||
2,799 | ulf | Afra | Usku | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~115 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.5449,140.7499 | |||
10,069 | 5qc | Aftari | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest; Semnan area | Iran; | Near East | 35.36, 53.7 | ||||
3,879 | avo | Agavotaguerra | Agavotoküeng; Agavotoqüeng; Agavo-queng | Dormant () | 0 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Central | Agayotoguerra may be a dialect of Yawalapití. Ethnologue (2106) lists it as “unclassified” and related to Waurá [wau] and to Yawalapití [yaw]; for number of speakers it gives “10 (extinct)”. “The Agavotoqëng are a tropical forest tribe who live in the Xingú park, Mato Grosso state, Brazil; their village is on the east side of the Xingú River, between the Kuluene and Kurizevo rivers. The tribe numbers fewer than 100; they speak a language similar to that of the Yawalapití, from whom they may have broken away at some earlier time. The tribe maintains isolation form other groups in the Xingú Indian Park.” (Villas Boas, Orlando and Cláudio Villas Boas. 1973. Xingú: The Indians, their Myths.) | Brazil; | South America | -13.30, -53.44 | ||
6,661 | gtu | Aghu-Tharnggala | Aghu Tharnggalu; Kuku-Mini; Ikarranggali; Aghu-Tharrnggala; Aghu; Agu-Tarnggele; Aku-Danggela; Darnggele; Darnggelle; Aghu Tharnggala; Gogo Mini; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -15.11729919, 145.810382 | ||
921 | agx | Aghul | Agul; агъул чӀал; Ağul ç’al; агульский язык; Aghulshuy; Aguly; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <18,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Agul; Gekxun; Koshan; Keren; | Russia;Azerbaijan; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 41.75,47.6666666667 | ||
10,554 | aif | Agi | Metru | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 670 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.49, 142.39 | |||
1,565 | agr | Aguaruna | Aguajun; Ahuajun; Awaruna; Awahun; Awajún; Aguaruna; Aents | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~55,000 | Chicham family (Jivaroan) | Known to its speakers as iiniá chicham. | Peru; | South America | -5.0,-78.0 | ||
3,806 | aug | Aguna | Awuna; Agunaco; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,470 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Benin; | Africa | ||||
3,334 | wmi | Agwamin | Ak Waumin; Ak-Waumin; Egwamin; Ewamin; Gwamin; Wailoolo; Walamin; Walming; Waumin; Wawmin; Wimanja; Wommin; Wakaman; Warkaman; Warkeeman; Warkamin; Warkeemon;Wamin; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.83386864,144.2350367 | ||
10,816 | axam1237 | Ahamb | Axamb; Akhamb; Akamb; naujin sdrato [nauˈtʃin sndraˈto] ‘our language’ | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 968 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu; Southeastern Malekula | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.517, 167.652 | |||
3,690 | ahn | Àhàn | Ahaan; Ahan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Defoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.762, 5.724 | |||
761 | aht | Ahtna | Ahtena; Nabesna; Tanana; Ah-tena; Atna; Copper River; Mednovskiy; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | USA; | North America | 62.7547,-144.3164 | |||
669 | tba | Aikanã | Aikaná; Huarí; Warí; Masaká; Tubarão; Kasupá; Mundé; Corumbiara; Huari; Tubaro; Wari; Uari; Kolumbiara; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 175-200 | Isolate; South American | Masaká; | Brazil; | South America | -12.6666666667,-60.6666666667 | ||
10,552 | ymo | Aiku | Yangum Mon; Malek; Menandon; Minendon; Monanda; Monandu; Umgrak-Aiku | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 819 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
3,699 | ail | Aimele | Eibela; Kware; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Trans-New Guinea; Awyu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.751896, 142.745361 | |||
3,700 | aim | Aimol | Langrong; Aimal; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,640 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Langrong; | India; | South Asia | 24.4971,93.6145 | ||
3,692 | aic | Ainbai | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 110 | Border; Bewani | Laycock (1973) identifies the two Ainbai-speaking villages as speaking Pagi [pgi], but Brown (1980) classifies Ainbai as a separate language. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.1, 141.2 | |||
3,691 | aib | Ainu (China) | Aynu; Aini; Abdal; Eynu; Äynu; 艾努語 | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 12,000 | Turkic; Central Asian Turkic | China; | East Asia | 43.843, 87.633; 37.887, 77.417; 37.164, 79.941 | |||
1,212 | ain | Ainu (Japan) | Ainu Itak; Aynu itak; Kurili; アイヌ イタㇰ; アイヌ語; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Isolate | Hokkaido; Taraika; Sakhalin; Kuril | Japan; | East Asia | 43.0,143.0 | ||
10,644 | aki | Aiome | Ayom | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 620 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Middle Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.13, 144.76 | |||
10,330 | mmq | Aisi | Musak; Green Miao; Blue Miao; Red Miao; White Miao; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.405093, 145.175755 | |||
10,349 | nfl | Äiwoo | Reef; Ayiwo; Naaude; Aiwo; Gnivo; Nivo; Nifilole; Lomlom; Reef Islands; Reefs; Äiwo; Aïwo; Reef Islands-Santa Cruz Sub-Family | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,926 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Temotu | Although children are still learning Äiwoo, the language is in danger from rising sea levels. Speakers may need to move to Santa Cruz or Honiara to survive in the longer term, leading to an increase in the use of Pijin, and potentially the disappearance of the Äiwoo language. | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -9.438950, -171.205463;-10.303377, 166.306967 | ||
3,703 | aja | Aja | Ajja; Adja; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Kresh-Aja | Sudan; | Africa | 7.33333333333,25.6666666667 | |||
8,889 | muc | Ajumbu | Mbu’ | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200-300 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
1,269 | akq | Ak | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <80 | Sepik; Yellow River | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.6093,141.6604 | ||||
5,054 | soh | Aka | Sillok; Jebels Sillok; Jebel Silak; Fa-C-Aka; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few hundred | Eastern Jebel | Sudan; | Africa | 11.0112,34.2333 | |||
10,715 | akm | Aka-Bo | Bo; Ba | Dormant () | Great Andamanese; | India; | South Asia | 13.270513, 92.837538 | ||||
10,716 | ack | Aka-Kora | Kora; Khora; Aka-Khora; Aka-Cora; | Dormant () | Great Andamanese; | India; | South Asia | 13.390518, 93.040969 | ||||
651 | knj | Akateko | Acatec; Kanjobal (Western); Kanjobal, Western; Acateco; Acatec; San Miguel Acatán Kanjobal; Conob; Western Kanjobal; Western Q’anjob’al; Kanjobal de San Miguel Acatán; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,572 | Mayan; Q’anjob’alan-Chujean | Guatemala;Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.8333333333,-91.8333333333 | |||
3,698 | aik | Ake | Aike; Akye; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.947480, 8.835342 | |||
3,597 | aeu | Akeu | Aki; Akui; 阿克 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China;Myanmar;Thailand; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 21.5833,101.0166 | |||
941 | akv | Akhvakh | Axvax; Ашвaлъи мицIи; авахский язык; Akhwakh | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | Kaxib; | The Akhvakh language belongs to the Andi subgroup of the Avar-Ando-Dido or northwestern group of the Dagestan languages and is divided into two dialects: North-Akhvakh and South-Akhvakh. The first is homogeneous, while the latter is further divided into the Tlyanub and Tsegob subdialects. The difference between the South-Avar and North-Avar is rather considerable and users of the two dialects prefer communicating in the Avar language. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, 2008) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.3333333333,46.3333333333 | |
942 | sia | Akkala Saami | Ahkkil; Babino Saami; Akkalansaame; ču´kksuâlis; бабинский саамский язык; Аккала; Babinsk; Akkala Sami; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Uralic; Saami | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 67.774470, 32.126267 | |||
4,663 | miw | Akoye | Mahigi; Akoinkake; Lohiki; Obi; Mai-Hea-Ri; Maihiri; Angoya; Akoyi; Maiheari; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Trans-New Guinea; Angan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.814405, 145.675964; -7.963272, 145.775442 | |||
537 | aku | Akum | Anyar; Okum; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukunoid; Yukuben-Kuteb | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 6.73,9.9316 | |||
1,567 | aqz | Akuntsú | Akunsu; Akunts’u | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Tupian; Tuparian | The Akuntsú people are survivors of a genocide promoted by the colonizers and settlers of the Southeastern region of Rondônia during the last three decades of the 20th century. They were first contacted by the National Foundation of Indians of Brazil (FUNAI) only in 1995. | Brazil; | South America | -10.9, -63.6 | ||
1,568 | ako | Akuriyo | Tiriyometesem; Triometesen; Akurio; Akoerio; Akuri; Akurijo; Akuliyo; Oyaricoulet; Triometesem; Wama; Wayaricuri; | Cariban; Guianan | Suriname; | South America | 2.8442,-55.7556 | |||||
6,998 | syy | Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language | ABSL | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >150 | Sign Language; Near Eastern | Israel; | Near East | 30.377614, 34.886169 | |||
670 | akz | Alabama | Alibamu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250-300 | Muskogean | USA; | North America | 30.7158,-94.7028 | |||
943 | nog-tat | Alabugat Tatar | Nogai-Tatar; Tatar-Noghay; Alabugat Tatar-Nogai; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Turkic; Kipchak | Nogay | Outlying dialect of Nogay with deep influences from Tartar and other Turkic languages, in particular, Kalmyk. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 43.59, 46.66 | |
8,195 | ala | Alago | Aragu; Arago; Argo; Idoma Nokwu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Idomoid | Agwatashi; Keana; Doma; Assaikio; | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.110174, 9.142930;8.492577, 8.518839 | ||
5,988 | wbj | Alagwa | Alagwaisi; Alagwase; Alawa; Chasi; Asi; Wasi; Kialagwa; Wasai; Uwassi; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; South Cushitic | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.5,35.75 | |||
10,616 | amp | Alamblak | Arambak | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Eastern Sepik Hill | Karawari; Kuvenmas | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.66, 143.32 | ||
3,832 | alh | Alawa | Alaua; Allaura; Allawa; Allowa; Allowiri; Allua; Alowa; Galawa; Galleewo; Kallana; Kallaua; Leealowa; Warliburru; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17 | Gunwinyguan; Maran | Australia; | Australia | -15.53391918,134.2028228 | |||
8,792 | sant1448, sant1450 | Albarradas Zapotec | Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec; Zapotec; Albarradas; Zapoteco de Santo Domingo Albarradas | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,500 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Santo Domingo Albarradas; San Miguel | 1 of approx. 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI distinguish varieties of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approximately 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major groups (language areas): (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.066921, -96.200710 |
4,184 | gah | Alekano | Gahuku; Gafuku; Gahuku-Gama; Zo’maga; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Kainantu-Goroka | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.0,145.416666667 | |||
671 | ale | Aleut | Unangan; Unangam Tunuu; алеутский язык; Унáҥам Тунý; Унаңан; Unanghan; Amara; Aleutian; Ungangan; Unangany; アレウト語; アリュート語; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70-100 | Eskimo-Aleut; Aleut | dialects: Attu (Western), Atka and Unalaska (Eastern). The present-day Aleuts are bilingual. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, 2008) | Russia;USA; | Caucasus;Europe;North America;East Asia | 54.7212,-164.4433; 52.2304,-174.1978 | ||
10,642 | afk, afp | Alfendio | Arafundi; Nanubae; Aunda; Kapagmai; Tapei; Imboin; Lower Arafundi; Upper Arafundi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 633 | Arafundi | The Arafundi languages are closely related, possibly forming a dialect chain. In the Catalogue they are classified as three languages, but this is not the only possible categorization. Ethnologue (18th edition) includes two entries that correspond to what Laycock (1973) identifies as Alfendio: Nanubae [afk] and Tapei [afp]. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.75, 143.64 | ||
944 | cat-alg | Algherese Catalan | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000-30,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Catalan | An outlying dialect of Catalan, spoken in the northwest of Sardinia. It has been spoken in the area since Catalan invaders repopulated the city of Alghero (L’Alguer in Catalan) after expelling the indigenous Sardinian population in 1372 AD. | Italy; | Europe | 40.564318,8.328667 | ||
7,175 | 1kt | Alipur Sign Language | APSL | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; South Asian | India; | South Asia | |||||
3,833 | all | Allar | Alan; Alanmar; Alar; Allan; Chatans | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Dravidian; South-Central Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.108169,76.166224 | |||
3,693 | aid | Alngith | Alngidh; Alingid; Laynngithy; Lengiti; Lenngiti; Alngid; Limrett; Laynngith; Winduwinda; Alingit; Alŋit̯; Laynŋit̯; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -12.57310489,141.8691543 | ||
10,856 | Alto Huallaga Quechua | Upper Huallaga Quechua; Eastern Huánuco Quechua; | Quechuan; Quechua I; | According to Torero (1964), this (Alto Huallaga) is an area with separate characteristics, distinct from Huallaga Quechua. | Peru; | South America | ||||||
8,114 | qvm | Alto Marañón Quechua | Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua; Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua; Upper Marañón Quechua | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 83,400 | Quechuan; Quechua I | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Alto Marañón Quechua [qvm] is sometimes listed as an alternate name of Alto Huallaga [qub], as both are Ap-am-ah Central Quechuan languages. However, according to some linguists the two are different languages, and according to others they are dialects. This area corresponds to the Upper Marañón Valley in southwestern Huánuco; this variant should be close to Huallaga (Huánuco) Quechua (Willem Adelaar personal communication). | Peru; | South America | -9.932, -76.242 | ||
10,547 | dia | Alu | Dia; Galu; Metru; Sinagen | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,880 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.39, 142.25 | |||
3,567 | xua | Alu Kurumba | Alu Kurumba Nonstandard Kannada; Pal Kurumba; Hal Kurumba; Kurumba, Alu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.35, 76.80 | |||
1,329 | alp | Alune | Sapalewa; Patasiwa Alfoeren; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Kairatu; North Coastal Alune; Central West Alune; South Alune; Central East Alune; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.0637,128.3752 | ||
7,249 | yna | Aluo | 阿羅語; Ala; Naluo; Yala; Lila; Laka; Gan Yi | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <40,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 25.9368, 102.1839 | |||
672 | ems | Alutiiq | Sugpiaq; Pacific Gulf Yupik;; Sugpiak; “Eskimo”; Chugach “Eskimo”; Koniag-Chugach; Suk; Sugcestun; South Alaska “Eskimo”; Yupik (Pacific Gulf ); šuk/suk Sugpiaq; “Aleut”; アリュティーク語; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Yupik | Koniag, Chugach | USA; | North America | 57.793056, -152.394167 | ||
947 | alr | Alutor | Alyutor; Алюторский язык; nəməlʔu; Aliutor; Olyutor; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Chukotko-Kamchatkan; Chukotkan | Alutorskij (Alutor); Karaginskij (Koryak); Palanskij (Palana); | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 61.0,165.0 | ||
3,878 | avd | Alviri-Vidari | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Vidar; Alvir | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036, 48.2519 | ||||
5,249 | aly | Alyawarr | Alyawarra; Alyawarre; Aljawara; Iliaura; Yowera; Illiaura; Iljaura; Ilyuarra; Illyowra; Aliawara; Aliwara; Alja:wara; Yalyuwara; Alyawara; Jaljuwara; Ilawara; Ilja:wara; Iljauara; Iljawara; Illaura; Illura; Iloura; Ilyauarra; Ilyaurra; Ilyawara; Ilyowra; Ilywara; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,664 | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Australia; | Australia | -22.29152242,135.9637093 | |||
10,662 | amm | Ama | Sawiyanu; Waniabu; Neinbonei | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Left May | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.20, 141.66 | |||
1,330 | amq | Amahai | Amahei | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Makariki; Rutah; Soahuku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.3352, 128.9314 | ||
674 | amc | Amahuaca | Amawaka; Ameuhaque; Sayaco; Ipitineri; Amaguaco; Amawaka language area; | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Inuvaken; Viwivakeu; Nishinawa (extinct); Yumanawa (extinct); | Isconahua [isc] is either a dialect of Amahuaca or a separate language; Ethnologue lists it as a separate language. | Brazil;Peru; | South America | -10.5,-72.5 | |||
10,582 | aad | Amal | Amel; Alai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 388 | Sepik | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.05, 142.00 | |||
10,377 | kzg, xug, ryn, okn, ams, tkn, yox | Amami | Kikai; Kunigami; Northern Amami-Oshima; Oki-no-Erabu; Southern Amami-Oshima; Toku-no-Shima; Yoron; Ryukyuan; Oshima; Osima; Oosima; Northern Ryukyuan; Amami-Osima; Okinoerabu; Okierabu; Tokunosima; 奄美語; 奄美方言; 国頭語; 国頭方言; Shimayumuta; 島口; シマユムタ; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~37,000 | Japonic; Ryukyuan; Northern Ryukyuan | Onotsu; Nago; Sani; Naze; West Oki-No-Erabu; East Oki-No-Erabu; Kametsu | Pellard (2015), whose classification is used here, considers Okinawan and Amami to be separate. According to Niinaga (2015), Northern Okinawan dialects are grouped together with Amami dialects. According to other analyses, the Amami language consists of Kikai (kzg), Kunigami (xug), Northern Amami-Oshima (ryn), Oki-no-Erabu (okn), Southern Amami-Oshima (ams), Toku-no-Shima (tkn), and Yoron (yox). | Japan; | East Asia | 28.31,129.982;27.3738,128.619;28.1955,129.285;27.7736,128.961;27.0407,128.428 | |
10,670 | amn | Amanab | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Border; Waris | Northern; Western; Eastern | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -3.55, 141.18 | |||
3,836 | ama | Amanayé | Amanajé; Manaze; Amanage; Manaxo; Manajo; Manazo; Amanyé; Anambé; Guajá; Urubú; Amanajé; Amanayé language area; | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Xingu | Brazil; | South America | -3.7327,-49.1088 | |||||
3,694 | aie | Amara | Longa; Bibling | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <231 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | “… [T]here are two alternate names for the Amara language, Longa and Bibling. Though the Amara people recognize those names, they reported that they prefer their language to be called Amara.” (Carter, et al. 2012) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.516550, 148.765182; -5.485110, 148.676949; -5.533295, 148.588715 | ||
9,171 | aaz | Amarasi | Timor Amarasi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Ro’is Hero (Kopa); Ro’is; Kotos; Ro’is Tais Nonof; | Part of Uab Meto language chain. Similar to Uab Meto [aoz], but with differences in phonology, vocabulary, and discourse, with semantic shifts, structural differences, intelligibility problems. Ro’is Tais Nonof dialect has intonation like Ro’is dialect, vocabulary like Kotos dialect. Southwest tip of Timor Island. 80 villages. Kotos is central and east, Ro’is is west, Ro’is Tais Nonof is south, Ro’is Hero surrounded by Helong. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||
10,955 | amat1238, coat1244 | Amatec Zapotec | Amatlán Zapotec, Coatecas Altas Zapotec | Otomanguean; Zapotecan; Southern Trade Network | Coatecas Altas, Amatlán, Logueche | In Zapotec the language is known as /díʔʐzæ̂/. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||
10,639 | aew | Ambakich | Aion; Porapora | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 770 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Grass | Northern; Southern | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.20, 144.25 | ||
6,310 | ael | Ambele | Tinta; Ambala; Bata’o; Lembala; Tentwa’; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Alternate names are self-reported by Ambele-speaking people according to Ayotte and Ayotte, 2002. | Cameroon; | Africa | 5.868,9.765 | ||
10,606 | abt, wos | Ambulas | Abelam; Abulas; Ambelas; Hanga Hundi; Kwasengen; West Wosera | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 33,000 | Sepik; Ndu | Wosera; West Wosera; Maprik | Ethnologue (18th edition) lists separate entries for “Ambulas” [abt] and “Hanga Hundi” [wos], the latter of which is considered a dialect (called “West Wosera”) by Laycock (1973). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.78, 143.06 | |
4,589 | amj | Amdang | Mimi; Mima; Mututu; Biltine; Andang; Andangti; Mime; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Furan | Chad; | Africa | 14.624780, 20.944645; 13.719374, 20.768572; | ||||
8,740 | aqd | Ampari | Ampari Dogon; Ambeenge; Ampari; Pignari | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,200 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; West Dogon | Mali; | Africa | 14.257728, -3.90712 | |||
1,333 | law-amp | Ampibabo | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
2,012 | amt | Amto | Ki; Siwai; Siawi; Siafli | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 230 | Amto-Musan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.052936077, 141.3284454 | |||
1,646 | ame | Amuesha | Amuexa; Yanesha’; Amoesha; Yanesha; Amuese; Amueixa; Amoishe; Amagues; Amage; Omage; Amajo; Lorenzo; Amuetamo; Amaje; | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Western | Peru; | South America | -10.5,-75.4166666667 | |||||
8,556 | 1ot | Amur Nivkh | Nivx; Gilyak; амурский нивхский язык; Nivukhi; Ghilyak; Ghiliak; Gelyak; Giriyaaku; Нивхгу диф; Ньиғвӈгун; гиляцкий язык; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Nivkh | Nivkh is often regarded as an isolate, but, like Ainu, it may also be viewed as a small family, comprising two closely related, but mutually unintelligible, languages; attempts to demonstrate the existence of a genetic connection between Nivkh and other families have not given generally accepted results. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 53.2684,140.4107 | ||
1,382 | amg | Amurdak | Wureidbug; Amurag; A’moordiyu; Amarak; Amardak; Amurdag; Amurrag; Amurrak; Amurtak; Amuruk; Mamurug; Monobar; Namurug; Nga:mr:rak; Nga:mu:rak; Ngamurag; Ngamurak; Umoreo; Umoriu; Umorrdak; Wardadjbak; Woraidbug;Amarag; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3-5 | Iwaidjan | Gidjurra; Urrirrk; | Australia; | Australia | -11.149603,132.576973 | ||
8,598 | anw | Anaang | Anang; Annang; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 733,040 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Ikot Ekpene; Ukanafun; Abak; | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.193697,7.933819; 4.990398,7.763793; 4.943625,7.577806; 4.846049,7.749283; | ||
9,909 | akg | Anakalangu | Anakalang | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >25,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -9.576376, 119.586182 | |||
675 | anm | Anal | Namfau; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Mulsom; Laizo; | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 24.1517,93.9385 | |||
4,954 | pda | Anam | Pondoma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,070 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.811839, 145.008545 | |||
1,570 | aan | Anambé of Cairarí | Anambé | Dormant () | Ø | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Xingu | Not to be confused with Anambé of Ehrenreich. | Brazil; | South America | |||
5,448 | ajn | Andajin | Andidja; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Worrorran; Southern Worrorran | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.37660823,126.2592854 | ||
10,656 | aod | Andarum | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 830 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Ataitan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.49, 144.77 | ||||
10,777 | Ande | Morouas | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.470705,166.936238; | ||||
948 | ani | Andi | Qwannab; qwavannab micci; андийский язык; ანდიური ენა; къIaваннаб мицци; Andiy; Andii; Qandisel | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-20,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | Munin; Gagatl; Zilo; Rikvani; Kvanxidatl; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.75,46.25 | ||
1,334 | bzb | Andio | Masama; Andio’o; Imbao’o | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Saluan-Banggai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -.8514,123.1457 | |||
1,571 | anb | Andoa | Andoa; Gae; Siaviri; Semigae; Shimigae; Gaye; Arabela-Andoa; | Dormant () | Ø | Zaparoan | Peru; | South America | -2.6796,-76.2011 | |||
676 | ano | Andoque | Andoke; Cho’oje; Patsiaehé; Businka; Cha’oie; Paasi-ahá; Paasiaja | Isolate; South American | Colombia; | South America | -0.666666666667,-72.0 | |||||
10,821 | Anejom̃ | Aneityum | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -20.176517,169.813967; | ||||
10,806 | anz | Anem | Anêm | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 843 | Isolate; Pacific | “Some hypotheses relate Anem to other languages of New Britain, especially with Pete-Ata, and the East Papuan islands based on typology or pronouns (see Dunn et al. 2005a,b, Ross 2001, Thurston 1992) but the resemblances are much too minor to conclude a genealogical relation.” (Hammarström, forthcoming) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | |||
2,675 | myo | Anfillo | Southern Mao; Mao; South Mao; Anfilo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Gonga | Ethiopia; | Africa | 8.5049,34.7415 | |||
1,572 | aqt | Angaité | Angaite; Enenlhet; Enlit; Nempayvvoma; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 780 | Enlhet-Enenlhet (Mascoyan) | Koaklok; Koietevees; Konjanava | Paraguay; | South America | |||
10,673 | agg | Angor | Anggor; Senagi; Watapor | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,250 | Senagi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.72, 141.20 | |||
10,629 | aog, myd | Angoram | Kanda; Olem; Pondo; Sepik No. 1; Tjimundo; Maramba | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,514 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Lower Sepik | Ethnologue (21st ed.) contains a separate entry for a “Maramba” language [myd], supposedly belonging to the Yuat family. The people of Maramba village, however, speak Angoram (aka Kanda). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.08, 144.03 | ||
3,809 | blo | Anii | Gisida; Basila; Bassila; Baseca; “Winji-Winji”; “Ouinji-Ouinji”; Akpe; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <25,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ananjubi; Balanka; Akpe; Gikolodjya; Gilempla; Gisème; Giseda; | The preferred name of the language is Anii; other names may have derogatory connotations and should not be used. (Tompkins & Kluge 2008) | Togo;Benin; | Africa | 9.032,1.657; 9.234,1.554 | |
3,305 | anf | Animere | Anyimere; Kunda; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ghana; | Africa | 7.6129,.4064 | |||
2,025 | aoi | Anindilyakwa | Amakurupa; Andilagwa; Andiljangwa; Andiljaugwa; Andiljaukwa; Andilyaugwa; Anindhilyakwa; Anindilyaugwa; Aninhdhilyagwa; Awarikpa; En Indiljaugwa; Enindhilyagwa; Enindiljaugwa; Eninhdhilyagwa; Groote Eylandt; Ingura; Lamadalpu; Wani-Ndiljaugwa; Wanindilyaugwa; Wanindilyaugwa Ingura; Warnindilyakwa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Gunwinyguan; East Arnhem | Australia; | Australia | -14.05312996,136.6124148 | |||
3,840 | amx | Anmatyerre | Anmatjirra; Anmatjera; Unmatjera; Imatjera; Urmitchee; Nmatjera; Inmatjera; Anmatjara; Janmadjara; Janmatjiri; Yanmedjara; Yandmadjari; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 501-1000 | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Western Anmatyerre; Eastern Anmatyerre; | Australia; | Australia | -21.98277477,133.4290339 | ||
4,904 | nun | Anong | Anung; Anoong; Añú; Nu; Lu; Lutzu; Lutze; Kiutze; Khanung; Kwinp’ang; Khupang; Kwingsang; Fuch’ye; Anu; Nu-tzŭ; Kuhpang; 阿儂語; ရဝမ် | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~ 4040 (40 in China) | Sino-Tibetan; Nungish | Gwaza; Cholo; Miko | China;Myanmar; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 27.100, 98.700 | ||
10,643 | anj | Anor | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Middle Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.98, 144.80 | ||||
3,110 | ant | Antakirinya | Kadjilaranda; Madutara; Mbenderinga; Ngonde; Njuntundjara; Tangara; Untergerrie; Walarangunja; Walarenunga; Yandairunga; Aldolinga; Aluna; Andagarinja; Andagarinya; Andagirinja; Andegilliga; Andekarinja; Andgari; Andigari; Andigarina; Andigarinya; Andigiri; Andigirinji; Andingiri; Andjirigna; Andjiringna; Andrgrinji; Anjirigna; Antakarinja; Antakerinya; Antakirinja; Antegarinya; Antekarinja; Anterrikanya; Antigari; Antigerinya; Antikarinya; Antikirinya; Antin-gari; Antakerrinya; Unterrgerrie; Anderkerinja;Antakarinya; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -27.05245189,134.4007513 | |||
3,592 | adg | Antekerrepenh | Andigibinha; Antekerrepinhe; Andakerebina; Undekerebina; Walwallie; Williwilli; Yanindo; Andeberegina; Andegerebenha; Antakiripina; Willi-willi;Andegerebinha; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Very few | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Australia; | Australia | -23.23189623,139.9715594 | |||
2,013 | aui | Anuki | Gabobora; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 574 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.6522,149.7656 | |||
1,335 | auq; anus1237 | Anus | Koroernoes; Korur | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 320 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.1268, 139.5126 | |||
3,872 | aud | Anuta | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | up to 340 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -11.611, 169.85 | ||||
3,851 | aor | Aore | Dormant | 0 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.5767,167.1638 | ||||
10,637 | kbx | Ap Ma | Ap Ma Botin; Botin; Kambot; Karaube; Keram | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,500 | Isolate | Kambaramba | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.35, 144.09 | ||
655 | apy | Apalaí | Apalai; Aparai; Apalay; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 317 | Cariban | Brazil; | South America | 0.0,-54.0 | |||
657 | apt | Apatani | Apa; Patan; Apa Tani; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~14,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | 27.5,93.75 | |||
656 | api | Apiaká | Apiacá; Apiake; | Dormant () | Ø | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Tupi-Kawahib | Brazil; | South America | -11.1519,-57.3113 | |||
658 | apn | Apinayé | Apinage; Apinayé; Apinajé; Apinagé; | Jean; Northern Je | Brazil; | South America | -5.5,-48.0 | |||||
3,202 | apu | Apuriná | Ipuriná; Kangite; Apurinã; Ipurina; Apurinã; Ipurinãn; Popengare; Cangaiti; Cacharary | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Brazil; | South America | -9.0,-67.0 | |||
1,347 | apx | Aputai | Ilputih; Opotai; Tutunohan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Lurang; Ilputih; Welemur | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -7.6511, 126.4086 | ||
3,857 | ard | Arabana-Wangkangurru | Arbana; Ngarabana; Arabuna; Arrabunna; Arrabonna; Arubbinna; Arapina; Arapani; Urapuna; Urabuna; Urabunna; Urroban; Wangarabana; Wongkurapuna; Wangarabunna; Nulla; Rabuna;Arabana; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -31.30521924,138.428335 | ||
660 | arl | Arabela | Chiripuno; Chiripunu; Arabela-Andoa; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Zaparoan | Peru; | South America | -2.0,-75.1666666667 | |||
949 | arg | Aragonese | Aragoieraz; Altoaragonés; Aragonés; Fabla Aragonesa; Patués; High Aragonese; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Western Aragonese; Southern Aragonese; Central Aragonese; Eastern Aragonese; | “Eastern Aragonese” is sometimes used by some groups to refer to the variety of Catalan spoken in Eastern Aragon, though Catalan is a different language from Aragonese. Both languages are native languages in Aragon. | Spain; | Europe | 42.2935,-.4394 | |
3,829 | akr | Araki | Banks-Inseln; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.632, 166.952 | |||
3,578 | aaf | Aranadan | Aranatan; Eranadans | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.35, 75.8 | |||
3,858 | aro | Araona | Cavina; Carina; | Pano-Tacanan; Takana | No recognized dialect differences. | Bolivia; | South America | -12.4473,-68.1372 | ||||
661 | arp | Arapaho | Arrapahoe; Northern Arapaho; Arapaho-Atsina; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Algic; Algonquian; Arapahoan | Gros Ventre; Besawunena; Haʔanahawunena; Arapaho; Nawathinehena; | USA; | North America | 43.0139,-108.8214 | ||
1,705 | arj | Arapaso | Arapaço; Araspaso; Koneá; Arapasso; | Dormant () | 0 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Brazil; | South America | 0,-66 | |||
3,032 | axg | Arára of Mato Grosso | Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Aripuanã; Arara; Arara do Beiradão; Arara do Rio Branco | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | ||||||
663 | awt | Araweté | Bïde; Asuriní; Asuriní do Xingú; Asuriní do Coatinema; Awaeté; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 339 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Xingu | Brazil; | South America | -5.1347,-52.3388 | |||
2,047 | awm; araw1272 | Arawum | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 73 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang; Rai Coast; Kabenau | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.5093,145.8929 | ||||
962 | aae | Arbëreshë | Italo-Albanian; Albanian; Arber; Arbresh; Arnaut; Škip; Shqipēri; Shquipni; Arbëreshë Albanian; Arbëreshë; Albanesisch; Albanian, Arbëreshë | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100,000 | Indo-European; Albanian; Tosk | Sicilian Albanian; Central Mountain Albanian; Campo Marino Albanian; Calabrian Albanian; | Outlying dialect of (Tosk) Albanian (Moseley, 2005) | Italy; | Europe | 40.9321,14.8645 | |
3,859 | arv | Arbore | Arbora; Erbore; Irbore; Arborie; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,441 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.0,36.75 | |||
721 | aqc | Archi | арчинский язык; аршаттен чIат; Archintsy; Archin; Arshashdib; Archib; Archsel; არჩიბული ენა | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,237 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.0,46.8333333333 | |||
1,219 | aem | Arem | A-Rem; Chomrau; Chombrau; Umo | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | The term Arem (Vietnamese spelling of areːm) seems to be an exonym (Ferlus 2013:1). | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.1771,105.3369 | ||
7,001 | aed | Argentine Sign Language | Lengua de Señas Argentina; LSA | No estimate available | Sign Language; South American | Often abbreviated as “LSA” | Argentina; | South America | -34.80, -59.18 | |||
3,685 | agj | Argobba | Argoba; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,860 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Ethiopic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 10.5958,39.9792 | |||
1,349 | agf | Arguni | Argoeni | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.6632, 132.5418 | |||
3,856 | aqr | Arhâ | Ara; Neukaledonien; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.3047,165.0146 | |||
3,849 | aok | Arhö | Aro; Neukaledonien; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 62 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.274,165.0503 | |||
2,887 | aac | Ari | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Trans-New Guinea; Gogodalic | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8,142.40 | ||||
3,594 | aea | Ariba | Kurtjar; Araba; Rib; Ribh; A:rap; Aripa; Ngariba; Areba | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.120653,141.833361 | ||
3,579 | aai | Arifama-Miniafia | Miniafia-Arifama; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,470 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Arifama; Miniafia; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.518239975,149.349884 | ||
664 | ark | Arikapú | Arikapu; Aricapú; Aricapu; Maxubí; Mashubi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Jabutian | Hein van der Voort (2012) has shown that Mashubi (Maxubí), formerly identified as a separate language, is in fact just Arikapú. | Brazil; | South America | -12.0527,-64.7259 | ||
1,672 | ari | Arikara | Ree; Ricara; Arikari; Arikaris; Arikaree; Ris; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Caddoan | USA; | North America | 47.648,-101.8327 | |||
963 | rup | Aromanian | Armãneashti; Armãneascã; Armãneshce; Rrămăneashti; Machiduneashti; Armân; Arumanian; Armina; Vlach; Arumun; Aromunian; Macedo-Romanian; Macedo-Rumanian; Other Roumanian Lects; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Eastern Romance | Bulgaria;Romania;Greece;Macedonia;Albania;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Serbia; | Europe | 40.2292,21.1376 | |||
2,834 | atz | Arta | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 16.216, 121.599 | ||||
3,835 | alx | Aru | Alang; Alatil; Amol; Eru | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 270 | Torricelli; Palei; Mol; Oru | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.45706296, 142.539093 | |||
665 | arx | Aruá | Aruaxi; Aruashí; Cinta Larga; Gavião; Zoró; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Tupian; Mondean | Aruáshi; | Brazil; | South America | -12.0285,-64.7094 | ||
10,650 | msy | Aruamu | Ariawia; Ariawiai; Gumasi; Makarub; Makarup; Mikarew; Mikarew-Ariaw; Mikarup | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,350 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.29, 144.84 | |||
10,566 | aur | Aruek | Djang; Jang | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 614 | Torricelli; Kombian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.38, 142.72 | |||
10,551 | lsr | Aruop | Alatil; Lau’u; Lauisaranga; Lausurankin; Lawu Srenge; Srenge | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.46, 142.48 | |||
667 | atx, arut1244 | Arutani | Auaqué; Awaké; Auaké; Auake; Awake; Aoaqui; Oewaku; Uruak; Uruák; Urutani; Orotani; Ahuaqué; Oewacu; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 in Saúba, Brazil and 4 in Upper Paragua, Venezuela | Isolate; South American | Probably dormant, possible one or two semi-speakers. There is now enough documentation in several wordlists collected from 1958 to 2007 to show it has no discernible affiliation with any other language or family (Zamponi in press.) | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 4.07, -62.87; 3.85, -62.58 | ||
3,582 | aat | Arvanitika | Albanian; Arber; Arbresh; Arnaut; Škip; Shqipēri; Shquipni; Arvanitika; Arvanitika Albanian; Arvanitic; Arberichte; Albanesisch; Albanian, Arvanitika | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 | Indo-European; Albanian; Tosk | Northwestern Arvanitika; South Central Arvanitika; Thracean Arvanitika | Greece; | Europe | 38.1863, 23.6096 | ||
1,350 | asz; asss1237 | As | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5-6 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea; Raja Ampat-South Halmahera | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.742007,131.683156 | ||||
2,687 | seo | Asaba | Duranmin; Akiapmin; Suarmin; Wani | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 145 | Isolate | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.0526,141.9818 | |||
1,718 | cni | Asháninka | Asháninga; Campa (Axininca); Asháninca; Ashaninca; Asháninka; “Campa”; | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Campa | Brazil;Peru; | South America | ||||||
1,308 | cpc, cjo, prq, cpu, cpy, cpb | Ashéninka | Ashéninga (Upper Perené; Ashéninka Perené; “Perené Campa”; Ashéninca Perené); Ajyíninka (Ajyéninka, Apurucayali Campa, Ashaninca, Ashéninca Apurucayali, Axininka Campa); Pajonal (Ashéninca, Atsiri); Pichis Ashéninca (Pichis Campa); South Ucayali Ashéninka; Ucayali Ashéninca; “Campa” (considered pejorative). | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Campa | Ethnologue lists 8 Ashéninga languages: Ajyíninka Apurucayali [cpc] Ashéninka Pajonal [cjo] Ashéninka Perené [prq] Ashéninka, Pichis [cpu] Ashéninka, South Ucayali [cpy] Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa [cpb] Nanti [cox] Nomatsiguenga [not] Most other classifications have only 3 of these as distinct: Ashéninka, Nanti, Nomatsiguenga. | Brazil;Peru; | South America | -10.933333, -75.266667 | ||||
1,577 | adi-ash | Ashing | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | |||||
1,578 | ask | Ashkun | Ashkund; Ashkuni; Wamayi; Wamai; Askun; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <7,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Nuristani | Suruviri; Ashuruveri; Gramsukraviri; | Afghanistan; | Near East | 34.9973,71.0746 | ||
3,866 | atn | Ashtiani | Astiani; Ashtiyani; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 21,100 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Ashtiani; Tafresh; | Iran; | Near East | 34.4861,51.0562 | ||
9,329 | 08a | Aširat Northeastern Neo-Aramaic | Asirat Northeastern Neo-Aramaic; Assyrian; NENA; Ashirat Neo-Aramaic | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Halmun; Halmon; Lewən; Šamməsdin dialects (Nočiya, Iyyəl, Marbišo); Tiyari dialects (Bnerumta, Čāl, Sarspido, Tall Tammər, Walṭo); Txuma dialects (Arbuš, Berəjnaye, Gəssa, Gundək, Mazra, Txuma Gawaya, Ṭāl) | Turkey;Iraq;Syria; | Europe;Near East | ||||
5,191 | sjg | Assangori | Sungor; Soungor; Assoungor; Azanguri; Asong; Asungore; Bognak-Asungorung; Madungore; Assagori; Azangori; Asongori; Erenga; Shaale; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23,500 | Taman | Sebunkik; Walad Dulla; Erenga; Murasi; Sungor; Girga; | Sudan;Chad; | Africa | 13.75,21.5 | ||
677 | asb | Assiniboine | Assiniboin; Stoney; Hohe; Assinaboin; Nakon; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <150 | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dakota | Dakotan is a Siouan dialect complex, with three well defined dialect areas: Stoney, currently spoken in southwestern Alberta; Assinibone, in southern Saskatchewan and northern Montana; and Sioux, spoken widely in North and South Dakota, Minnesota, and in southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Intelligibility between these dialect areas is low, although speakers can communicate after a while with some difficulty, and they are perhaps best considered emergent languages. | USA;Canada; | North America | 48.4466,-114.8783; 50.3536,-103.4841 | ||
966 | ast | Asturian | Asturiano; Leonese; Leonés; Astur-Leonese; Asturian-Leonese; Asturianu | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 110,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Central Asturian; West Asturian; Western Asturian; Eastern Asturian; Leonese; | Some people wish to consider the differences between Asturian and the varieties spoken in Cantabria, Spain as distinct enough to merit special consideration. | Spain;Portugal; | Europe | 43.357138,-5.865532; 42.596565,-5.571648; 41.504464,-5.746056; 41.49945,-6.271331; 41.585661,-6.524609 | |
3,871 | aua | Asumboa | Asumbua; Asumuo; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Temotu | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -11.2982,166.4868 | |||
3,129 | asun1236 | Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec | North Central Zimatlan Zapotec, Zapoteco de Asunción Mixtepec, Central Zapotec, | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | San Pablo Cuatro Venados, Magdalena Mixtepec, San Bernardo Mixtepec, Asunción Mixtepec. | 1 of approximately 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI count each variety of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approx. 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major language areas: (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.88, -96.87 |
1,579 | asr | Asuri | Ashree; Asura; Assur; Maleta; Mundari; Mundari-Ho; Asur | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | Manjhi; Brijia | India; | South Asia | 22.4719,84.9023 | ||
1,720 | asu | Asuriní do Tocantins | Asuriní; Assuriní; Assuriní do Tocantins; Asuriní do Trocará; Akwaya; Akuawa; Parakaná; Asurí; Mudjetire; Suru do Tocantins; Asurini; Tocantins Asuriní; Assurini; Asuriní do Tocantins; Akwáwa; Asurini, Tocantins | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 384 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Teneteharan | Brazil; | South America | ||||
678 | asn | Asuriní of Xingú | Asuriní de coatinema; Asurini do Xingu; Asuriní do Koatinema; Awaeté; Xingú Asuriní; Assurinikin | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Xingu | Brazil; | South America | -3.9095,-52.4707 | |||||
3,865 | atm | Ata | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Bisayan | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 9.6081,122.9155 | ||||
3,842 | amz | Atampaya | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -11.48211057,142.3743784 | |||
3,852 | aph | Athpariya | Athpare; Rai; Athapre; Ath Paharia Rai; Athpre; Arthare; Arthare-Khesang; Jamindar Rai; Jindā | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 3,658 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 26.952,87.3399 | |||
3,864 | atk | Ati (Philippines) | Inati; Bisaya | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian | Barotac Viejo Nagpana (southern dialect); Malay (northern dialect); Sogodnin (high speech register) | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 11.15, 122.51 | ||
10,782 | Ati (Vanuatu) | Polonombauk; Meris | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 85 | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.393926,166.966450; | ||||
10,781 | Atin | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.441585, 166.980183; | |||||
1,581 | ato | Atong (Cameroon) | Etoh; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.044967, 9.748787 | |||
1,582 | aot | Atong (India) | A’tong | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | unknown | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India; | South Asia | 25.2844,91.1755 | |||
679 | atw | Atsugewi | Atsugewi; Hat Creek; | Dormant () | 0 | Palaihnihan | Atsuge (Hat Creek Atsugewi), Apwaruge (Dixie Valley Atsugewi) | USA; | North America | 40.75,-121.0 | ||
1,673 | atj | Attikamek | Cree; Atikamekw; Tête de Boule; Attimewk; Atihkamekw; Atikamek; Attikamekw; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Algic; Algonquian; Cree-Montagnais | Canada; | North America | 48.0,-74.0 | |||
10,544 | avt | Au | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,200 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.6, 142.1 | ||||
10,749 | aul | Aulua | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 750 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Boinelang; Onesso | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.36, 167.70 | |||
3,876 | aux | Auré | Aurê; Aurá | Dormant () | 0 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Xingu | Brazil; | South America | -2.9649,-46.2084 | |||
2,448 | aut | Austral | Tubuai-Rurutu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Tubuai; Rimatara; Raivavae; Rurutu; | French Polynesia; | Pacific | -23.3775,-149.4909 | ||
2,066 | asf | Australian Sign Language | Auslan; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,500 | Sign Language; Australian | Australia; | Australia | -35.3075, 149.124417 | |||
8,630 | oci-auv | Auvergnat | Auvergnat Occitan; Auvernhas; Auverne; Occitan; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Bas-Auvergnat; Haut-Auvergnat; | A variety of Occitan. | France; | Europe | ||
10,669 | smf | Auwe | Simog | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 270 | Border; Waris | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.34, 141.25 | |||
1,351 | auu | Auye | Auwje; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Trans-New Guinea; Paniai Lakes | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.5627,135.9915 | |||
681 | avv | Avá | Avá-Canoeiro; Canoeiros; Canoe; Canoa; Abá; Awana; Canoeiro; Ava-Canoeiro; Awana; Awá; Guajá; Awá Guajá; Ayaya; Wazaizara; Ava; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Teneteharan | Brazil; | South America | -14.0847,-48.0418 | |||
10,209 | tmb | Avava | Katbol; Navava; Bangsa’; Tembimbe-Katbol; Taremp; Tisvel; Mallicolo | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Bangasa; Nevaar; Nivat; Timbembe | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.184, 167.477 | ||
4,084 | dix | Aveteian | Dixon Reef; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.33, 167.52 | |||
10,790 | Avok | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.501248,167.730344; | |||||
523 | kwi | Awa Pit | Coaiquer; Cuaiquer; Quaiquer; Kwaiker; Awa; Awapit; (Awa-)Coaiquer; Awa-Quaiquer; Coaiker; Cuqiquer; Koaiker; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <17,464 | Barbacoan; Northern Barbacoan | Colombia;Ecuador; | South America | 1.5,-78.25 | |||
6,631 | awk | Awabakal | Arwarbukarl; Awabagal; Hunter River and Lake Macquarie; Kuringgai; Kuri; Lake Macquaire Newcastle tribe; Lake Macquarie; Geawegal; Gwegal; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Cameeragal; Awabagal; Wonarua; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -33.09, 151.588 | ||
682 | agu | Awakateko | Aguacatec; Aguacateco; Awakatek | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,272 | Mayan; Mamean | Chalchiteko, Awakateko | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.4166666667,-91.3333333333 | ||
10,648 | aya | Awar | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,153 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.14, 144.84 | ||||
3,880 | awh | Awbono | Kvolyab; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Bayono-Awbono | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.06, 139.72 | |||
3,948 | bob | Aweer | “Boni”; Waata; Wata; Sanye; Wasanye; Waboni; Bon; Ogoda; Wata-Bala; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <200 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | The name “Boni” may be pejorative; “Aweer” is the preferred name. | Kenya;Somalia; | Africa | -.8294,40.8142 | ||
1,352 | awr | Awera | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.7084, 136.0395 | ||||
684 | awet1244 | Awetí | Awety; Awetö; Aueto; Aueti; Auiti; Auití; Aweti; Auetö; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 225 | Tupian, Maweti-Guarani | Brazil; | South America | -12.20, -53.22 | |||
2,030 | 1j1 | Awiakay | Arafundi | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Arafundi | The Arafundi languages are closely related, possibly forming a dialect chain. In the Catalogue they are classified as three languages, but this is not the only possible categorization. Awiakay is not found in Laycock (1973). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.7, 143.6 | ||
293 | auj | Awjilah | Awjila; Aujila; Augila; Aoudjila; Awgila; Awdjila; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 2,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Libya; | Africa | 26.6278,24.5214 | |||
7,989 | awn | Awngi | Awiya; Awi; Agaw; Agau; Agew; Agow; Awawar; Damot; Kwollanyoch; Hawiya; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Central Cushitic | Kunfal; | Ethiopia; | Africa | |||
10,755 | gwm | Awngthim | Angutimi, Mamangidigh | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -12.587833, 142.023835 | |||
10,592 | kmn | Awtuw | Autu; Kamnum | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Sepik; Ram | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.58, 142.50 | |||
3,446 | typ | Awu Laya | Kuku-Thaypan; Gugu Dhayban; Kuku Thaypan; Koko Laia; Kokowara; Coo-coo-warra; Wu-Laya; Laya; Awu-Alaya; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -15.039972,143.360461 | ||
10,601 | aww | Awun | Awon; Auwan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 384 | Sepik; Yellow River | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.80, 142.00 | |||
1,353 | auw | Awyi | Auyi; Awye; Awje; Awji; Nyao; Njao; Beapawa; Embiawo | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Border; Taikat | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.91666666667, 140.583333333 | |||
8,125 | quy | Ayacucho Quechua | Ayacucho; Ayacucho-Chanka; Chanka; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 850,000 | Quechuan; Quechua IIC | Huancavelica; Western Apurimac; Northwestern Ariquipa Quechua; | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987) | Peru; | South America | -13.85, -74.32 | |
2,591 | zoq | Ayapanec Zoque | Ayapanec; Ayapaneco; Ayapa; Zoque, Tabasco; Zoque de Tabasco; Zoque de Ayapanec; Zoque; Nuumte Oote; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Mixe-Zoquean; Zoquean | Widely reported from Daniel Suslak’s research that there are only 2 speakers who don’t talk to each other. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.223405, -93.111446 | ||
3,883 | ayd | Ayapathu | Abadja; Ai ebadu; Aiabadu; Aiyabotho; Aiyaboto; Ajabadha; Ajabatha; Ajibyrdu; Apatya; Badja; Baldya; Balfja; Jabuda; Kikahiabilo; Koka Ai-ebadu; Koka-aiebadu; Koko Aiebadu; Koko-Badja; Koko-Baldya; Koko-Baltjayiahjaba;Ayabadhu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.47173612,143.2934448 | ||
6,770 | axe | Ayerreyenge | Jaroinga; Jarionga; Yaroinga; Yarroinga; Yorrowinga; Yarrowin; Yuruwinga; Bularnu; Ayerrerenge; Aroinga; Yaringa; Yorrawinga; Jurangka; Manda; Pulanja; Bulanja; Bulanu; aroinga; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | |||
10,698 | ayq | Ayi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 430 | Sepik; Tama | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.96, 142.41 | ||||
7,250 | yyz | Ayizi | 阿夷子語 | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 24.5964, 103.7329 | ||||
8,111 | ayc | Aymara | Aymará; Aymara, Southern; Southern Aymara; 2 varieties: Aymara (Central)/Aymara (Southern); Aimara; Tupe; | Aymaran | Central Aimara (Bolivia); Southern Aimara (Peru) | Ethnologue lists Aymara [aym] as a macro-language consisting of Central Aymara [ayr] (Bolivia) and Southern Aymara [ayc] (Peru). For most linguists, what Central Aymara [ayr] and Southern Aymara [ayc] are not separate languages. | Peru;Argentina;Bolivia;Chile; | South America | ||||
8,790 | ayoq1235 | Ayoquezco | Ayoquezco Zapotec; Zapotec; Zapotec, Ayoquezco; Western Ejutla Zapotec; Zapoteco de Santa María Ayoquezco; Central Sapoteko | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 880 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Ayoquezco de Aldama, Santa Cruz Nexila, San Andrés Zabache | 1 of approx. 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI count each variety of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approx. 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major language areas: (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.66, -96.86 |
685 | ayo | Ayoreo | Ayoré; Zamuco; Morotoco; Moro; Pyeta Yovai; Ayuréo; Avoreo; Pyeta; Yovai; | Zamucoan | Tsiricua; | Bolivia;Paraguay; | South America | -18.719,-59.6228 | ||||
489 | ayu | Ayu | Aya | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | only in the hundreds | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.293779, 8.615738 | |||
8,030 | koe-baa | Baale | Baalesi; Baallessiye; Baaye; Bale; Dok; Ðok; Dhok; Dhuak; Kachepo; Kec̆ipo; Kic̆epo; Zilmamo; Zilmamu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~9,000 | Surmic; Southwest Surmic | “Although ethnically the Baale people form a close bond with Tirma and Chai people, their language is quite distinct from the latter. The Baale call their language Baalesi. They are also referred to as Zilmamo, which is the name of their country, situated west and south of Jeba town, towards the border with Sudan. The Gimira call the Baale people and their language Baaye, whereas the Anywak refer to them as Dok” (Dimmendaal 2002:2). | Sudan;Ethiopia; | Africa | |||
5,568 | bvj | Baan | Baan-Ogoi; Goi; Ogoi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Kesari; Ka-Ban; | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.649881, 7.282008 | ||
421 | mbf | Baba Malay | Chinese Malay; Baba; Straits Malay; Bahasa Peranakan; Malay, Baba | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Melacca; Penang; Singapore | According to Lee (2014), it is still disputed whether Baba Malay is a creole because it lacks lots of things considered by many scholars necessary for a language to fit the definition of a creole language. Baba Malay may be a mixed language, a simplified trade language, or perhaps a real creole. | Malaysia;Singapore; | Southeast Asia | 1.75, 103.08 | ||
10,836 | bbz | Babalia Creole Arabic | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,940 | Creole; Arabic Based | Chad; | Africa | 12.113056, 15.049167; | ||||
10,899 | bbk | Babanki | Kejom; Kedjom | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Volta-Congo; Bantoid; Southern; Wide Grassfields; Narrow Grassfields; Ring; Center | ||||||||
1,081 | bde | Bade | Bede; Bedde; Gidgid; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Southern Bade; Western Bade; Gashua Bade; | Nigeria; | Africa | 12.8333333333,10.5 | ||
4,384 | khd | Bädi Kanum | Kanum; Enkelembu; Knwne; Kenume; Kanum (Bädi); Kanum, Bädi | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Morehead-Upper Maro | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.83333333333,140.75 | |||
3,913 | bia | Badimaya | Widimaya; Parti-Maya; Bidungu; Bardimaya Baadeemaia Badimaia Badimala Badimara Bardimaia Barimaia Bidungu Padimaia Padinaia Parimaia Patimara Patimay Waadal Wardal Badi-maia Wallawe Yamadgee Yamaji; Bardimaya; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Kartu | Australia; | Australia | -29.123373,116.706047 | |||
6,349 | jbi | Badjiri | Budjari; Badyidi; Badjidi; Badjeri; Baddyeri; Byjerri; Baderi; Poidg-erry; Badjedi; Bädjäri; Poidgerry; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.71870395,144.8719484 | ||
4,949 | pbp | Badyara | Badara; Badian; Badjara; Badyaranke; Pajade; Pajadinka; Gola; Bigola; Padjade; Bandjana; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >12,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal;Guinea;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 12.4043,-13.5736 | |||
3,891 | bcg | Baga Binari | Barka; Binari; Kalum; Mborin; Baga; Temne; Pukur; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mansoanka-Fore-Mboteni | Guinea; | Africa | 10.4013,-14.4799 | |||
3,905 | bgo | Baga Koga | Barka; Koga; Koba; Baga; Temne; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Guinea; | Africa | 10.026644,-14.040625 | |||
3,936 | bmd | Baga Manduri | Barka; Mandari; Maduri; Manduri; Baga; Temne; Baga Mandun | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Guinea; | Africa | 10.835666, -14.542517 | |||
3,904 | bgm | Baga Mboteni | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 4,900 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mansoanka-Fore-Mboteni | Guinea; | Africa | 10.7415,-14.5513 | ||||
3,981 | bsp | Baga Sitemu | Barka; Sitemuú; Tchitem; Stem Baga; Rio Pongo Baga; Baga; Temne; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Marara; | Guinea; | Africa | 10.5,-14.5 | ||
1,584 | bfz-bag | Baghati | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <4,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 31.194, 77.0471 | ||||
5,080 | bqg | Bago-Kusuntu | Bago; Koussountou; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Bago; Kusuntu; | Togo; | Africa | |||
2,118 | bpi | Bagupi | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 58 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.0454, 145.5822 | ||||
1,122 | kva | Bagvalal | Bagulal; Kvanadin; багвалинский язык; Barbalin; багулальский язык; кванадинский язык; ბაგვალალური ენა; Bagvalin; Bagwalal; Kvanada; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000-6,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | Tlisi; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.5833333333,46.1666666667 | ||
1,514 | yha | Baha Buyang | Paha Buyang; Western Buyang; Guangnan Buyang; Buyang Zhuang; Buyang; Buyang, Baha; 巴哈布央語 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Buyang | Some Chinese scholars consider it a dialect of Buyang. | China; | East Asia | 23.4146,105.7632 | |||
10,620 | bjh | Bahinemo | Bahenemo; Gahom; Inaru; Wogu; Yigai | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.56, 142.83 | |||
1,586 | bhj | Bahing | Bhojpuri; Khaling; Rai; Bāhing; Baying, Bayung, Kiranti-Bayung | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Khaling; Dobo Lo; Rokhung; Namber Sacha; Banenge; Proca Lo | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.3126,86.5571 | |||
1,354 | bsu; baho1237 | Bahonsuai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.2186,121.6845 | ||||
3,896 | bdj | Bai | Bari; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | South Sudan; | Africa | 8.0592,25.5102 | |||
3,887 | bbf | Baibai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 271 | Baibai-Fas | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.463972092, 141.358078 | ||||
1,752 | snn, sey | Baicoca-Siecoca | Bain Coca; Sieko Coca; Siona; Sioni; Pioje; Pioche-Sioni; Ganteyabain; Ganteya; Ceona; Zeona; Koka; Kanú; Kokakañú; Pai Coca; Secoya; Sekoya; Airo Pãi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,174 | Tucanoan; Western Tucanoan | Baicoca (Ecuadorian Siona); Colombian Siona; Airo Pãi (Peruvian Secoya) Paicoca | Ethnologue distinguishes Siona [snn], Secoya [sey], and Macaguaje [mcl]. Others consider these variants of a single language. Ethnologue acknowledges that “Ethnically [Siona [snn] is] different from the Secoya [sey], but they use the same language.” | Peru;Colombia;Ecuador; | South America | -0.5712, -74.8828 | |
7,229 | bkx | Baikeno | Baikenu; Vaikenu; Vaikino; Biqueno; Ambeno; Ambenu; Uab Meto; Uab Pah Meto; Oecussi; Oe Cusi; Oekusi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Tai Boko; Uis Tasae; Kais Metan; | East Timor; | Pacific | -9.33, 124.26 | ||
5,614 | bqh | Baima | Bai Ma; Pe; 白馬語 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | Southern Baima; Northern Baima; Western Baima | /pe⁵³/ bod | China; | East Asia | 33.1531,103.8696 | |
1,131 | bcz | Bainouk-Gunyaamolo | Banyum; Banyun; Bagnoun; Banhum; Bainuk; Banyuk; Banyung; Elomay; Elunay; Ñuñ; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Gujaaxet; Gunyamoolo; | Senegal;Gambia; | Africa | 12.7421,-16.1141 | ||
3,890 | bcb | Bainouk-Samik | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,850 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | 12.5733,-16.2652 | ||||
1,418 | 1id | Baïnounk Gubëeher | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Smallest of the major Baïnounk languages (DoBES 2006) | Senegal; | Africa | 12.531272, -16.353248 | |||
1,419 | 0tz | Baïnounk Gujaher | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | 12.579, -16.283 | |||||
3,925 | bjm | Bajelani | Bajalani; Gurani; Chichamachu; Bajoran; Bejwan; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran;Iraq; | Near East | 35.4259,46.2551 | |||
5,989 | bkc | Baka (East Region, Cameroon) | Bayaka; Bayaga; Bibaya; “Babinga”; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000-50,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Gabon;Cameroon; | Africa | 2.58333333333,13.5833333333 | |||
10,229 | 5h1 | Baka (Far North Region, Cameroon) | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic | Baka is an endangered Chadic language of northern Cameroon first reported by Blench, Aviwaï and Smith 2009. Not to be confused with Baka [bkc] of Gabon and southern Cameroon, or Baka [bdh] of South Sudan and DRC. | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
1,791 | bkq | Bakairí | Bakairi; Kura; Bacairí; Kurâ; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Cariban; Pekodian | Eastern Bakairi; Western Bakairi | Two dialects: Eastern Bakairi (in seven villages in the Bakairi Indigenous Reservation (Área Indígena Bakairi); Western Bakairi (in two villages in the Santana Indigenous Reservation Área Indígena Santana) near Nobres. | Brazil; | South America | -14.0,-55.0 | |
5,513 | bki | Baki | Burumba; Paki; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.7013,168.145 | |||
538 | kme | Bakole | Bakolle; Kole; Bamusso; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.5764,8.8439 | |||
1,082 | bbs | Bakpinka | Begbungba; Uwet; Iyongiyong; Iyoniyong; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,416 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.3644,8.2397 | |||
1,356 | bls | Balaesang | Balaesan; Balaisang; Pajo; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
539 | bdn | Baldemu | Mbazla; Baldamu; Baldare; Balda; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Cameroon; | Africa | 10.5742,14.5623 | |||
5,007 | bcn | Bali | Bibaali; Maya; Abaali; Ibaali; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Not to be confused with [mhk] Mungaka (aka Bali) of Cameroon. | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.859380, 10.970208 | ||
3,907 | bgx | Balkan Gagauz Turkish | Balkan Turkic; Gagauz; Türkische Sprache in Bulgarien; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 331,000 | Turkic; Oghuz | Karamanli; Kyzylbash; Yuruk; Gajol; Gerlovo Turks; Tozluk Turks; Surguch; | Turkey;Bulgaria;Macedonia; | Europe | 41.4633,22.6977 | ||
5,342 | rmn | Balkan Romani | Balkan Romani; Romany; Gypsy; Cigány; Zigeuner; European Romany; Romani, Balkan | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 611,800 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Zargari; Tinners Romani; Tinsmiths; Dzambazi; Ursári; Paspatian; Arlija; Greek Romani; Ironworker Romani; East Bulgarian Romani; | Turkey;Germany;Russia;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Lithuania;France;Iran;Italy;Greece;Macedonia;Moldova;United Kingdom;Poland;Czech Republic;Netherlands;Switzerland;Finland;Austria;Croatia;Latvia;Slovakia;Hungary;Albania;Belarus;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Slovenia;Serbia;Montenegro; | Europe;Caucasus;Near East;East Asia | 42.6666666667,21.1666666667 | ||
7,329 | bft | Balti | Sbalti; Baltistani; Bhotia of Baltistan; Baltī; Sbalt; Bhōṭiā of Baltistan | At risk (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 270,000 (Pakistan); 337,000 (Worldwide) | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 35.900731,74.409599 | |||
5,341 | rml | Baltic Romani | Romani, Baltic; Romany; Zigeuner; European Romany; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 58,460 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Lithuanian Romani; White Russian Romani; Estonian Romani; White Russia Romani; Polish Romani; North Russian Romani; Latvian Romani; | Turkey;Germany;Russia;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Lithuania;France;Italy;Greece;Macedonia;United Kingdom;Poland;Czech Republic;Netherlands;Switzerland;Finland;Austria;Croatia;Latvia;Slovakia;Hungary;Albania;Belarus;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Slovenia;Serbia;Montenegro; | Europe;Caucasus;East Asia | 60.0,38.0 | ||
6,993 | bfk | Ban Khor Sign Language | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >400 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | |||||
3,895 | bcw | Bana | Baza; Koma; Ka-Bana; Parole des Bana; Mizeran; Mbana; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Gili; Gamboura; | Cameroon; | Africa | 10.4166666667,13.5833333333 | ||
10,640 | byz | Banaro | Banar; Banara; Waran | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,569 | Isolate | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.57, 144.33 | |||
1,792 | jaa-kit | Banawá | Banawá Yafí; Baniwá-Jafí; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Arawan | Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2016) considers Banawá Yafí (Kitiya) [200 speakers] and Jarawara [160 etnic] to be dialects of Jamamadí [jaa] (a.k.a. Canamanti, Kanamanti, Madi, Yamamadí). Listed by Campbell (2012) as: Madi (Jarawara [Jarauára, Jaruára], Jamamadi, Banawá [Banivá, Baniwá-Jafí, Kitiya, Banavá, Banauá, Jafí]). Listed by Kaufman (2007) as: Banawá emergent language in the Jamamadí language area of the Arawan family. | Brazil; | South America | |||
2,245 | bqj | Bandial | Banjaal; Banjal; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Elun; Affiniam; Bandial; | Senegal; | Africa | 12.5317,-16.1553 | ||
3,897 | bdy | Bandjalang | Bandjelang; Bogganger; Bundala; Gidabal; Yugumbe; Badjalang; Badjelang; Budulung; Buggul; Bundjalung; Paikalyung; Bandjalong; Bunjellung; Bundela; Bundel; Watchee; Woomargou; Bandjerang; Pangerang; Dadarawa; Arakwal; Gundurimba; Tugurimba; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Pama-Nyungan; Bandjalangic | Yugumbir; Gidabal; | Australia; | Australia | -28.617377, 153.004160 | ||
3,798 | bgf | Bangandu | Temne; Bagando; Bangando; Bangantu; Southern Bangantu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,700 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | North Bangato; Baagato; | Cameroon;Congo; | Africa | |||
1,588 | gbm-ban | Bangani | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 29.8692, 79.0686 | ||||
8,172 | dba | Bangime | Dogon; Bangeri Me; Bangerime; Bangeri-me; Banger-me; Baŋgi me; Numadaw; Numa-Daw; Dyeni; Dyɛni; Yeni; Yɛni; Noumandan; Elebo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200-3,000 | Isolate; African | Mali; | Africa | ||||
2,706 | mfb | Bangka | Lom; Belom; Mapor; Maporese; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Urban; North; Central; South; Lom; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.335839,106.038567 | ||
3,208 | bwi | Baniwa | Baniwa; Baniva; Baniva do Içana; Suicí; Ualiperi; Siusi; Baniua do Içana; Maniba; Baniba; Issana; Dakenei; Karútana-Baniwa; Karútana-Baniva; Baniba; Baniua do Içana; Kohoroxitari; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >9,554? | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Karutana (Carútana); Baniwa; | Sources confuse other languages that are also called “Baniwa” (spelling varies). Yavitero (Baniva de Guainía) [yvt] is a different language. | Brazil;Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 2.66666666667,-66.8333333333 | |
4,015 | bxw | Bankagooma | Banka; Bankagoma; Bankagoroma; Bankaje; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Mali; | Africa | 11.4261,-5.6744 | |||
8,732 | dbw | Bankan Tey | Walo; Oualo; Bankan Tey Dogon | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,320 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; Nangan | Mali; | Africa | 15.1, -2.9 | |||
5,810 | abb | Bankon | Abo; Bo; Abaw; Bon; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.41666666667,9.58333333333 | |||
1,590 | bap | Bantawa | Kiranti; Rai; Bantawa Rai; Bantaba; Bontawa; Bantawa Yüng; Bantawa Yong; Bantawa Dum; Rungchenbung; Rungchengbung; Rungchhenbung; Rungtśhenbung | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 371,056 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Intermediate Bantawa; Southern Bantawa (Hatuwali dialect); Northern Bantawa (Dilpali dialect); Western Bantawa (Amchoke dialect); Eastern Bantawa (Dhankuta dialect) | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.0994,87.0048 | ||
4,021 | bao | Bará | Waimaha; Waimaja; Bará; Northern Barasano; Barasano; Waípinõmakã; Bará-Tuyuka | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | (Eastern) Waimaha; (Pamoa) Bara | Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2016) say that “Bará” is pejorative; their primary name for the language is Waimaha [bao]. | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.333333333333,-70.25 | |
1,123 | tat-bar | Baraba Tatar | барабинский язык; Параба; 巴拉巴鞑靼语; Baraba dili; Paraba | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8,000 | Turkic; Kipchak | A dialect of Siberian Tatar | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 55.149606, 78.330788 | ||
5,252 | rbp | Barababaraba | Baraparapa; Burraburburaba; Barrababarraba; Boorabirraba; Burappa; Burabura; Booraboora; Burapper; Karraba; Boort; Baraba Baraba; Baraba-Baraba; Baraba-baraba; Barappur; Bareber Bareber; Barraba-barraba; Beraba-Beraba; Birraba-birraba; Boora-boora; Burrabura-ba; Burrappa; Burrapper; Bureba; Burreba-burreba; Perapa-Perapa; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Australia; | Australia | ||||
4,565 | bva; bare1279, saka1296 | Barain | Barein; Baraïn; Guilia; Jalkia; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Komi/Komiya; Sakaya/Jalking; Guilia/Giliya; Jalkia/Jalkiya; | Chad; | Africa | 11.0326,17.5630 | ||
1,591 | brd | Baram | Barhamu; Brahmu; Bhramu; Bramu; Bhrāmu; Baraamu; Baramu; Bhra:mu; Ba:rhmu; Balbang | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 53 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | Greg Anderson: Baram is endangered for sure, possibly in the seriously endangered category. | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.041,84.629 | ||
4,593 | brm | Barambu | Barambo; Amiangba; Amiangbwa; Balambu; Abarambo; Duga; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 3.5,27.0 | |||
1,357 | brs; bara1371 | Baras | Ende; ToriBara | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Kaili-Pamona | Possibly a dialect of Inde (Da’a) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.8838,119.3774 | ||
4,024 | bsn | Barasano | Barasana; Southern Barasano; Paneroa; Banera yae; Come masa; Comematsa; Edulia; Eduria; Hanera oka; Janera; Taibano, Taiwaeno; Taiwano | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,924 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Ethnologue gives Barasana-Eduria (bsn) (also called Southern Barasana), where Tukanoanists distinguish Barasano from Eduria (Taiwano) as distinct languages. | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | -0.166666666667,-70.6666666667 | ||
10,859 | boi | Barbareño | Šmuwič; Chumash; | Awakening () | Chumashan; | 34.043946, -118.916536 | ||||||
3,892 | bcj | Bardi | Baadi; Bard; Baardi; Badi; Barda; Ba:di; Bad; Ba:d; Baada; Baard; Boardybahrde; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Nyulnyulan; Western Nyulnyulan | Bardi; Jawi; Baard | Australia; | Australia | -16.50302678,122.9331577 | ||
1,864 | bae | Baré | Bare; Mitua; Barauna; Barawana; Barauana; Ihini; Arihini; Maldavaca; Cunipusana; Yavita; Ihini; Balé; Bale; | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 1.0,-67.0 | |||||
686 | mot | Barí | Motilón; Motilon; Motilone; Dobokubí; Dobocubi; Dobocubí; Motilón (Chibchan); Barira; Cunausaya, | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 9.0,-73.0 | |||
4,008 | bxo | Barikanchi | “As a pidgin, this language has no native speakers.” | Pidgin or Creole; Hausa based | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||||
6,649 | bjb | Barngarla | Parnkala; Parnkalla; Banggarla; Bangala; Banggala; Bahanga-La; Bungeha; Bungela; Pangkala; Pakarla; Pankalla; Punkalla; Kortabina; Pankarla; Bahanga-la; Kooapidna; Bungala; Bahngala; Pankala; Parkalla; Parn-ka-la; Punkirla; Willeuroo; Arkaba-tura; Wanbirujurari; Willara | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -30.99936857, 136.9137803 | |||
3,792 | bbi | Barombi | Lombi; Lambi; Rombi; Rambi; Lombe; Balombi; Barumbi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
3,960 | bpt | Barrow Point | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.46601552,144.4487843 | |||
1,592 | sgh-bar | Bartangi | Bartang; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,425 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Tajikistan; | Near East | 38.219736,72.11835 | |||
3,978 | bsg | Bashkardi | Bashaka; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,030 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Southern Bashaka; Northern Bashaka; | Iran; | Near East | 28.5169,57.7551 | ||
1,383 | bst | Basketo | Basketto; Baskatta; Mesketo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~60,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.566667, 36.266667 | |||
3,807 | bsr | Bassa-Kontagora | Basa; Basa-Kontagora; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.495914, 5.562996 | |||
7,713 | bsc | Bassari | Basari; Tenda Basari; Biyan; Onëyan; Onian; Ayan; Wo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-25,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal;Guinea;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | ||||
2,845 | ayt | Bataan Ayta | Mariveles Ayta; Bataan Sambal; Ayta, Bataan | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 527 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Luzon | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
2,849 | bya | Batak | Babuyan; Tinitianes; Palawan Batak; Battak; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Palawanic | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
10,889 | btx | Batak Karo | Karo Batak | 570,000 | Austronesian | Spoken by Karo people of North Sumatra. The speakers refer to themselves as Kalak Karo (in their language) or Orang Karo (in Indonesian) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 3.141907, 98.227524; 3.341581, 98.337405; 3.170928, 98.699262 | |||
1,268 | btq | Batek | Bateq; Bateg; Batok; Kleb; Tomo; Nong; Lebir | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~960 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Menraq-Batek | Batek De’; Batek Iga; Batek Teq; Batek Nong | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 4.6695,102.5051 | ||
3,984 | btv | Bateri | Bateri Kohistani; Batera Kohistani; Baterawal; Baterawal Kohistani; Dardu | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,251 (Pakistan); 29,051 (Worldwide) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 34.9073,72.8675 | |||
1,595 | bhm | Baṭḥari | Boṭaḥārī; Bathari; Bautahari; Botahari; Bathara; Batahari; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Modern South Arabian | Yemen;Oman; | Near East | 18.0,56.0 | |||
540 | btc | Bati (Cameroon) | Bati Ba Ngong; Bati de Brousse; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.2012,10.7858 | |||
3,995 | bvt | Bati (Indonesia) | Gah; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.61, 130.81 | |||
3,360 | wdj | Batjamalh | Batyamal; Wadjiginy; Wogaity; Wagaydy; Bachamal; Wogait; Wogati; Wagaitj; Worgait; Worgite; Waggait; Waggite; Waggote; Waggate; Wagatsch; Waogatsch; Wogatj; Wogaidj; Wadyiginy; Waggites; Wargad; Wogadj; Worgaid; Worgaidj; Wogite; Wadjigin; Wadjigi:n; Wagjingi; Wadjingy; Wadyiginy Proper; Amijangal; Batjamal; Batymal; Murinwargad; Murrinh Bathemarl; Murrinh Patjtjamalh; Patjtjamalh; Wa(o)gatsch; Wadadjingi; Wadjagidj; Wagaidj; Wa-gait; Waggute; Wagite; Wangites; Wargite; Wogath; Wogites; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <12 | Isolate; Australian | Pungupungu; | Australia; | Australia | -13.137203,130.284308 | ||
1,124 | bbl | Batsbi | Bats; Tsova-Tush; batsba motjiti; Bac; Tush; Batsaw; Batsi; ბაცბური ენა; წოვათუშური ენა; бацбийский язык; цова-тушинский; цоватский язык; бацбур мотlтl | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Northeast Caucasian; Nakh | Georgia; | Caucasus | 42.045117, 45.302274 | |||
10,990 | bata1295 | Batta | Batanta | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~150 | May be on a continuum with the Tepin (Tipin) dialect of Salawati. | Austronesian; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea; Raja Ampat-South Halmahera | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.872323,130.770766 | ||
6,772 | xby | Batyala | Badtjala; Batjala; Ngulungbara; Butchulla; Badjela; Badtala; Badyala; Bidhala; Dulingbara; Gnoolongbara; Koolaburra; Olungbura; Patyala; Thoorgine | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Waka-Kabic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -25.44486229,153.1539929 | |||
1,845 | brg | Baure | Bauré; Chiquimiti; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Baure; Carmelito; Joaquiniano; | Bolivia; | South America | -13.0833333333,-64.1666666667 | ||
1,596 | bgr | Bawm Chin | Bawm; Banjogi; Bawng; Bawn; Bom; Chin (Bawm); Chin, Bawm | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | unknown | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | The Chittagong hill tracts in Southeast Bangladesh are composed of the Rangamati and Bandarban districts. Rowangchari and Thanci are the subdistricts of the Bandarban district and Bethel Para is in the Ruma subdistrict of the Bandarban district. Data such as wordlist from a sociolinguistic survey was taken in both districts. | India;Myanmar;Bangladesh; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 22.5,92.25 | ||
5,055 | byg | Baygo | Baigo; Bego; Beko; Beigo; Béogé; Beygo; | Dormant | 0 | Daju; Western Daju | No known speakers | Sudan; | Africa | 11.7436,24.6423 | ||
4,019 | byl | Bayono | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Bayono-Awbono | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.22, 139.62 | ||||
5,990 | bda | Bayot | Baiote; Baiot; Bayotte; Bayote; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,150 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Essin; | Senegal;Gambia;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 12.4218,-16.4149 | ||
3,982 | bsw | Bayso | Baiso; Alkali; Gidicho; Gedicho; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,200 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.25,37.75 | |||
1,675 | scs-bea | Bearlake | Bearlake Slavey; Bear Lake; North Slavey | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 580 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | scs is for Slavey. Ethnologue has Bearlake as a dialect of Slavey. | Canada; | North America | 65.2161, -123.4362 | ||
9,809 | bek | Bebeli | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 780 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | “Documentation projects by Dr. Hiroko Sato and particularly Morokea village community members; cultural revitalization projects, particularly on their traditional dances and songs, in Mosa village for a few decades, and that helps Mosa community members be aware of the importance of their language and culture and they use Bebeli language more than those in the other two villages.” | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.335340, 150.10173; -5.39172, 150.152181; -5.304133, 150.201489 | |||
1,358 | bed; bedo1237 | Bedoanas | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.7263,132.5582 | ||||
584 | bkf | Beeke | Beke; Ibeeke; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 0.9997,28.7951 | |||
541 | bnz | Beezen | Bezen; | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukunoid; Yukuben-Kuteb | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.7518,10.0744 | |||||
1,361 | bep; beso1237 | Behoa | Besoa | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 speakers, 5,000 of whom live in the language area | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Kaili-Pamona | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.7163,120.4211 | |||
9,729 | beg | Belait | Balait Jati; Lemeting; Meting | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Malaysia;Brunei; | Southeast Asia | 4.582, 114.233; 4.454, 114.32; 4.731, 114.742 | |||
3,999 | bxb | Belanda Bor | De Bor; Bor; Bor-Belanda; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Nilotic; Western Nilotic | South Sudan; | Africa | 6.4954,27.7404 | |||
4,010 | bxq | Bele | Beele; Àbéélé; Bellawa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.217625, 10.364777 | |||
10,924 | nyal1254 | Belep | Nyelâyu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1600 | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -19.750000,163.666700 | ||||
1,580 | byw | Belhariya | Belhare; Athpariya; Athpahariya; Athpare; Athpagari; Belhariye | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | small number of speakers | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 26.9666666667,87.3 | |||
3,898 | bey | Beli (Papua New Guinea) | Akuwagel; Mukili; Makarim | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,453 | Torricelli; Maimai | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.685606003, 142.3839417 | |||
3,932 | blm | Beli (Sudan) | Behli; Beili; Jur Beli; ‘Beli; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,600 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Sopi; Bahri Girinti; Wulu; | South Sudan; | Africa | 6.4736,29.2675 | ||
1,597 | brw | Bellari | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.6952,76.4648 | ||||
8,731 | dbt | Ben Tey | Beni; Ben Tey Dogon | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; Nangan | Mali; | Africa | 14.9, -3.0 | |||
10,413 | bdp | Bende | Sibhende; Kibende; Si’bende; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 27,000-41,290 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | -6.381068, 31.068306 | |||
588 | bng | Benga | Qaqet; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon;Equatorial Guinea; | Africa | 1.16666666667,9.41666666667 | ||||
1,360 | bgy; beng1287 | Benggoi | Bengoi; Kobi-Benggoi; Uhei-Kaclakin; Uhei Kachlakan; Uhei-Kahlakim; Isal; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 320 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; East Seram | Balakeo; Benggoi; Lesa; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.0748,130.0918 | ||
283 | rif-ben | Beni Iznassen | Beni Snassen; Iznacen; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Morocco; | Africa | 34.916700, -2.316700 | ||||
2,119 | bie; bepo1240 | Bepour | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few dozen speakers or less | Trans-New Guinea; Madang; Croisilles; Northern Adelbert; Kumil-Tibor; Kumil | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.60,145.44 | ||||
566 | bxv | Berakou | Babalia; Bubalia; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Bolo Djarma; Mondogossou; Yiryo; Manawadji; | Chad; | Africa | 12.8492,15.032 | ||
3,969 | brc | Berbice Creole Dutch | Berbice Dutch | Dormant | 0 | Pidgin or Creole; Dutch based creole | Guyana; | South America | 6.1667,-57.7167 | |||
10,972 | west2616 | Bering Aleut | Western Aleut | Awakening () | 0 | Eskimo-Aleut | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 55.20,166.00 | |||
10,621 | bit | Berinomo | Bitara; Apowasi; Perbi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 178 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.42, 142.46 | |||
2,308 | bes | Besme | Huner; Hounar; ‘Unar; Beseme; Besemme; Bodor; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,230 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Chad; | Africa | 9.6386,16.018 | |||
3,899 | bfe | Betaf | Betaf, Tebi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Orya-Tor; Tor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.12,139.25 | |||
4,018 | byf | Bete | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.016386,9.766867 | ||||
361 | eot | Beti | Eotile; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 5.2495,-3.3233 | |||
1,453 | xub | Betta Kurumba | Betta Kurumba Nonstandard Tamil; Kadu Kurumba; Urali Kurumba; Kurumba, Betta | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-6,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.5,76.75 | |||
6,025 | kap | Bezhta | Bezheta; Kapucha; бежитинский язык; капучинский язык; бежкьалас миц; bežƛʼalas mic; Bexita; Bezhita; Bezhti; Kapuchin; Bechitin; Kupuca; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,200 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Tsezic | Khocharkhotin; Bezhta; Tlyadaly; | Caucasian language belonging to the Tsezic subgroup (also called Dido subgroup) of the northwestern group (Avar-Ando-Dido) of the Dagestan languages. Bezhta is also called the Kapucha language, a name which originates in the Georgian name for the village of Bezhita. There is no scholarly agreement on the genealogical classification of the Bezhta (Kapucha) language. E. Bokarev considers it to belong to the Dido subgroup, whereas Georgian linguist, E. Lomatadze, thinks it is a dialect of the Kapucha-Hunzib language. Bezhta is divided into three dialects: Bezhta, Tljadali and Hochar-Hota. The vocabulary has been greatly affected by Avar and Georgian, through which there have also been some borrowings from Arabic, Turkish and Persian. During the Soviet era the biggest influence was Russian. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.1369,46.1508 | |
1,598 | bhd | Bhadrawahi | Bradrawah; Baderwali; Badrohi; Bhaderbhai Jamu; Bhaderwali Pahari; Bhadrava; Bhadri; Bahi; Bhadarwahi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <69,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | Padari; Bhalesi; Padar | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 33.8886,76.3 | ||
1,599 | bhd-bha | Bhalesi | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 33.3947, 76.1352 | ||||||
3,909 | bhe | Bhaya | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Pakistan; | South Asia | 25.48,69.31 | ||||
1,601 | unr-bhu | Bhumij | Sadar Bhumij; Bhumij Munda; Bhumij Thar; Bhumiɟ | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | over 100,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | Greg Anderson: Language is locally endangered. Bhumij are heavily Hinduized and often switch to Indo-Aryan language(s) when adopting Hindu religious practices. | India; | South Asia | 22.552,85.804 | ||
7,810 | bif | Biafada | Beafada; Biafar; Bidyola; Bedfola; Dfola; Fada; Ganjoola; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 44,900 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 11.537292, -15.227014 | |||
1,363 | bhw | Biak | Village X; Biak-Numfor; Noefoor; Mafoor; Mefoor; Nufoor; Mafoorsch; Myfoorsch; Noefoorsch; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Korim; Mandusir; Bosnik; Samberi; Warsa; Monoarfu; Jenures; Vogelkop; Mios Num; Wadibu; Sundei; Mapia; Sorido; Sampori; Mofu; Opif; Wardo; Sorendidori; Kamer; Ariom; Bo’o; Fairi; Penasifu; Padoa; Rumberpon; Korido; Dwar; Wari; Sor; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.036, 136.01; -0.731, 135.558; -1.041, 134.892; -1.765, 136.164; -0.861, 134.062 | ||
6,773 | xbp | Bibbulman | Pibelmen; Pepelman; Peopleman; Piblemen; Bibulman; Bibulmun; Bibu:lmoun; Bibbulmun; Bebleman; Pibilum; Bibilum; Bajongwongi; Bibilum; Bibuulmoun; Meeraman; Murram | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Nyungic | Australia; | Australia | -34.90830698,117.173752 | |||
4,020 | bym | Bidjara | Bitjara; Bithara; Bidjera; Minkabari; Peachera; Peechera; Pitjara; Pitteroo; Wilya;Bidyara; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -25.30623867,147.1137388 | |||
1,312 | bnk | Bierebo | Bonkovia-Yevali; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900-1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Yopuna (aka Yevali); Malvasi (aka Mapremo); Yana; Yakana (aka Iakanaga); Yaningi (aka Tavio or Ianigi); Ruwo (aka Burupika); Bonkovio (aka Bonkovia); | Bierebo is a dialect network with seven varieties, which are not all mutually intelligible. The names of the dialects correspond to the names of villages where they are spoken, except for Yana, Yakana, and Yaningi (all meaning ‘what?’); these 3 varieties are spoken on the East coast in Lokopui area. The Yana and Yakana varieties are moribund, while the other varieties are fairly stable. | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.6539,168.1539 | |
3,970 | brj | Bieria | Bieri; Vovo; Wowo; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vovo; Bieria; | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.8045,168.2446 | ||
3,918 | biu | Biete | Bete; Baite; Biate | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 19,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 25.6514,93.2409 | |||
3,908 | bhc; biga1238 | Biga | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.017855,139.269037 | ||||
10,756 | xbe | Bigambal | Bigambul, Bigumbil | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Uncertain | Australia; | Australia | -28.166667, 150.166667 | |||
1,468 | ibh | Bih | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Chamic | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 12.840,108.045 | |||||
542 | byb | Bikya | Furu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.8309,10.0277 | |||
4,603 | byn | Bilen | Bilin; Bogo; Bogos; Bilayn; Balen; Beleni; Belen; Bilein; Bileno; North Agaw; Blin | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~90,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Eritrea; | Africa | 15.75,38.5 | |||
5,561 | nbj-bil | Bilinarra | Pilinara; Bunara; Boonarra;Bilinara; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Australia; | Australia | -17.26732129,130.8928481 | |||
2,509 | tls | Biliru | Tambotalo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.4655,167.1027 | |||
10,808 | blb | Bilua | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,740 | Isolate; Pacific | “Bilua is sometimes grouped with the other Central Solomons languages and beyond (Wurm 1975b) but closer inspection shows that a genealogical relation is not demonstrable (Dunn and Terrill 2012, Terrill 2011)” (Hammarström, forthcoming). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.748003,156.660565; | |||
10,888 | bhp | Bima | Bimanese | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500,000 (1989) | Austronesian, Centra-Eastern Malayo Polynesian, Bima-Sumba group, Bima | One out of 120 languages in the Lesser Sunda Islands spoken in eastern Indonesia | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||
10,692 | bhl | Bimin | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Mountain Ok | Bim Weng; Nimtew Weng | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.39, 142.04 | |||
5,008 | byj | Bina | Bogana; Binawa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
5,554 | wmb-bin | Binbinka | Binbinga; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Mirndi | Australia; | Australia | -16.552078,134.786606 | |||
5,445 | gup | Bininj Gun-wok | Proto Bininj Gun-wok; Mayali; Kunwinjku; Kuninjku; Gunawitji; Gundeidjeme; Gundeijeme; Gundja-jeimi; Gunwingo; Gunwingu; Gunwinygu; Koorungo; Kulunglutchi; Kulunglutji; Kundangyohmi; Maielli; Majali; Mangaridji; Mangeri; Margulitban; Neinggu; Unigangk; Urnigangg; Wengei; Wengej; Wengi; Witji; Gunwinjgu; Bininj Gun-Wok; Gunwiggu;Gunwinggu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,600 | Gunwinyguan; Gunwinggic | Gumadir; Muralidban; Gundjeipme; Naiali; Gunei; | Australia; | Australia | -12.26525431,133.6466651 | ||
9,749 | bny | Bintulu | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | ||||||
1,602 | biy | Birhor | Birhar; Bīrhaṛ; Bihor; Birhore; Mankidi; Mankidia; Birhɔɽ; Mundari; Mundari-Ho | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | India; | South Asia | 21.7594,85.935 | |||
6,657 | bzr, xgi | Biri | Biria; Birri Gubba; Birigaba; Biriaba; Breeaba; Perembba; Perenbba; Wirri; Wiriwiri; Wierdi; Widi; Juipera; Garingbal | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Yambina; Yetimarala; Biri; Yilba; Barada; Garingbal; Wiri; Gangulu; Yangga; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.478349,115.462875 | ||
3,965 | bqq | Biritai | Ati; Aliki; Biri; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.92, 137.68 | |||
560 | bvq | Birri | Biri; Viri; Bviri; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Unclassified; Central Sudanic?; Central African Republic | Munga; Mboto; | Central African Republic; | Africa | 5.5,25.1666666667 | ||
3,812 | brl | Birwa | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | South Africa;Botswana; | Africa | ||||||
7,935 | ije | Biseni | Buseni; Amegi; Northeast Central Ijo; Ịjọ; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,800 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Western Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
1,246 | bpy | Bishnupuriya | Bishnupriya;Bisna Puriya; Bishnupria Manipuri | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Eastern Zone | Rajar Gang; Madai Gang/Madoi Gang | India;Myanmar;Bangladesh; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 24.297,92.4499 | |||
543 | bwh | Bishuo | Biyam; Furu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.9032,10.0991 | |||
10,619 | bnw | Bisis | Yambiyambi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 395 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.46, 143.06 | |||
10,628 | bir, bic | Bisorio | Bi; Gne; Sidi; Iniai; Inyai-Gadio-Bisorio; Bikaru; Bigalu; Bugalu; Pikaru | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200? | Trans-New Guinea; Engan | Bikaru | Ethnologue (18th edition) lists “Bikaru” [bic] as a separate language, despite also listing it as a dialect of Bisorio. The entry for Bikaru follows Laycock’s (1973) tentative assignment of the language to the Sepik family, but Conrad and Lewis (1988) argue that Bikaru is a dialect of Bisorio (Trans-New Guinea family). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.78, 143.21 | |
4,023 | bzi | Bisu | Mbisu; Misu; Mibisu; Mbi; Laopin; Lawa; Lua; Pin; 畢蘇語; 米蘇語; 米畢蘇語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,740 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Huaipa; Dakao; Lanmeng | Closely related to Laomian and the Lawpan variety of Sinsali, less so to the rest of Sinsali, Cong, and Sangkong; together these languages form the Bisoid subgroup of Southern Loloish (Bradley 2007). | China;Myanmar;Thailand;Laos; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 19.75,100.0 | |
1,239 | bgk | Bit | 布興話; Kha Bit; Khabit; Khbit; Pasing; Phsing; Phsin; 布興語 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Bit-Khang | China;Laos; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 21.1254,101.4697 | |||
10,632 | bwm | Biwat | Munduguma; Mundugumor; Mundokuma; Mundukumo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,642 | Yuat | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.39, 143.87 | |||
1,454 | blp | Blablanga | Gema; Goi; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -8.206,159.4638 | |||
9,469 | beu | Blagar | Belagar; Balagur; Kaera; Pura; Tarang; Pi Abaŋ Hur; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Apurí; Pura; Bakalang; Limarahing | “Blagar is not a single monolithic language, but a cluster of related varieties often displaying significant variation.” (Steinhauer 2014) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.302799, 124.343837 | |
3,962 | bpw | Bo | Po; Sorimi | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 76 | Left May | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.297861099, 141.5878754 | |||
4,026 | bzn | Boano (Maluku, Indonesia) | Buano; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,240 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.96, 127.95 | |||
1,365 | bzl | Boano (Sulawesi, Indonesia) | Bolano; Djidja; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,350 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
5,991 | bgb | Bobongko | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Saluan-Banggai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
3,069 | sab | Bocotá | Buglere; Bokota; Bogota; Bofota; Bobota; Bocota; Bukueta; Nortenyo; Murire; Veraguas Sabanero; Bokotá; Bogotá; Sabanero; Boncota; Muoy; | Chibchan; Isthmic | Sabanero, Bokotá | Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 8.5,-81.25 | ||||
5,929 | mym-bod | Bodi | Podi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,570 | Surmic; Southeast Surmic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.402267,36.005147 | |||
561 | boy | Bodo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Central African Republic; | Africa | |||||
10,743 | boq | Bogaya | Bogaia; Pogaya | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.54, 142.25 | |||
585 | bqu | Boguru | Koguru; Kogoro; Buguru; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Bukur; Boguru; | South Sudan;Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 4.3902,29.2016 | ||
3,912 | bhn, hrt | Bohtan Neo-Aramaic | Sôreth; Hértevin; севернобохтанский язык; Hertevince; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Note: This entry covers the entire group of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic languages spoken currently or formerly in the historical territory of Bohtan, including the variety known as Hértevin [hrt]. While there is considerable internal variation within this group, the degree of mutual intelligibility between varieties is unknown and unlikely to be discovered, as speakers are now very few and scattered across the world. | Russia;Georgia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 41.5579,45.0219 | ||
10,607 | bzf | Boiken | Boikin; Nucum; Yangoru; Yengoru | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35,204 | Sepik; Ndu | Yangoru; Central; Nagum; Kunai; Kubalia; Coastal; Island | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.25, 143.25 | ||
1,604 | adi-bok | Bokar | Boga’er Luoba; 崩尼-博嘎爾语 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 28.8735, 94.3807 | ||
3,945 | bnp | Bola | Bakovi; Bola-Bakovi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Bola; Harua; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.445211,150.028967 | ||
8,127 | quh | Bolivian Quechua | Boliviano; Quechua, South Bolivian; Central Bolivian Quechua; Quechua Boliviano; South Bolivian Quechua; Quechua (Bolivian); Bolivia Quechua; Cochabamba | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,300,000 | Quechuan;Quechua IIC | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in Quechuan, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987) | Argentina;Bolivia; | South America | -20.92, -66.33 | ||
7,002 | bvl | Bolivian Sign Language | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; South American | There is evidence that Bolivian Sign Language is no more divergent from ASL than some dialects of ASL. | “According to the Hursts’ (2002) research, there may be two distinct sign languages used in Bolivia. One of them, introduced by missionaries in 1973, is based on ASL and has incorporated local indigenous signs. This form of ASL was introduced in Cochabamba and has likely spread to other areas. Another pre-existing sign language may also be present; the Hursts reported that this other sign language may be used in Catholic circles and in La Paz.” (Holbrook 2009) | Bolivia; | South America | ||||
3,931 | bkt | Boloki | Baloki; Buluki; Boleki; River Ruki; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 0.051498, 18.253733; | |||
4,596 | bzm | Bolondo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | |||||
1,237 | ply | Bolyu | Lai; Palju; Palyu; Polyu; 倈語 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Austro-Asiatic; Pakanic | China; | East Asia | 24.4871,105.216 | |||
363 | bmf | Bom | Bome; Bum; Bomo; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few hundred | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Bom is linguistically the same language as Krim, though their speakers may consider them distinct (Childs 2012). | Sierra Leone; | Africa | 7.3188,-11.9915 | ||
4,597 | bml | Bomboli | Bombongo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 1.984789,18.515156 | |||
10,430 | glc | Bon Gula | Bon, Bon Goula, Bun, Êeni, Gula Guera, Poun, Taataal | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Chad; | Africa | ||||
5,062 | bou | Bondei | Kibondei; Bonde; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | ||||
8,736 | dbu | Bondu So | Dogon; Bondum Dom; Bondum-Dom; Najamba-Kindige; Bondum Dom Dogon; North Plateau Dogon; Bondum dom | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,700 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; North Plateau | Najamba; Kindige | Mali; | Africa | 14.91, -3.33 | ||
10,891 | bna | Bonerate | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Muna-Buton; Tukang Besi-Bonerate; Bonerate | Bonerate and Karompa | A member of Muna-Buton stock, the languages found on the islands off the south-eastern peninsula of Sulawesi. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -7.322884, 121.099350; -7.312572, 121.046704 | |||
1,405 | bnv; bone1255 | Bonerif | Beneraf; Boneraf | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Orya-Tor; Tor-Kwerba; Coastal Tor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.1088,139.2352 | |||
1,407 | bpg | Bonggo | Armopa; Bgu; Bogu; Bongo; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 432 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.2461,139.5208 | |||
3,953 | bot | Bongo | Bungu; Dor; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,100 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Tonj Bongo; Bungo; Busere Bongo; | Sudan; | Africa | 7.5,28.5 | ||
521 | bok | Bonjo | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Congo; | Africa | 1.7712,17.9598 | ||||
3,950 | bop | Bonkiman | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.880937099,146.7801666 | ||||
3,944 | bnl | Boon | Af-Boon; Boni; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 59 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Somalia; | Africa | 0.151042,42.901089 | |||
6,677 | 0hq | Boonwurrung | Bunurong; Boon Wurrung; Bun wurrung; Boatnairo; Boatnarro; Putnaroo; Putmaroo; Bonurong; Bonnings; Boonnong; Boomerang; Port Phillip Aborigines; Bon-gar-rong; Bon-ga-rong; Boom ner wrong; Boomerong; Boonerong; Boong wer rong; Boongerong; Bounworong; Boonwoorong; Boonworong; Bonwarry; Westernport blacks; Boong.er.rong; Boong.er.ong; Bonwerong; Boormarong; Boonmerong; Bon-worong; Boonmorong; Bon-wrogon; Boonrong; Boongerang; Boon.ger.rong; Boonwo-rong; Western Port tribe; Boonurong; Bonwrong; Boungerong; Bournourong; Boongurong; Boonguerong; Boonwerung; Boonwerong; Boomeronge; Boon wurong; Coast tribe; Boonoorong; Boon-oor-rong; Boonurrong; Bunwurru; Bun-wurru; Bunwurung; Boon-wurung; Boon wurung; Borawong; Bunoorong; bunurong; Boonerang; Bunuron; Bunarong; Bunerong; Boonoor-ong; Bunwurong; Bunwurra; Thurung; Boonoorung; Boonworung; Boonwurrong; Bonourong; Bunerung; Boonooroong; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -38.44632223,145.8369926 | |||
568 | bvf | Boor | Bwara; Damraw; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 10.2149,17.3721 | |||
1,854 | boa | Bora | Imihita; Miranya; Boro; Meamuyna; Miriña; Miranha; Bora-Miranya; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-3,000 | Boran | Brazil;Peru;Colombia; | South America | -2.16666666667,-72.3333333333 | |||
10,647 | gai | Borei | Borei; Gamai; Gamay; Gamei; Mbore; Mborei | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,202 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.09, 144.72 | |||
1,607 | adi-bor | Bori | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India; | South Asia | 28.9889, 94.4439 | |||
3,605 | bwo | Boró | Shinassha; Boro; Bworo; Shinasha; Scinacia; Šinašša; Bòrná | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Gonga | Gamila; Wembera; Amuru; Guba; | Leyew 2002 claims two dialects of Shinasha: Lowland and Highland. Wedekind 2010 claims two dialects as well: Highland (Garibora/Gayibora) and Lowland (Taribora/Worwibora), which are mutually intelligible. | Ethiopia; | Africa | 10.4166666667,36.1666666667 | |
3,952 | bor | Bororo | Boe; Borôro; Bororo proper; Eastern Bororo; Western Bororo; Borro; | Bororoan | Brazil; | South America | -16.0,-57.0 | |||||
2,596 | brn | Boruca | Boruka; Borunca; Borunka; Brunca; Burunca; Brunka; Burnca; | Awakening () | Chibchan; Isthmic | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 8.83333333333,-83.25 | ||||
2,121 | bwf | Boselewa | Bosilewa; Bosalewa; Mwani’u; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.449,150.661 | |||
10,649 | bqs | Bosmun | Bosman; Bosngun | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,768 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.16, 144.65 | |||
3,937 | bmj | Bote-Majhi | Kushar | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,664 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Eastern Zone | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.9208,83.5082 | |||
1,728 | bph; botl1242 | Botlikh | Botlix; Bujxałi mic’c’i; ботлихский язык; буйхалъи мицIцIи; буйхaдалъи мицIцIи; ბოთლიხური ენა | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000-8,000 speakers | Northeast Caucasian; Nakh-Daghestanian; Avar-Andic | Zibirkhalin; Botlikh | Has loans from Avar. In the 20th century Russian has also come to exert a heavy influence. (The Red Book of the Languages of the Russian Federation) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.3917,46.1351 | |
10,488 | zaz-bot | Boto | Boot, Bibot | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.733333, 9.233333 | |||
4,731 | mvt | Botovro | Mpotovoro; Mallicolo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 430 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.906508,167.228089 | |||
10,555 | aof | Bragat | Alang; Alauagat; Braget; Yauan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 355 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.49, 142.50 | |||
10,658 | brq | Breri | Kuanga | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 720 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.73, 144.71 | |||
1,228 | bre | Breton | Brezhoneg; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 206,000 | Indo-European; Celtic; Brythonic | Tregorrois; Vannetais; Cornouaillais; Léonard | France; | Europe | 48.0,-3.0 | ||
687 | bzd | Bribri | Talamanca; Viceita; Duit; Viceyta; Viceíta; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,475 | Chibchan; Isthmic | Amubre-Katsi, Coroma, Salitre-Cabagra | Costa Rica;Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.41666666667,-83.0 | ||
7,176 | 1ku | Bribri Sign Language | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.40, -83.05 | ||||
1,609 | bro | Brokkat | Brokskad; Jokay | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.5618,90.6152 | |||
1,610 | sgt | Brokpake | Mira Sagtengpa; Dakpa; Brokpa; Dap; Mera Sagtengpa; Sagtengpa; Meragsagstengkha; Jobikha; Drokpakay; Damilo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.3766,91.9981 | |||
3,927 | bkk | Brokskat | Brokpa; Brokpa of Dah-Hanu; Dokskat; Kyango; Dardu; Hanu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | India; | South Asia | 35.3333333333,76.5 | |||
7,177 | 1kv | Brunca Sign Language | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 808 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 8.83333333333,-83.25 | ||||
484 | jid | Bu | Abu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Bu; Ningkada (Jidda); | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.010046, 8.607016 | ||
6,776 | xbg | Buandig | Buwandik; Booandik; Buandic; Buganditch; Booganitch; Bungandidjk; Bak-on-date; Bangandidj; Barconedeet; Boandik; Boandiks; Booandik-ngolo; Borandikngolo; Buandik; Buanditj; Bungaditj; Bungandaetch; Bungandaetcha; Bungandaitj; Bunganditj; Bunganditjngolo; Bungandit; Buwandik ; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Australia; | Australia | -37.53325,140.745717 | ||||
544 | bbx | Bubia | Bobe; Bobea; Wovea; Bota; Ewota; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.0204,9.2037 | |||
2,122 | btp | Budibud | Nada; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.2973,153.6891 | |||
1,408 | bdx; budo1241 | Budong-Budong | Tangkou; Tongkou; Bubudong; To Budo-Budo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Sulawesi; Rampi-Seko-Badaic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.0601,119.3074 | |||
1,229 | bdk | Budukh | Budugh; Budux; budad mez; будад мез; Budug; Budugi; Bukukhi; Buduq dili; будухский язык; будугский язык | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Budukhi; Yergyuch; | The Budukh language, together with the Kryz and the Khinalug languages, belongs to the Shahdag subgroup of the Dagestan (Lezgian-Samur) group of Caucasian languages. The Budukh language is related only to Kryz; Shahdag languages are related geographically rather than linguistically. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Azerbaijan; | Caucasus | 41.1666666667,48.4166666667 | ||
3,799 | bdm | Buduma | Boudouma; Yidena; Yedima; Yedina; Yidana; Yadena; Yedana; Buduma-Kuri; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 54,800 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Northern Buduma; Kuri; Buduma; Southern Buduma; | Nigeria;Cameroon;Chad; | Africa | 13.5,14.5 | ||
1,238 | bbh | Bugan | Bogan; Bengan; Pukan; Hualo; Huazu; 布甘語; 本甘語; 布賡語 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2700 | Austro-Asiatic; Pakanic | China; | East Asia | 24.045941, 105.054981; 23.437782, 104.672597 | |||
3,987 | buk | Bugawac | Bukawa; Bukaua; Bukawac; Kawa; Kawac; Yom Gawac; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,690 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.728658199,147.3600464 | |||
3,903 | bgg | Bugun | Khowa; Kho; Khoa; Bugen; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,700 | Sino-Tibetan; Kho-Bwa | Unclassified within Tibeto-Burman. | India; | South Asia | 27.2546,92.5323 | ||
3,911 | bhh | Bukhori | Bukharian; Bukhari; Bukharin; Bukharic; Bokharian; Bokharic; Bokharan; Bukharan; Judeo-Tajik; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 110,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Israel;Uzbekistan; | Near East | 39.8043,64.4224 | |||
2,123 | ape | Bukiyip | Mountain Arapesh; Kavu; Kawu; Bukiyúp; Arapesh; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Torricelli; Arapeshan | Mountain Arapesh (Bukiyip); Coastal Arapesh (Arapesh) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.46666666667,143.166666667 | ||
3,938 | bmp | Bulgebi | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.7485,146.4532 | ||||
10,466 | Buli | Bili, Bɨlɨ, Bələ | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Not to be confused with Buli spoken on Halmahera Island, Indonesia. | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.233333, 9.783333 | ||||
5,422 | sti | Bulo Stieng | Stieng; Xtieng; Xa-Dieng; Budíp; Rangah; Upper Stieng; Northern Stieng; Kajiang; Kediang; Rmang; Stieng, Bulo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; South Bahnaric; Stieng-Chrau | Budip; Bulo | Vietnam;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 11.8333333333,106.75 | |||
3,924 | bjl | Bulu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 910 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.052719,150.092506 | ||||
10,249 | bvp | Bumang | Manzhang Dai; 曼仗傣; Bumang; 布芒語 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Austro-Asiatic | The newly discovered Bumang (bvp) 布芒 language of Mengla Xiazhai and Mengla Shangzhai, Jinping County, Yunnan, China (金平縣苗族瑶族傣族自治縣勐拉地區的曼仗上寨和曼仗下寨) is said to be descended from 19th century Kháng immigrants from Vietnam. There are only 200 speakers left and none of them are monolinguals (DAO Jie 刀潔 2006, 2007; J. Edmondson 2010). | This language is closely related to Kháng (kjm) of Vietnam, but mutually intelligibility between the two languages has not yet been tested. According to J. Edmondson (2010:152), “it appears that the lexical support for Kháng and Bumang belonging to Khmuic is strong.” It is not yet clear which subdivision of the Khumic branch Bumang belongs to. | China; | East Asia | ||
2,046 | aon | Bumbita | Bumbita Arapesh; Bambita Arapesh; But Arapesh; Weri | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,353 | Torricelli; Arapeshan | Bonahoi; Timingir; Urita; Weril; Werir | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.6449, 142.8002 | ||
10,636 | buv | Bun | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 194 | Yuat | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.52, 143.89 | ||||
10,570 | bvn | Buna | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,259 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Kasmin; Masan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
7,230 | bfn | Bunak | Buna; Buna’; Bunake; Bunaq; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Indonesia;East Timor; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -9.14,125.22 | |||
535 | bqd | Bung | Dormant | No known L1 speakers | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.5718,11.8267 | ||||
10,576 | but | Bungain | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,451 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.70, 143.80 | ||||
8,742 | dgb | Bunoge | Korandabo; Budu-Tagu; Korandabo; Bunoge Dogon | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; West Dogon | Mali; | Africa | 14.650026, -3.795884; 14.717776, -3.814423 | |||
3,893 | bck | Bunuba | Punapa; Bunapa; Punaba; Booneba Bunaba; Kunamba; Punamba;Bunaba; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Bunaban | Australia; | Australia | -17.69419801,125.5950823 | ||||
10,773 | Bura | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.403194,166.675312; | |||||
2,105 | bvr | Burarra | Anbara; Anbarra; Barara; Barera; Baurera; Bawera; Burada; Burara; Bureda; Burera; Gidjingali; Gidjingaliya ; Gujingalia; Gujalabiya; Gun-Guragone; Jikai; Tchikai; Gidjingaliya Gujingalia;Gunardba | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400-600 | Maningrida | Gun-nartpa; Gun-narta; Gun-narda; | Australia; | Australia | -12.02334685,134.7195148 | ||
1,409 | bti; bura1276 | Burate | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | East Geelvink Bay | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.7811,135.9915 | ||||
5,992 | bvh | Bure | Bubburè; Bubure; Bubbure; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.517012, 10.333315 | |||
1,230 | hrv-bur | Burgenland Croatian | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,000 | Indo-European; Balto-Slavic; Slavic; South Slavic | Austria; | Europe | 47.8435,16.5179 | ||||
4,608 | bji | Burji | Bambala; Bembala; Daashi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 46,100 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Highland East Cushitic | Kenya;Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.5,37.8333333333 | |||
10,750 | vrt | Burmbar | Banam Bay; Vartavo | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.42, 167.73 | |||
4,027 | bzu | Burmeso | Taurap; Borumeso; Boromeso; Borumesso; Burumeso; Monau; Monao; Manau; Borumessu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.48, 138.20 | |||
10,610 | bry | Burui | Sawos | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~150 | Sepik; Ndu | Burui is included within Laycock’s (1973) “Sawos language”, which he admits may consist of multiple languages, noting that “no real dialect surveys have been undertaken”. The classifications here follow the survey work of Staalsen (1975). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.04, 143.01 | ||
3,701 | aip | Burumakok | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.12, 140.03 | ||||
5,064 | bds | Burunge | Bulunge; Mbulugwe; Burungi; Mbulunge; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few hundred | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; South Cushitic | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.33333333333,36.0 | |||
1,614 | bsk | Burushaski | Mishaski; Brushaski; Burushaki; Burucaki; Burushki; Burucaski; Biltum; Khajuna; Kunjut | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,300 | Isolate; South Asian | Nagar; Yasin; Hunza | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 36.3294753, 74.6605365; 36.3596633, 73.3384471 | ||
3,910 | bhf | Busa | Odiai; Busan; Uriai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 240 | Isolate; Pacific | “Dusa lexicon bears no significant relations to any other language in the region (Conrad and Dye 1975, Laycock 1975a)” (Hammarström, forthcoming). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.86, 141.42 | ||
569 | bso | Buso | Busso; Dam de Bousso; Bousso; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40-50 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | ||||
1,410 | bup; buso1238 | Busoa | Bosoa; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800-900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Muna-Buton | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.551441, 122.604769 | |||
5,993 | dox | Bussa | Muusiye; Mossiya; Mossittaata; Dobase; D’oopace; D’opaasunte; Lohu; Mossiye; Mosiye; Musiye; Gobeze; Gowase; Goraze; Orase; Gowaze; North Bussa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.7225,37.1406 | |||
545 | bju | Busuu | Awa; Furu; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.8282,10.1087 | |||
10,786 | bnr | Butmas-Tur | Ati; Farafi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 520 | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.338309,167.106526; | |||
8,929 | 8uu | Buu (Cameroon) | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100-200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.564650, 10.255150 | ||||
10,444 | gji-zar | Buu (Nigeria) | Zaranda, Zarandaa | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~600 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.570000, 10.280000 | |||
4,330 | jiy | Buyuan Jinuo | Jinuo; Jino; Buyuan; Jinuo, Buyuan; 基諾語補遠方言 | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Distinctive dialect of Jinuo | China; | East Asia | 22.0,101.0 | ||
3,996 | bwa | Bwatoo | Neukaledonien; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.039, 164.697; -21.355, 165.097 | |||
2,673 | bwz | Bwisi | Ibwisi; Mbwisi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,250 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon;Congo; | Africa | -3.5572,11.4477 | |||
1,616 | bee | Byangsi | Byangkho Lwo; Byasi; Byanshi; Byansi; Bhotia; Byangkhopa; Jaba; Saukas; Shaukas; Rang; Byāngsī | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | Pangjungkho Boli; Kuti; Yerjungkhu Boli | Considered endangered in India. | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 30.1666666667,80.5 | |
5,930 | cra | C’ara | Chara; Ciara; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,932 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.479,36.3647 | |||
1,753 | msq; caac1237 | Caac | Moenebeng; Neukaledonien; Caawac; Mwelebeng | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,215 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Nuclear Southern Oceanic; Southern Melanesian; New Caledonian; Extreme Northern | Pouébo; La Conception (St. Louis); | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.2250,164.3545 | ||
3,070 | cjp | Cabécar | Kabékar; Cabecar; Tucurrique; Chiripo; Chirripó; Estrella; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,441 | Chibchan; Isthmic | Chirripó, Telire, Estrella, Ujarrás | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.75,-83.4166666667 | ||
2,110 | cbb | Cabiyarí | Cauyari; Caryari; Cabiuarí; Cauyarí; Kauyarí; Cuyare; Kawillary; Caviyari; Kaviyarí; Caviyarí; Kabiyarí; | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Colombia; | South America | .1208,-71.1474 | |||||
1,678 | cad | Caddo | Kadohadacho; Petit Caddo; Upper Nasoni; Nanatsaho; Kado; Caddoe; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <25 | Caddoan | USA; | North America | 35.0985,-98.2603 | |||
5,145 | cah | Cahuarano | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Zaparoan | Crevels (2012:211): SIL reported five speakers of Cahuarano in 1975, but today the language is probably extinct. Kaufman (2007: 69) considers Iquito-Cahuarano as a single language, where others separate the two. | Peru; | South America | -3.728803,-73.920783 | |||
1,679 | chl | Cahuilla | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Takic | Mountain Cahuilla; Desert Cahuilla; Pass (Wanikik) Cahuilla | USA; | North America | 33.5404,-116.7436 | |||||
8,121 | qvc | Cajamarca Quechua | Quechua, Cajamarca; Cajamarca Quechua; Cajamarca Kechua; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Quechuan; Quechua IIC | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987) This is one of the most archaic varieties of Quechua II. (Willem Adelaar personal communication) | Peru; | South America | -7.158438,-78.512620;-7.142658,-78.651822;-7.165896,-78.462059; | ||
9,069 | zad, zav, zpu, zpq, zat | Cajonos Zapotec | dill xhon, Villalta (non-preferred) | Otomanguean; Zapotecan; Monte Albán; Eastern Zapotec | Yalálag, Zoogocho, Yatzachi el Bajo, Yatzachi el Alto, Lachiroag, Melchor Betaza, Zoochina, Tabaa, Yojovi, San Andrés Solaga, San Francisco Cajonos, San Pedro Cajonos, San Pablo Yaganiza | 1 of approx. 13-14 Eastern Zapotec languages (14 if counting Yuautepec). 1 of 3 Zapotec languages of the Sierra Norte. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||
10,931 | caju1236 | Cajun French | Louisiana French, Français Louisiane, Cajun, Acadien | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 136,701 | Cajun French is a variety of the French language spoken in southern Louisiana in the U.S. South. It is spoken primarily by the descendants of French Canadians from Nova Scotia who migrated to Louisiana in the 18th century. It was historically spoken in much of Louisiana, but is now mostly confined to the twenty-two parishes of historical Acadia. Language use has been decreasing throughout the 20th and 21st century, and widespread institutional pressure against the use of French in public schools in the 20th century is thought to be a major contributing factor to this decline. More recently, “soft support” from public institutions has seen an increase in second-language French speakers in historical Acadia. | USA; | North America | 30.216667, -92.033333 | |||
2,829 | abd | Camarines Norte Agta | Manide; Agiyan; Agta, Camarines Norte | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
10,129 | 4rr | Cambodian Sign Language | CSL; CBDSL; Khmer Sign Language; KSL | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | “It is best to avoid using the term Khmer Sign Language, since the term Khmer refers to the language used by hearing people in Cambodia, and Cambodian Sign Language is a different language from spoken/written Khmer.” (Woodward et al., 2015) | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 11.558, 104.917 | ||
1,619 | rab | Camling | Rai; Rodong; Chamling; Chamlinge Rai; Rōdōng; Chāmbling; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.0,86.6666666667 | |||
1,231 | sro | Campidanese Sardinian | Sardinian; Campidanese; Campidanese Sardinian; Campidanian Sardinian; Sardu; Campidese; South Sardinian; Sardinian, Campidanese | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance | Ogliastrino; Sulcitano; Sarrabense; Central Campidanese; Cagliare; Sub-Barbaricino; Meridionale; Arborense; Western Campidenese; | Italy; | Europe | 40.0,9.0 | ||
1,516 | kbh | Camsá | Coche; Kamsá; Sibundoy; Kamemtxa; Kamse; Camëntsëá; Kamsa; Kamtsá; Mocoa; camsá; Cams; Sibundoy-Gaché; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,773 | Isolate; South American | Colombia; | South America | 1.16666666667,-77.0 | |||
1,958 | cbu | Candoshi | Candoxi; Candoši; Kandoshi; Murato; Maina; Candoshi-Shapra; Shapra; Roamaina; Kandozi-chapra; Chapra; Chapara | Isolate; South American | Kandoshi; Shapra; | Peru; | South America | -4.16666666667,-77.0 | ||||
3,974 | ram | Canela | Canela; Canela-Krahô; Timbira; Krenjé; Krahó; Pukobyé; Kanela; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,502 | Jean; Northern Je | Apanjekra (Apanhecra, Apaniekra), Ramkokamekra | Ethnologue gives Canela as a separate language from Krinkati-Timbira (with dialects Krinkati [Karakati] and Timbira). | Brazil; | South America | -7.0,-45.0 | |
2,913 | caz | Canichana | Kanichana; Canesi; Canisiana; | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Isolate; South American | Canichana most probably became dormant at the end of the twentieth century. | Bolivia; | South America | -14.5835,-64.9731 | ||
1,232 | cpg | Cappadocian Greek | Cappadocian; Asia Minor Greek | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ? | Indo-European; Greek; Attic | Northern; Northwest; Sílata; Malakopí; Northeast; Potámja; Sinasós; Central; Aksó; Mistí; Southern; Southeast; Ulağac; Semendere; Southwest; Ferték; Araván; Ghúrzono; | Greek dialect much influenced by Turkish. | Turkey;Greece; | Europe | 38.048,32.6953 | |
2,111 | cot | Caquinte | Kakinte; Campa; Atiri; Caquinte Campa; Poyenisati; “Cachomashiri”; Poyenisate; | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Campa | Peru; | South America | -11.146,-73.4765 | |||||
4,157 | caq | Car Nicobarese | Nicobarese (Car); Pu; Car; Car Nicobarese; Kar Nicobar-Chowra; Car Nikobar; Puː; Nicobarese, Car | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 37,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Nicobarese | India; | South Asia | 8.2549,93.1022 | |||
483 | cfd | Cara | Chara; Fachara; Nfachara; Fakara; Pakara; Tera; Teriya; Terri; Tariya; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.103839, 12.652185 | |||
2,113 | cby | Carabayo | Amazonas Macusa (pejorative) | Uncertain | Tikuna-Yurí | In the remote upper River Puré and River Bernardo region in the Colombian Amazon rainforest. The name Carabayo derives from the (mock) name “Bernardo Caraballo”, which was given to a Carabayo man by local people during a brief encounter in the Colombian town La Pedrera (Bernardo Caraballo was the name of a Colombian boxing champion). Subsequently the Carabayo people and their language have been referred to as Caraballo. The 2013 Ethnologue language catalogue introduced Carabayo as an English version of the language name, and assigned the ISO 639-3 code cby to it. Seifart and Alvaro Echeverri (2014) demonstrated that it is closely related to Yurí and Tikuna (Tikuna-Yurí family). | Colombia; | South America | -1.6666,-70.3333 | |||
3,111 | cbc | Carapana | Carapano; Mochda; Moxdoa; Karapaná; Karapano; Carapana-Tapuya; Carapanã; Mextã; Karapana; Miranya Carapana Tapuya; Mi tea; Mochda; Moxdoa; Muxtea | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 527 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.833333333333,-70.75 | |||
2,115 | cbd | Carijona | Hianácoto; Hianacoto; Jianácoto; Hianákoto; Hianacoto-Umaua; Karijona; Karihona; Carihona; Carijona; Carifuna; Kaliohona; Guaque; Huaque; Omagua; Umawa; Koto; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Cariban; Guianan | Colombia; | South America | 1.0,-72.0 | |||
4,155 | cal | Carolinian | Saipan Carolinian; Southern Carolinian; Sprache der Marianen; Karolinian; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Northern Mariana Islands; | Pacific | 15.2,145.75 | |||
3,263 | rmc | Carpathian Romani | Romani, Carpathian; Romany; Cigány; Bashaldo; Romungro; Hungarian-Slovak Romani; Zigeuner; European Romany; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 472,470 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Transylvanian; Galician; East Slovakian Romani; West Slovakian Romani; Moravian Romani; | Turkey;Germany;Russia;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Lithuania;France;Italy;Greece;Macedonia;United Kingdom;Poland;Czech Republic;Netherlands;Switzerland;Finland;Austria;Croatia;Latvia;Slovakia;Hungary;Albania;Belarus;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Slovenia;Serbia;Montenegro; | Europe;Caucasus;East Asia | 46.3165,22.3681 | ||
2,116 | cbr | Cashibo | Cashibo-Cacataibo; Catcataibo; Kashibo; Caxibo; Cacibo; Cachibo; Cahivo; Managua; Hagueti; Kashibo-Kakataibo | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Kashibo; Rubo (Isunubo); Kakataibo; Nokaman (thought formerly to be extinct) | Peru; | South America | -8.5,-75.5 | ||||
1,846 | cbs | Cashinahua | Kashinawa; Kaxinawa; Tuxinawa; Caxinawa; Kashinawa Kaxinawá; Kaxinawá; Kaxynawa; Caxinawá; Cashinahuá; Kaxinauá; Kaxinaua; Hãtxa Kuĩ (Huni Kuin) | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5253 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | The extinct Capanahua (Kapanawa) of the Juruá River is a dialect of Kashinawa of the Ibuaçu River; not to be confused with Capanahua (Kapanawa) of the Tapiche River (obsolescent) (Fleck 2013.) | Brazil;Peru; | South America | -10.5,-71.8333333333 | ||
9,689 | dgc | Casiguran Dumagat Agta | Dumagat (Casiguran); Agta (Casiguran Dumagat); Casiguran Dumagat; Casiguran; Baler Dumagat; Agta; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Northeastern Luzon | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 16.227, 122.063 | |||
7,178 | csc | Catalan Sign Language | Llengua de Signes Catalana; Llengua Catalana de Signes; Lengua de Signos Catalana; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,000 | Sign Language; European | Spain; | Europe | 41.38711263243966, 2.176666259765625 | |||
10,853 | cata1288 | Catamarca and La Rioja Quechua | Quichcua | Dormant () | 0 ? | Quechuan; Quechua IIC | Sources differ greatly with respect to Quechuan languages and varieties, both with respect to which may be separate languages vs. which just dialects of the same language, and with respect to how to classify them. The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in Quechuan, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Argentina; | South America | 28.47S,65.78W | ||
1,681 | chc | Catawba | Catawaba | Awakening () | Siouan; Catawban | The languages has had no native speakers since 1959; however, the language is currently undergoing revitalization efforts. | USA; | North America | 35.5,-80.5 | |||
2,175 | cav | Cavineña | Cavinena; Kavinenya; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600-1200 | Pano-Tacanan; Takana | Bolivia; | South America | -12.3829,-66.7419 | |||
1,682 | cay | Cayuga | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Iroquoian; Northern Iroquoian | Tribal leaders and linguists working with Cayuga prefer not to give current figures for number of speakers. The number of native speakers reportedly dropped to blow 100 by 2008. | USA;Canada; | North America | 43.019,-80.1506 | |||
2,176 | cyb | Cayuvava | Cayubaba; Cayuwaba; Kayuvava; Cavuhaba; | Dormant () | No known speakers | Isolate; South American | Bolivia; | South America | -12.7903,-65.3247 | |||
845 | esu | Central Alaskan Yup’ik | Yugcestun; Yugtun; Yupik; Yup’ik; 中央アラスカ・ユピック語; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,400 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Yupik | General Central Alaskan Yup’ik; Cup’ik (Chevak / Hooper Bay); Cup’ig (Nunivak) | USA; | North America | 61.4387,-160.4882; 59.8889,-166.289 | ||
10,527 | mks, mxa | Central Baja Mixtec | Silacayoapan Mixtec; Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec; Mixteco de Yucuná; Mixteco del noroeste; Mixteco del Noroeste de Oaxaca | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,130 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco de Santo Domingo Tonalá; Mixteco del Noroeste; Mixteco del Noroeste Medio?; Mixteco del Oeste Alto? | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.77, -98.08 | |
2,830 | agt | Central Cagayan Agta | Agta (Central); Agta (Central Cagayan); Agta, Central Cagayan | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 780 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Bikol | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 17.9666666667,121.833333333 | |||
9,873 | cuc, cvn, csa, cle, cpa | Central Chinantec | jajme dzä mii; jmiih kia’ dzä mii; Chinanteco Central; Usila Chinantec; Valle Nacional Chinantec; Chiltepec Chinantec; Lealao Chinantec; Palantla Chinantec; Chinantec; Chinanteco; Chinanteko | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 34,852 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jajme dzä mii; jmiih kia’ dzä mii | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. According to the most recent and accurate sources available, there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.949463,-96.167328 | |
9,290 | 0xp | Central Jewish Neo-Aramaic | Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic; NENA | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Barzan; Sandu; Bədyal | Israel; | Near East | ||||
5,129 | ywt | Central Lalo | Lalo, Lalopa, Laluo, Misapa, Xishanba Lalo; 中臘羅語 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 25.0,100.25 | |||
4,045 | cmo | Central Mnong | Pnong; Mnong, Central; Phong; Phnong; Budong; Budang; Phanong; Bu Nong; Bunong; Central Mong; Penong; Biat; Biet; Bhiét | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 52,500 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Central Bahnaric; South Bahnaric; Mnong | Bu Dang; Bu Nar; Bu Rung; Biat; Dih Bri (Di-Pri); Préh | Vietnam;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 12.5525,107.3011 | ||
4,775 | ncb | Central Nicobarese | Muöt; Nicobarese; Nancowry; Zentraler Dialekt; Nicobarese, Central | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,100 | Austro-Asiatic; Nicobarese; Central Nicobar | Katchal; Nancowry; Trinkut; Camorta | There are differing opinions as to whether some varieties listed as dialects of Central Nicobarese are in fact languages in their own right. | India; | South Asia | 8.05,93.5 | |
1,532 | poo | Central Pomo | Oat Valley; Pomo, Central; Ballo-Kai-Pomo; Cabanapo; Habenapo; H’hana; Kábinapek; Khabenapo; Khana; Kulanapan; Kulanapo; Venaambakaia; Venambakaiia; Yokaia; Pomo (Central); Yokaya; | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers. | Pomoan | Yokaya (South Valley), Shokowa (East Valley), Yobakeya, Bokeya (Western), Boya (Coastal) | USA; | North America | 38.9704,-123.6893 | ||
8,554 | 1op | Central Selkup | Narym; Tym Selkup; čumyľ qumyt әty; чумыль ӄумыт әты; центральный селькупский язык; Middle Selkup; Ostyak Samoyed; narymin selkupin kieli; narymin selkuppi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Uralic; Samoyedic | The three main varieties of Selkup have traditionally been counted as dialects of a single language; their differences are, however, comparable to those between, for instance, Ket, Yug, and Pumpokol. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 59.8903,82.0129 | ||
1,683 | ess | Central Siberian Yupik | St. Lawrence Island Yupik; Bering Strait Yupik; чаплинский язык; Yoit; Yuk; Yuit; Siberian Yupik; Asiatic Yupik; Chaplinsk; シベリア・ユピック語; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,300 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Yupik | St. Lawrence Island; Chaplinski | Interaction between the varieties spoken in the United States and Russia has been greatly restricted since the 1950’s, though they remain mutually intelligible. | Russia;USA; | Caucasus;Europe;North America;East Asia | 63.7444,-171.7242; 64.546, -173.128 | |
5,087 | tgt | Central Tagbanwa | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Fewer than 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Palawanic | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 10.760, 119.333; | ||||
10,959 | west2947, chic1274, exte1234, sanp1261 | Central Valley Zapotec | Central Valley Zapotec dialect continuum, Tlacolula Valley Zapotec, Ocotec, Quiatoni Zapotec | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Santiago Apóstol, Asunción Ocotlán, Santa Inés Yatzechi, Jalieza, Chichicapan, San Pablo Güilá, San Lucas Quiaviní, San Dionisio Ocotepec, Teotitlán del Valle, Santa Ana del Valle, Santo Domingo Tomaltepec, Santa María del Tule, Tlalixtac de Cabrera, Zaachila, Tlacochahuaya, Teitipac, Guelavía, Quialana, Santa Ana Zegache, San Miguel Tilquiapam | One of approximately 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.796597, -96.653301; 17.00, -96.82 | |||
4,161 | cet | Centúúm | Cen Tuum; Jalaa | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Isolate; African | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.889040, 11.751045 | ||||
3,466 | caa | Ch’orti’ | Chorti; Chortí; Apay; Ch’orti; Ch’ortí | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,105 | Mayan; Ch’olan-Tseltalan | Honduras;Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.8333333333, -89.25 | |||
2,187 | cbi | Cha’palaa | Cha’palaachi; Chachi; Cayapa; Cha’ Palaachi; Nigua; Kayapa; Cha’palaa | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,393 | Barbacoan; Southern Barbacoan | Ecuador; | South America | 0.666666666667,-79.0 | |||
10,452 | Chaari | Chari; Caari; Cààrí; Danshe; Danche | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Danshe, Chaari | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.05, 9.283333 | |||
8,122 | quk | Chachapoyas Quechua | Amazonas Quechua; Chachapoyas; Chachapoyas Quechua; Chachapoya; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Quechuan; Quechua IIB | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987) This is one of the most divergent varieties of all of Quechua (a member of Quechua II). (Willem Adelaar personal communication) | Peru; | South America | -6.197247, -77.830093; -6.195199, -78.201568 | ||
4,156 | cao | Chácobo | Chákobo; Chacobo; Shinabo; Chakobo-Pakawara | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1000 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Chácobo; Pacahuara; Yateño?; | Ethnologue (2009, 2016) lists Shinabo [snh] as an separate Panoan language related to Chákobo (Chácobo), listed as unattested; others consider it a variety of Chákobo. Several sources distinguish Chácobo [cao] and Pacahuara [pcp] (Pacaguara, Pakaguara, Pakawara, Pacawara); however, they are dialects of a single language (Fleck 2013). | Bolivia; | South America | -11.3454,-65.8135 | |
4,172 | ciy, cuo | Chaima | Chaima: Chayma, Guaga-Tagare, Sayma, Warapiche; Kumaná; Cumaná; Cumanagoto; | Cariban; Venezuelan | Cumanagoto; Chaima | Some sources treat Cumanagoto [cuo], Chaima [ciy], and Cumaná (Kumaná) as separate languages. Gildea (2012: 445) gives Kumaná as extinct, with Chaima and Cumanagota as extinct varieties of Kumaná. Crevels (2012:220) distinguishes Chaima and Kumanagoto. Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2016) also has Chaima [ciy] distinct from Cumanagoto [cuo], both members of a “Cumaná” branch. Crevels (2012) also distinguishes Piritugoto, with 50 speakers, saying “further research is necessary to establish the degree to which it is still spoken and its exact classification within the Cariban family.” However, no linguistic data has been published on it (la lengua de los indios de Piritu) since the 17th century, and the current Chaima area coincides with that reported for the Piritu(goto). This suggests this is just an alternative name or a now extinct dialect. | Brazil;Venezuela;Guyana;Suriname;French Guiana; | South America | 8.4941,-64.0942 | |||
4,617 | cli | Chakali | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ghana; | Africa | |||||
4,618 | cll | Chala | Tschala; Tsa; Cãla; Tshala; Cala; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ghana; | Africa | ||||
1,618 | tgf | Chalikha | Chali; Tshali; Chalipkha; Tshalingpa; Chali Kha; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.301,91.2991 | |||
1,129 | ceg | Chamacoco | Ebidoso; Tumraha; Chamakoko; Ishiro; Yshyro; Jeywo; Bahía Negra; Tumarahá; Tumerehã; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,300 | Zamucoan | Chamacoco Bravo; Ebitoso; Tomaraho | Brazil;Paraguay; | South America | -20.59, -58.20 | ||
1,234 | cji, cham1309 | Chamalal | Camalal; Chamali чамалинский язык; çamalaldub miçʿçʿ; чамалалдуб мичIчI; ჭამალალური ენა; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Avaro-Andic; Nakh-Daghestanian | Gakvarian-Gadirian (Gakvari, Gadyri); Gigatl | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.3928, 45.5626 | ||
1,617 | cdh | Chambeali | Chameali; Chamaya; Chambiali; Chambiyali; Chamiyali Pahari; Chamya; Cameali | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 129,654 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | Bansyari; Bansbali; Gadi Chameali | India; | South Asia | 32.9072,76.5307 | ||
10,631 | can | Chambri | Tchambuli; Tshamberi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,050 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Lower Sepik | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.28, 143.10 | |||
2,178 | ccc | Chamicuro | Chamikuro; Chamicura; Chamicolo; Chamekolo | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Western | Peru; | South America | -5.5285,-75.5969 | |||||
846 | cha; cham1312 | Chamorro | CHamoru; Tjamoro; Sprache der Marianen; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 37,650 in the CNMI & Guam | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian | Guam; Saipan – fewer Spanish loanwords & more Japanese loanwords; Rota – distinctive sound structure | Northern Mariana Islands;Guam; | Pacific | 17.1853,145.2911;13.2702,144.4719; | ||
10,635 | cga | Changriwa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 498 | Yuat | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.28, 143.70 | ||||
1,620 | chx | Chantyal | Chentel; Chantel; Chhantel | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 (Myagdi Chantyal) | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Myagdi Chantyal; Baglung Chantyal | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.5833333333,83.4166666667 | ||
1,254 | 1iu | Chatong | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <580 | Austro-Asiatic; Katuic; Katu | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 15.65, 107.1166 | ||||
7,389 | cdn | Chaudangsi | Bangba Lo; Bangbani; Chanpa Lo; Chaudans Lo; Saukas; Shaukas; Tsaudangsi; Bangba Lwo; Sauka; Shauka | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | Endangered in India. | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 29.70, 80.48 | ||
4,053 | crv | Chaura | Chowra; Tutet; Tətet; Kar Nicobar-Chowra; Tətɛt; Tatet; Sanenyo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,020 | Austro-Asiatic; Nicobarese | India; | South Asia | 7.9504,93.576 | |||
2,188 | cbt | Chayahuita | Chayhuita; Chaui; Chawi; Chayawita; Tshaahui; Chayabita; Shayabit; Balsapuertino; Paranapura; Cahuapa; Balsopuertino; Tsaawí; Tschaahui; Kahuapana; Shawi | Cahuapanan | Peru; | South America | -5.5,-77.0 | |||||
4,174 | cjn | Chenapian | Tsenap; Zenap; Chenap | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Sepik; Wogamus | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.273582935,142.2684479 | |||
4,571 | cnu | Chenoua | Shenowa; Sheliff Basin; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 76,300 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Algeria; | Africa | 36.5703,2.2892 | |||
1,622 | cdm | Chepang | Tsepang; Chēpāng; Tśepang | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,097 | Sino-Tibetan; Chepangic | Western Chepang; Eastern Chepang; South-western Chepang | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.6666666667,84.75 | ||
5,181 | ycp | Chepya | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 21.3833,101.8166 | ||||
7,251 | ych | Chesu | 車蘇 | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,300 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | The language appears to be more closely related to Eastern Yi Nasu further north, rather than to adjacent Hlersu (Central Yi) and Nisu (Southern Yi) with which it is in direct contact. | China; | East Asia | 24.4211, 102.0459 | ||
1,266 | cwg | Chewong | Cheq Wong; Che’wong; Siwang; Beri; Chuba; Che’ Wong | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Chewong | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 3.6271,102.1907 | |||
1,685 | chy | Cheyenne | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,100 | Algic; Algonquian | Sutaio; Cheyenne; | USA; | North America | 45.5495,-106.5263; 35.6022,-97.9766 | |||
1,623 | ctn | Chhintange | Chhintange; Teli; Chintang Rûng; Chintang | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3500 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 26.9367,87.1991 | |||
4,059 | cur | Chhulung | Chilling; Chɨlɨng; Chulung; Chholung; Chhilling; Chhûlûng Rûng; Chülüng | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1314 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 26.9483,87.2527 | |||
4,169 | cip | Chiapanec | Chiapaneco; Chiapaneko; | Dormant | No known speakers | Otomanguean; Manguean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.192264,-92.795103 | |||
3,457 | pei | Chichimeca-Jonaz | Chichimeco; Chichimeca; Chichimec; Chichimeca-Jonaz; Jonaz; Pame de Chichimeca-Jonaz; Meco; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,582 | Otomanguean; Otopamean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 21.6666666667,-100.5 | |||
1,686 | cic | Chickasaw | Chicasa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~600 | Muskogean | USA; | North America | 34.6,-96.8161 | |||
7,004 | csg | Chilean Sign Language | Lengua de Señas Chilena, LSCh; Lenguaje Chileno de Signos; Lenguaje de Señas; LENSE | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 21,000 | Sign Language; South American | Chile; | South America | -32.78,-70.67 | |||
4,178 | clh | Chilisso | Chiliss; Galos; Dardu; Chiliso | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-3,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.280275, 73.295122 | |||
2,431 | cbg | Chimila | San Jorge; Chamila; Caca Weranos; Shimizya; Chimile; Ette Ennaka; Simiza; Ette Taara; | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Colombia; | South America | 10.0,-74.0 | |||||
3,599 | afi | Chini | Akrukay; Akruray | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 75 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Akrukay; Andamang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.855899811, 144.7736969 | ||
4,167 | chn | Chinook Wawa | Chinook Jargon; Chinook Pidgin; Chinuk Wawa; Jargon; činúk wáwa | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pidgin or Creole; Chinook based | Grand Ronde | A pidgin (trade language), formerly used from Oregon to Alaska. | USA;Canada; | North America | 45.0591,-123.6091 | |
2,432 | cap | Chipaya | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,625 | Chipaya-Uru | Earlier often mistakenly equated with Puquina. Kaufman (2007: 70) gives an “Uru-Chipaya language area”. | Bolivia; | South America | -19.2074,-68.2031 | |||
10,852 | qva, qvh, qvm | Chiquian-Bolognesi and Cajatambo Quechua | Alto Pativilca | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 245,800 | Quechuan; Quechua I | Quechua, Ambo-Pasco [qva] Quechua, Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco [qvh] Quechua, Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha [qvm] | Sources differ greatly with respect to Quechuan languages and varieties, both with respect to which may be separate languages vs. which just dialects of the same language, and with respect to how to classify them. The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in Quechuan, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Ethnologue distinguishes three “languages” here where others consider them variants of a single one: Quechua, Ambo-Pasco [qva] Quechua, Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco [qvh] Quechua, Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha [qvm] | Peru; | South America | -9.925084, -76.239332; | |
4,625 | maq | Chiquihuitlán Mazatec | Mazatec (Chiquihuitlán); Masateko; Mazateco; Mazatec, Chiquihuitlán; Mazateco de San Juan Chiquihuitlán; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,502 | Otomanguean; Popolocan | Ethnologue distinguishes 8 “Mazatecan” languages. INALI has 16 “Mazateco” “variantes.” Ethnologue’s are: Mazatec, Ayautla [vmy] Mazatec, Chiquihuitlán [maq] Mazatec, Huautla [mau] Mazatec, Ixcatlán [mzi] Mazatec, Jalapa de Díaz [maj] Mazatec, Mazatlán [vmz] Mazatec, San Jerónimo Tecóatl [maa] Mazatec, Soyaltepec [vmp]. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.75,-96.9166666667 | ||
9,709 | 2df | Chiquimulilla Xinka | Chiguimuliya; | Awakening () | Xincan | An awakening language which lacked native speakers starting in the 1970’s | Xinkan is a language family with four members: Guazacapán Xinka, Chiquimulilla Xinka, Jumaytepeque Xinka, and Yupiltepeque Xinka. Two of the four are extinct; the other two have only 3 elderly second language semi-speakers (Rogers 2010:3). Despite the very significant differences among these languages, and lack of mutual intelligibility, “Xinkan” is often talked of as though it were only a single language. For example, Ethnologue (2013) gives only a single “Xinca” [xin] language, with no known L1 speakers. | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.085020,-90.380464 | ||
1,452 | cax | Chiquitano | Chiquito; Tarapecosi; Tao; Chikitano; Besïro; Chiquit(an)o; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,665 | Isolate; South American | Concepción; Churapa; Tao; Besïro; Sansimoniano; San Javier; San Miguel; Santiago; | Brazil;Bolivia; | South America | -16.7, -61.4 | ||
10,733 | Chiriqui Sign Language | Lengua de Señas de Chiriqui, LSCH | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Note: Deaf people in the Chiriqui province of Panama assert that their sign variety, Lengua de Señas de Chiriquí (LSCH, Chiriqui Sign Language), is distinct from Panamanian Sign Language as used predominantly in the Panama-Colon corridor. | Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 8.409086, -82.429146 | ||||
1,624 | cdf; chir1283 | Chiru | Chhori; Tśiru; Rem; Riem; चीरू (Cīrū); Riemchawng [remcɔŋ] | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,599 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Kuki-Chin; Northwestern Kuki-Chin | India; | South Asia | 25.0918,93.5837;24.2042,93.4211;24.4444,92.5008 | |||
510 | ctm | Chitimacha | Awakening () | Isolate; North American | USA; | North America | 29.6666666667,-91.0 | |||||
1,691 | iow | Chiwere | Oto; Iowa-Oto; | Awakening () | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Chiwere-Winnebago | Otoe-Missouria; Iowa (Baxoje); Missouri; Otoe; Iowa; | Chiwere dialects: Otoe-Missouria (Jiwere) is the dialect of the Otoe-Missouria Tribe. Iowa (Baxoje) is the dialect of the Iowa Tribe. | USA; | North America | 40.5,-96.0 | ||
1,626 | cgk | Chocangacakha | Maphekha; Rtsamangpa’ikha; Tsagkaglingpa’ikha; Kursmadkha | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.4107,91.2277 | |||
3,458 | coz | Chocho | Chocholteco; Chuchona; Chochoteco; Chochotec; | Otomanguean; Popolocan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.6666666667,-97.4166666667 | |||||
1,692 | cho | Choctaw | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000-11,000 | Muskogean | USA; | North America | 31.6822,-92.1252; 32.7713,-89.1163; 34.1472,-94.81 | ||||
1,575 | nri | Chokri Naga | Chokri; Eastern Angami; Chakrima Naga; Chakru; Chakhesang; Angami; Naga; Angami; Naga; Charkrima; Tśakrima; Chakrimā; Naga, Chokri | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Up to 20,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Angami-Pochuri | India; | South Asia | 25.6666666667,94.5 | |||
3,459 | cti, ctu | Chol | Ch’ol; Chol, Tumbalá; Ch’ol de Sabanilla; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 128,240 | Mayan; Ch’olan-Tseltalan | Ethnologue has 2 Chol languages, Tila Chol [cti] and Tumbalá Chol. Others recognize only one Chol language. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.49, -92.47 | ||
1,227 | cog | Chong | Chawng; Shong; Xong; Cong; ʃong; kui | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Austro-Asiatic; Pearic; Central Chong | Thailand;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 12.9506,102.0374 | |||
4,160 | cda | Choni | Chona; Chone; Cone; Jone; 卓尼話 | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 154,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Hbrugchu; Thewo | China; | East Asia | 34.5947,103.5653 | ||
3,460 | chf | Chontal de Tabasco | Chontal Maya; Chontal (Tabasco); Chontal; Chontal, Tabasco; Yokotán; Yocot’an; Yokot’an; | Mayan; Ch’olan-Tseltalan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.1666666667,-92.5833333333 | |||||
1,627 | cfm-cho | Chorei | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 25, 93 | |||||
3,013 | crq, crt | Chorote | Choroti; Chorotí; Manjuy; Manjui; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,057 | Matacoan | Iyohwaha; Iyo’wuhwa; Manjuy (Chorote Montaraz [Wikinawos]); | Ethnologue distinguishes two Chorote languages: Chorote, Iyojwa’ja [crt], and Chorote, Iyo’wujwa [crq]. Others have only one; the dialects differ but are mutually intelligible. | Argentina;Paraguay; | South America | -24.287, -60.3808 | |
1,250 | crw | Chrau | Jro; Ro; Tamun; Chauro; Choro; Chíoro | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <15,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; South Bahnaric; Stieng-Chrau | Voqtwaq; Vajieng; Dor; Chalah; Jro; Chalun; Prang; Mro; Tamun | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 10.75,107.5 | ||
1,989 | cje | Chru | Churu; Choru; Chu Ru; Chu; Cru; Kru; Chrau Hma; Cadoe Loang; Seyu; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <11,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Chamic | Noang; Rai; | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | |||
1,226 | scq | Chu-ng | Sauch; Saotch; Saoch; Sa’och; Sa-och; Tchiong; Angrak; Ansrak; Anskrak; Sa-ong; Khamen Phadong | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17 | Austro-Asiatic; Pearic; Central Chong | Thailand;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 14.4897,99.1661 | |||
3,467 | cac, cnm | Chuj | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 38,253 | Mayan; Q’anjob’alan-Chujean | San Sebastián Coatán Chuj, Ixtatán Chuj | Ethnologue (2009) distinguished 2 Chuj languages, Ixtatán Chuj [cnm] and San Sebastián Coatán Chuj [cac]. Other classifiers recognize only one. Ethnologue (2013) now has only one Chuj [cac]. | Guatemala;Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.1203, -92.0407; 15.8259, -91.4783 | ||
1,730 | ckt | Chukchi | Luoravetlan; Chukchee; чукотский язык; Ԓыгъоравэтԓьэн йиԓыйиԓ; Lyg’oravetl’en jilyjil; луораветланский язык; Sprache der Tschuktschen; Chuchee; Chukcha; tšuktšin kieli; tchouktche; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <11,000 | Chukotko-Kamchatkan; Chukotkan | Chaun; Enmylinskij; Enurmin; Nunligranskij; Pevekskij; Uellanskij; Xatyrskij; Yanrakinot; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 67.0,-173.0 | ||
4,060 | cuw | Chukwa | Cukwa Ring; Pohing; Pohing Kha | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.36, 86.98 | |||
1,736 | clw | Chulym | Chulym Tatar; Chulim; Ös til; Ӧс тили; Чулым; июс тили, татар тили; Chulym-Turkish; Chulym Turkic; Ostiaki; чулымский язык; чулым татар теле; Çulımca; Çulım tili; Çulım Tatar tili; Çulım Türkçesi; Küerik; Tchoulyme; Tšulymin kieli; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35 | Turkic; South Siberian | Küerik; Lower Chulym | The language of the Chulym Tatars or the Chulym language belongs to the Turkish-Tatar languages, East-Hun branch, Uighur-Oguz group, subgroup of Khakass. The Chulym language differs from its nearest related languages (Khakass, Shor, Kamas) in various phonetical and grammatical features. Two dialects can be distinguished: Lower-Chulym and Middle-Chulym or Melets, which, in their turn, divide into vernaculars. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 54.3333333333, 89.6666666667 | |
7,289 | njo-cho | Chungli | Ao-Chungli; Chongli; Tśungli; Chungli Ao; Chongli Ao | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 65,275 | Sino-Tibetan; Aoic | India; | South Asia | ||||
1,628 | cdj | Churahi | Churahi Pahari; Chaurahi; Churai Pahari; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 110,552 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 33.1835,76.5747 | |||
1,305 | awc | Cicipu | Acipanci; Achipa; Sagamuk; Western Acipa; Acipa, Western; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Cep; | Nigeria; | Africa | 11, 5.6 | ||
3,164 | cim | Cimbrian | Tzimbro; Zimbrisch; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; High German | Tredici Communi Cimbrian; Sette Comuni Cimbrian; Lusernese Cimbrian; | Italy; | Europe | 45.867,11.4268 | ||
5,128 | cin | Cinta Larga | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 645 | Tupian; Mondean | Brazil; | South America | -11.4154,-59.7216 | ||||
1,693 | csi | Coast Miwok | Costal Miwok; Miwok (Bodega); Miwok (Coast); Miwok, Coast; Bollanos; | Dormant () | 0 | Utian; Miwokan | Marin; Bodega; | The last known person to have direct knowledge of the language died in the 1970s. | USA; | North America | 38.3333333333,-123.0 | |
10,528 | mbz, mih, mio, mjc, mtu, mxt, mza, vmj | Coast Mixtec | Amoltepec Mixtec; Mixteco de Amoltepec; Western Sola de Vega Mixtec; Chayuco Mixtec; Eastern Jamiltepec-Chayuco Mixtec; Mixteco de Chayucu; Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec; Coastal Mixtec; Jicaltepec Mixtec; Lowland Jicaltepec Mixtec; Mixteco de Pinotepa Nacional; Western Jamiltepec Mixtec; San Juan Colorado Mixtec; Mixteco de Oaxaca de la costa noroeste; Mixteco de San Juan Colorado; Tututepec Mixtec; Mixteco de San Pedro Tututepec; Mixteco de Villa de Tututepec; Jamiltepec Mixtec; Eastern Jamiltepec-San Cristobal Mixtec; Mixteco de Jamiltepec; Mixteco de Oaxaca de costa central baja; Mixteco de Santa María Huazolotitlán; Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec; Mixteco de Santa María Zacatepec; Southern Putla Mixtec; Tacuate; Tu’un Va’a, Zacatepec Mixtec; Ixtayutla Mixtec; Mixteco de Santiago Ixtayutla; Northeastern Jamiltepec Mixtec | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 63,180 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco de Ixtayutla; Mixteco de Oaxaca de Costa Central Baja; Mixteco de Oaxaca de la Costa Central; Mixteco de Oaxaca de la Costa Noroeste; Mixteco de Oaxaca de la Costa Oeste Central; Mixteco de Santa María Huazolotitlán; Mixteco de Santiago Amoltepec; Mixteco de Sierra Sur Oeste; Mixteco de Villa de Tututepec; Mixteco del Oeste de la Costa | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.41, -97.84 | |
10,954 | coat1242, sanb1241, coat1243 | Coatec Zapotec | Coatlán-Loxicha Zapotec (non-preferred) | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Its speakers call it [ðiʔʂkeʔ]. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||||
2,028 | cod | Cocama-Cocamilla | Cocama; Kokama; Kukama-Kukamiria; Ucayali; Xibitoana; Huallaga; Pampadeque; Pandequebo; Xibitaona; Kokama-Kokamilya; Kokáma-Omágwa; Kukama Kukamiria; Cocama Cocamilla | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Tupi | Cocamilla; Cocama; | Cabral (2007:375) argues that Kokáma/Omágwa (Cocama-Omagua) is not a Tupí-Guaranían language, that it cannot be classified at all, and is rather a mixed language to which at least four different languages contributed, though “most of the basic vocabulary of Kokáma/Omágwa is of Tupí-Guaraní[an] origin.” | Brazil;Peru;Colombia; | South America | -4.000000, -74.000000 | |
1,694 | coc | Cocopah | Cocopá; Cocopa; Cucupá; Cocopa; Kwikapá; Kikimá; Delta River Yuman; Cocapa; Kikima; Cucapá | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300-600? | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | Halyikwamai; Kahwan; | USA;Mexico; | North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 32.3333333333,-115.0 | ||
1,912 | coa; coco1260 | Cocos Islands Malay | Kokos; Kukus; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 in Australia; 1,000 in Singapore; 21,400 in Malaysia | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Sumbawan; Betawic | A Malay-based creole | Australia;Malaysia;Singapore; | Australia;Southeast Asia | -12.19,96.83 | ||
1,695 | crd | Coeur d’Alene | Snchitsu’umshtsn; snčícuʔumšcn; Skitswish; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Salishan; Interior Salish | USA; | North America | 47.337601, -116.887883 | |||
3,097 | kog | Cogui | Kogui; Coghui; Kogi; Coqui; Cágaba; Kagaba; Kaggaba; Káugian; Köggaba; | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Colombia; | South America | 11.0,-73.8333333333 | |||||
7,005 | csn | Colombian Sign Language | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; South American | Colombia; | South America | 4.583333, -74.066667 | |||||
1,696 | col | Columbian | Nxaʔamxcín; Columbia-Wenatchi; Wenatchi-Columbia; Moses-Columbia; Columbia; Moses Columbian; Moses-Columbian; Middle Columbia Cluster; Chelan; Moses-Colombia Salish; Wenatchee | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Salishan; Interior Salish | Moses Columbia; Moses Columbia; Wenatchee; Chelan; Entiat | USA; | North America | 48.1764,-119.0523 | ||
2,005 | com | Comanche | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Numic | “Ten years ago, the Lawton-based Comanche Nation had an estimated 100 speakers. It’s not known how many speakers are left in the 15,000-strong tribe today, but Cable-Kreger said she can count fluent speakers she knows on one hand.” http://newsok.com/saving-the-comanche-language/article/4875448. (2014). “Today, about a dozen generations after its prime, the language endures only through a handful of native speakers – as few as 25 out of the Comanche Nation’s approximately 15,000 registered members – but they are dying off and taking the legacy with them. ‘It’s definitely going extinct in the sense that what we’re losing is intergenerational transmission of the language,” Williams said. “In other words, kids aren’t learning it.'” http://lubbockonline.com/stories/121809/loc_536884399.shtml (2009). | USA; | North America | 34.6086,-98.3904 | |||
8,113 | qwa, qws, qxn, qxo | Conchucos Quechua | Corongo Ancash Quechua; Sihuas Ancash Quechua; Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua; Northern Conchucos Quechua; and Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 510,500 | Quechuan; Quechua I | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomina 1978.) Ethnologue has four distinct Conchucos Quechua languages: Corongo Ancash Quechua [qwa]; Sihuas Ancash Quechua [qws]; Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua [qxn]; Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua [qxo]. For many linguists, these are dialects of the same language; they are combined here. Corongo Quechua, Sihuas Quechua, Northern Conchucos Quechua, and Southern Conchucos Quechua are all distinct varieties of Ancash Quechua (Willem Adelaar personal communication). | Peru; | South America | -9, -77 | ||
10,956 | sqn | Conestoga | Susquehannock (English), Andaste (French), Minqua (Netherlands Dutch) | Dormant () | Iroquoian | The Conestoga language is known only from an 89 word vocabulary collected in 1696 and appended to a Delaware language translation of a Lutheran catechism translated by the Swedish missionary Johan Campanius, | 41.17, -76.21 | |||||
4,047 | cnc | Côông | “Xa Coong”; “Xa Xam”; Khoong; “Xa Xeng”; Công | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 22.5943,102.7455 | |||
6,202 | crn, cok | Cora | Náayeri | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,078 extrapolated from INALI census data, likely closer to 10,000 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Corachol | Tereseño, Meseño, and Mariteco; Santa Teresa: Santa Teresa Cora, Dolores Cora, San Blasito Cora, San Juan Corapan Cora, Rosarito Cora. Difficult intelligibility with other Cora varieties. El Nayar: Jesús María Cora (El Nayar), La Mesa del Nayar Cora (Mesa del Nayar), San Francisco Cora, Presidio de los Reyes Cora. Santa Teresa Cora [cok] is distinct enough to need separate literature. | Ethnologue distinguishes 2 Cora languages: Cora, El Nayar [crn] 8,000 (1993), Cora, Santa Teresa [cok] 7,000 (1993). | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 21.743889, -105.228333 | |
3,091 | coe | Coreguaje | Corehuaje; Correguaje; Correguaje-Tama; Koreguaje; Ko’reuaju; Caquetá; Chaocha Pai; Korewahe; | Tucanoan; Western Tucanoan | Colombia; | South America | 1.0,-75.5 | |||||
4,050 | cor | Cornish | Kernowek; Kernewek; Curnoack; Cornish | Awakening () | Indo-European; Celtic; Brythonic | Cornish is a “revived” language; it once had no surviving native speakers, with the last known fluent speaker having passed away by the year 1800, but has been learned by many in more recent times. | United Kingdom; | Europe | 50.3333333333,-5.0 | |||
3,171 | cos | Corsican | Corsu; Corso; Corse; Corsi; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 160,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance | Vico-Ajaccio; Sartenais; Venaco; Northern Corsican (Corte, Bastia); | France;Italy; | Europe | 42.0819,9.0307 | ||
10,709 | Cosao | Caosao; 搓梭語; tsho55 sɔ55; Cuosuo | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman | unclassified before 2004, but now under the Hani 哈尼 nationality. These people fled to China from Laos. | China;Laos; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 21.4515, 102.1121 | ||||
9,072 | zpp, zpl | Coyachilla | Zimatlán, Zimatlán Zapotec, Coyachilla dialect continuum, Western Zapotec (non-preferred) | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||||
10,423 | crh | Crimean Tatar | Crimean; qırımtatar tili; крымскотатарский; Tatar de Crimée; Tártaro Crimeano; qırım tili; къырым тили; къырымтатар тили; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100,000 | Turkic; Kipchak; West Kipchak | Nogay, Yalıboy, Orta Yolaq | Originally spoken in the central parts of the Crimea, but most speakers were deported to Central Asia after the Second World War; many have now returned. | Turkey;Russia;Uzbekistan;Kyrgyzstan;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Lithuania; | Europe;Caucasus;Near East;East Asia | 45.393467, 34.268737; 46.643574, 32.605978; 45.068652, 38.979133; 41.399761, 69.933785; | |
2,008 | cro | Crow | Apsaalooke; Apsaroka; Apsaloka; Upsaroka; Absaruqe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3000-4000 | Siouan; Missouri River Siouan | USA; | North America | 45.5963,-107.4613 | |||
3,471 | cux, cut | Cuicatec | Cuica; Cuicateco; Cuicatec, Teutila; Kwikateko; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,641 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Ethnologue has 2 Cuicatec languages, Tepeuxila Cuicatec [cux] and Teutila Cuicatec [cut]. INALI lists 3 Cuicateco “variantes.” | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||
2,465 | cui | Cuiva | Cuiba; Cuiba-Wámonae; Kuiva; Chiricoa; Cuiba-Wámonae; Hiwi; Maiben | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Guajiboan | Chiricoa; Masiware (Masiguare); Chiripo (Siripu /Wupiwi); Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara; Mayayero; Mochuelo-Casanare-Cuiba; Tampiwi (Mariposas); Amaruwa (Amorua); Mella; Ptamo; Sicuane (Sicuari) | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 6.5,-70.0 | |||
1,733 | cul | Culina | Culino; Culiña; Culinha; Kulino; Cuniba; Curina; Madiha; Kulína; Madihá; Madija; Corina; Kulina; Kulyna; Kurina; Kollina; Korina; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2854 | Arawan | Not to be confused with Kulina [xpk] (a Panoan language of the Pano-Takanan family). | Brazil;Peru; | South America | -6.0,-70.5 | ||
2,009 | cup | Cupeño | Agua Caliente; | Awakening () | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Takic | USA; | North America | 33.1666666667,-116.5 | ||||
2,466 | kpc | Curripaco | Kurripako; Ipeka-Kurripako; Curipaco; Kuripaco; Koripako; Korispaso; Payualiene; Paiorience; Pacu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,075 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | There have been difficulties in the past with the inconsistent treatment of Baniwa [bwi], Curripaco [pkc], Karútana (an extinct dialect of Baniwa), and Ipeka (a dialect of Curripaco in the literature. Sources also confuse other languages that are also called “Baniwa” (spelling varies), and sources differ as to what are considered dialects and what are held to be separate languages. | Brazil;Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 2.5,-68.5 | ||
8,128 | quz | Cuzco Quechua | Cusco Quechua; Qheswa; Quechua Cusco; Cusco-Collao | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500,000 | Quechuan; Quechua II | Includes Puno, Eastern Apurimac, Noratheastern Arequipa, and Moquegua Quechua | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) The combination Cuzco-Collao (sometimes used for the name) implies the inclusion of Puno and eastern Arequipa Quechua, which are slightly different from Cuzco Quechua and carry a heavy substrate from Aymara (cf. ‘Northern Potosí Quechua’). If Northern Bolivian Quechua were not considered separate, it would be part of this cluster of varieties. (Willem Adelaar personal communication) | Peru; | South America | -13.523176, -71.978731 | |
3,177 | acy | Cypriot Spoken Arabic | Cypriot Arabic: Kormakiti; Cypriot Arabic; Arabic (Kormakiti); Arabic; Cypriot Spoken; Cypriot Maronite Arabic; Maronite; Sanna; Arabic, Cypriot Spoken | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Arabic | Cyprus; | Europe | 35.25,33.5 | |||
7,352 | cse | Czech Sign Language | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Sign Language; European | Czech Republic; | Europe | 50.01, 14.48 | ||||
4,780 | dsh | Daasanach | Dhaasanac; Dasenech; Daasanech; Dathanaik; Dathanaic; Dathanik; Gheleba; Geleba; Geleb; Gelebinya; Gallab; Galuba; Gelab; Gelubba; Dama; Marille; Merile; Merille; Morille; Reshiat; Russia; “Shangilla”; Daasenech; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32,064 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Kenya;Ethiopia; | Africa | 4.66666666667,36.3333333333 | |||
5,009 | dbq | Daba | Dabba; Kola; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Pologozom; Musgoi; Nive; | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 10.1666666667,13.75 | ||
4,067 | dbe | Dabe | Mangambilis; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 440 | Orya-Tor; Tor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.05, 139.12 | |||
5,557 | dda | Dadi Dadi | Dadidadi; Dardidardi; Dardi-Dardi; Tharrthi-Tharrthi; Tatitati; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Lower Murray | Australia; | Australia | ||||
3,181 | dta | Dagur | Daur; Daguor; Dawar; Dawo’er; Tahur; Tahuerh; Dahur; Tongusikonni; 達斡爾 | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >50,000 | Mongolic; Daguric | Buteha; Haila’er; Qiqiha’er | There is considerable but poorly investigated dialectal variation. | China;Mongolia; | East Asia | 48.0,124.0 | |
2,678 | dlk | Dahālík | Dahlak; Dahalik; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Ethiopic | Eritrea; | Africa | ||||
4,064 | dal | Dahalo | Sanye; Guo Garimani; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <400 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; South Cushitic | Also known as Sanye, the preferred name since the name Dahalo is derogatory. (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | Kenya; | Africa | -2.167909, 40.716019 | ||
4,595 | das | Daho-Doo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kru | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | |||||
4,103 | drb | Dair | Daier; Thaminyi; Nubian (Hill); | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Nubian | Sudan; | Africa | 12.517,30.5914 | |||
1,680 | crx, caf | Dakelh (Carrier) | ᑕᗸᒡ; Carrier; les Porteurs; Takulie; Takelne; Dakelhne; Central Carrier; Upper Carrier; Nagailer; Taculli; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 399 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | A lot of variation in 12 different dialects ( First People’s Cultural Council, 2014). | Carrier is the general term for a complex of Athabaskan dialects in central British Columbia, adjoining (but clearly distinct from) Babine on the northwest and Chilcotin on the south. Carrier (locally called Dakelh) is spoken in a number of local varieties, traditionally divided into “Upper Carrier” (the communities to the north of Fort St. James, around Stuart and Trembleur Lakes) and “Lower Carrier” in communities to the south. More recent research indicates that Lower Carrier should be split into a Fraser/Nechako dialect group (Prince George, Cheslatta, Stoney Creek, Nautley, and Stellakoh) and a Blackwater dialect group (Ulkatcho, Kluskus, Nazko, Red Bluff, and Anahim Lake). A Carrier lingua franca was established by Catholic missionaries (most notably Father A. G. Morice) in the 19th century, based on the dialect around Fort St. James, and a syllabic writing system was introduced. Ethnologue distinguishes Carrier [crx] from Southern Carrier [caf], not distinguished by other scholars. | Canada; | North America | 53.5600000, -122.8900000 | |
1,466 | dkk; dakk1238 | Dakka | Nordost-Celebes; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Sulawesi; Northern South Sulawesi; Pitu Ulunna Salu | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.34, 119.23 | |||
1,252 | kuf-dak | Dakkang | Daak Kang | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,198 | Austro-Asiatic; Katuic; Katu | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 15.6333, 107.25 | |||
4,091 | dka | Dakpa | Dakpakha | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 31,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | India;Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.3937,91.8965 | |||
1,126 | ngk | Dalabon | Ngalkbun; Ngalkbon; Buin; Boun; Buan; Bouin; Buwan; Gundangbon; Ngalabon; Nalabon; Dangbon; Ngalakan; Ngalagan; Nullakun; Nullikan; Nullikin; Ngalbon; Hongalla); | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Gunwinyguan | Australia; | Australia | -13.673658,133.885725 | |||
3,189 | dlc | Dalecarlian | Dalska; Dalmaal; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~13,000 | Indo-European; Germanic; North Germanic | Elfdalian | Sweden; | Europe | 61.2385, 14.0295 | ||
801 | dmm | Dama | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon; | Africa | 8.625830, 14.198258 | ||||
7,750 | dam | Damakawa | Tidama’un | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 11.094861,5.506107 | ||||
201 | uhn | Damal | Uhunduni; Amung; Amung Kal; Amungme; Amuy; Enggipiloe; Hamung; Oehoendoeni; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000-5,000 | Isolate | Amongme; Amung; Damal; Enggipilu; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.2054,137.031 | ||
4,093 | dml | Dameli | Damēlī; Damel; Damedi; Damia; Gudoji; Dardu | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Shinteri-Dondieri; Aspar | The Dameli have long been in intense contact with speakers of other languages. Dameli exhibits both Nuristani and Indo-Aryan Dardic features (Habib Borjian). | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.466, 71.810 | |
1,412 | dms; damp1237 | Dampelas | Dian; Dampal; Dampelasa; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | approx. 9,500 across all the villages; 2,635 in Talaga, 1,451 in Sabang, 3,206 in Sioyang | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 0.2,120.0 | |||
1,244 | dnu | Danau | Danaw; Kano’; Kano’ Chon | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; Danau | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 21.192,97.3937 | ||||
1,440 | bea | Dane-Zaa (Beaver) | ᑕᓀ ᖚ; Beaver; Dunne-za; dʌnneza; Dane-zaa Záágéʔ | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 159 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | Canada; | North America | 57.1500000, -122.0000000 | |||
2,296 | kkz | Danezāgé’ (Kaska) | Kaska; Kaska Dena; Nahani; Caska; Eastern Nahane; Nahane; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | 59.3000000, -128.6900000 | |||||
7,811 | daa | Dangaleat | Dangla; Danal; Dangal; Dangaléat; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 45,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | East Dangaleat; Central Dangaleat; West Dangaléat; | Chad; | Africa | |||
7,353 | dsl | Danish Sign Language | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Sign Language; European | Denmark; | Europe | 55.83, 12.32 | ||||
4,066 | daz | Dao | Maniwo; “X-Ray”; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Trans-New Guinea; Paniai Lakes | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.29, 136.42 | |||
4,095 | dnd | Daonda | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 135 | Border; Waris | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.29588294, 141.2018433 | ||||
4,108 | dry | Darai | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3060 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan | Nepal; | South Asia | 24.0,84.0 | ||||
4,106 | drh (retired) | Darkhat | Darkhan; Darkhad; 達爾扈特; 達爾哈特 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,400 | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Eastern Common Mongolic | The ISO code [drh] for Darkhat has been retired (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2009-020). However, as suggested by Juha Janhunen (2014, personal communication), Darkhat is still treated as a separate language on ELP since “Darkhat retains features that make it sufficiently distinct from Khalkha and do not allow it to be classified as a regular Khalkha dialect (for instance, northern Khalkha and southern Khalkha). The Darkhat speakers also have an ethnic identity separate from the Khalkha.” (For more details on Darkhat, see Csaba Gáspár 2006). | Mongolia; | East Asia | 50.171, 98.985; 50.678, 99.230 | ||
6,678 | xda | Darkinyung | Darginjang; Darginyung; Darkinjang; Darkinoong; Darkinung; Darkinyun; Darkiñung; Darknung;Darkinjung; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -33.11470744,150.4952383 | |||
4,104 | drd | Darma | Darmiya; Darimiya; Sauka; Shauka; Darmani; Saukas; Shaukas; Dārmūyā; Darmiyā | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,600 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 30.0,79.75 | |||
10,776 | Daruru | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.616242,166.785161; | |||||
10,493 | dot | Dass | Barawa, Bandas, Boodli, Lukshi, Dekshi, Wangday, Zumbul, Durr-Baraza, Wandi, Dot, Dwat, Zodi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,830 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Lukshi (Dekshi), Durr-Baraza (Bandas), Zumbul (Boodla), Wandi (Wangday), Dot (Dott or Dwat or Zodi) | Nigeria; | Africa | |||
2,547 | kwa | Dâw | Kamã; Kamã Makú; Kam; Kamán; Daw; Dow; Kamarada; Makú-Kamarada; Kaman; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Nadahup; Eastern Makuan | The term “Makú” has pejorative connotations; “Nadahup” is the preferred term for this group of languages. | Brazil; | South America | -0.25,-67.0833333333 | ||
1,470 | tce | Dän kʼè (Southern Tutchone) | Dákwänjē; Dän kʼè; Dän kʼè Kwänje; Tutchone; Tuchone; Tutchone, Southern; Southern Tutchone; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | Canada; | North America | 60.7796,-137.4983 | |||
305 | afn | Defaka | Afakani; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <200 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.58333333333,7.5 | |||
4,746 | mzw | Deg | Degha; Dɛ; Mo; Mmfo; Aculo; Janela; Buru; Buro; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 27,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Mangum; Boe; Longoro; | Ghana;Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 8.300933, -2.180198; 7.940916, -2.056555; | ||
2,371 | ing | Deg Xinag | Kaiyuh-khotana; Deg Hit’an; Degexit’an; “Ingalik”; “Ingalit”; Deg Xit’an; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | USA; | North America | 62.1655,-156.3134 | |||
8,450 | row | Dela-Oenale | Rote; Roti; Rotinese; Rote Barat; Western Rote; Delha; Oe Nale; Rotti; Dela | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Oenale; Dela | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -10.7663218,123.0741913 | ||
4,070 | dem | Dem | Lem; Ndem; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Isolate | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.72, 137.63 | |||
1,414 | dei; demi1242 | Demisa | Dewesa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | East Geelvink Bay; Bauzi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.7016,136.6699 | |||
1,735 | 1at | Demushbo | Dëmushbo | Dormant () | 0 | Pano-Tacanan; Mayoruna | Apparently the last native speaker died between Fleck’s report of 2010 and his 2014 monograph on Panoan languages. | Bolivia; | South America | |||
1,445 | tfn | Dena’ina | K’naia-khotana; Tanaina; Kinayskiy; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | USA; | North America | ||||
3,229 | xsl | Dene K’e (Slavey) | Dene K’e; Dene; Dene Tha’; Acha’otinne; Dene Tha (ᑌᓀ ᒐ) ; Slave; Slavey; South Slavey; Slavi; “Slave”; Dené; Mackenzian; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3260 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | An emergent Athabaskan language within the Slavey dialect area of the Dene complex. | Canada; | North America | 59.4500000, -122.0000000 | ||
1,689 | chp | Dënesųłiné | Chipewyan; Montagnais; Dene Suline; Dëne Súline; Sluacus-tinneh; Dene Soun’line; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2235? | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | Canada; | North America | 56.4807,-109.4127 | |||
2,145 | ptp-den | Dengalu | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Technically, it is a member of the dialect chain which constitutes the large Mumeng language. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.0572, 146.3598 | |||
2,558 | dny | Dení | Deni; Den; Dani; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1200 | Arawan | Inauini; | Brazil; | South America | -6.0,-67.0 | ||
881 | anv | Denya | Anyang; Agnang; Anyan; Anyah; Eyan; Takamanda; Obonya; Nyang; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >11,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Bitieku; Bajwo; Basho; Takamanda; | Cameroon; | Africa | |||
4,071 | der | Deori | Chutia; Deuri; Chutiya; Dewri; Drori; Dari; Deori Chutiya | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India; | South Asia | 26.0,90.25 | |||
10,674 | kbv | Dera | Dla; Dra; Kamberataro; Kamberatoro; Mangguar; Menggwa Dla; Duka-Ekor | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Senagi | Menggwa Dla (Duka-Ekor); Dera (Dla proper) | Laycock (1973) lists two separate languages–Dera (Dra) and Duka-Ekor–although all data from the latter come from Voorhoeve (1971), citing Galis (1956). These are, however, mutually intelligible dialects of the same language (de Sousa 2006). | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -3.6, 141.0 | |
1,455 | des | Desano | Desana; Desano; Desâna; Dessano; Wina; Uina; Wirã; Boleka; Oregu; Kusibi; Desána; Dessana; Desana-Siriana; Kotedia; Wira | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~450 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Desano [des] and Siriano [sri] are not considered separate languages by several scholars. (Cf. Campbell 2012:107.) “Lexical similarity: 90% with Desano [des], but the 2 languages diverge in their use of grammatical suffixes (Crevels 2007)” (Ethnologue 2013). | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.272789,-69.761979;0.620173,-69.749138;0.719640,-70.181896 | ||
4,805 | dee | Dewoin | De; Dey; Dei; Dewoi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kru | Liberia; | Africa | ||||
4,079 | dhs | Dhaiso | Kidhaiso; Daiso; Daisu; Kiseguju; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.0745,38.4741 | |||
4,117 | dyn | Dhanggati | Djan-Gadi; Dainggati; Boorkutti; Dangadi; Dangati; Danggadi; Danggetti; Ghangatty; Thangatti; Amberu; Burgadi; Burrgati; Burugardi; Daingatti; daNati; Dang-getti; Danghetti; Dhangatty; Dhang-atty; Dhanggatti; Dhungutti; Djaingadi; Djangadi; Dunghutti; Dunggudi; Himberrong; Jang; Macleay Valley language; Ngaku; Nulla Nulla; Tangetti; Tang-gette; Thangatty; Thungatti; Yung; Yunggai; Danggali; Dangali; Tungarlee; Tongaranka; Dianggati; Dyangadi;Thanggatti;Thanggati | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Australia; | Australia | -30.94350452, 152.1724551 | ||||
5,725 | dhg | Dhangu-Djangu | Dhangu; Dhaŋu; Djangu; Warameri; Waramiri; Dangu; Dhangu’mi; Yirgala; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <350 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Golumala; Wangurri; Ngaymil; Dhangu-Djangu; Gaalpu; Rirratjingu; | Australia; | Australia | -12.38347818,136.7522892 | ||
4,080 | dhw | Dhanwar | Dhanvar; Danuwar Rai; Danuwar; Denwar; Danuvār | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23,721 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan | Done Danuwar; Kachāḍiyā Danuwar; Danuvār Rāī | Nepal; | South Asia | 26.9661,86.3223 | ||
8,329 | nfa | Dhao | Ndao; Dao; Ndaonese; Ndaundau; Kahore | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -10.82, 122.67 | |||
5,114 | tbh | Dharawal | Tharawal; Darawal; Carawal; Turawal; Thurrawal; Thurrawall; Turuwal; Turuwul; Turrubul; Tutuwull; Ta-ga-ry; Five Islands tribe; Dharawaal; Dharawa; Turuwull;Thurawal; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Wadiwadi; | Australia; | Australia | -25.68629188,145.6371438 | ||
6,686 | xdk | Dharug | Dharuk; Daruk; Dharruk; Eora; Lyora; Sydney Language; Broken Bay tribe; Darrook; Dharrook; Dharrok; Oharruk; Eo-ra; Ea-ora; Iora; Yo-ra; Kameraigal; Kem:arai; Kemmaraigal; Camera-gal; Cammera; Camerray-gal; Cam-meray; Kemmirai-gal; Gweagal; Bedia-mangora; Gouia-gul; Gouia; Botany Bay tribe; Wanuwangul; Kadigal; Caddiegal;Darug; Dhar’rook | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Dharuk was one of the first Australian languages that Europeans came into contact with. William Dawes was with the First Fleet and made extensive notes about the language. Those notebooks are now available at http://www.williamdawes.org/. See also http://australianmuseum.net.au/Aboriginal-People-of-Coastal-Sydney for more information about the Traditional Owners of the coastal Sydney region. | Australia; | Australia | -33.52925837,150.3490464 | ||
6,350 | xgm | Dharumbal | Baiali; Biyali; Darambal; Orambul; Charumbul; Darawal; Darumbal; Kooinmarburra; Kuinmurbara; Ningebal; Tarumbal; Tharumbal; Urambal; Warabal; Yetimarala; Wandandian (?); Byellee; Bieli; Byellel; Tarumbul; Koinjmal; Guñmal; Kooinmerburra; Kungmal; Kungalburra; Mamburra; Bayali; Koinbal | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -23.05169278,150.4004615 | |||
4,065 | dax | Dhay’yi | Dayi; Dha’i; Daii; Dalwango; Dalwongu; Darlwongo; Dha?i; Dhalwangu; Dha’yi; Dhayyi; Djarlwa:g; Djawark; Taii Tai; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Djarrwark; Dhalwangu; | Australia; | Australia | -13.0255,136.213856 | ||
4,076 | dhi | Dhimal | Dhīmāl | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Approximately 20,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Dhimalish | Western Dhimal; Eastern Dhimal | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 26.6666666667,87.75 | ||
6,777 | dhx | Dhungaloo | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | |||||
6,659 | dhu | Dhurga | Dhu’rga; Durga; Thoorga; Tharumba; Thurga; Bugellimanj; Bargalia; Moruya; Bugellimangi; Walbanga; Thaua; Thawa; Thauaira; Tadermanji; Tauaira; Guyangalyuin; Wandanian; Kurialyuin; Dhuurga; Duurga | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -35.54363597, 150.1793725 | |||
6,029 | duj, djr | Dhuwal | Duala; Dual; Wulamba; Duwal; Murngin; Balamumu; Barlamomo; Barlamumu; Malag; Marlark; Arrawiya; Banjarrpuma; Bilamandji Dhurili; Durilji; Djambarrpuyngu; Jambapuing; Jambapuingo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,044 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Djambarrpuyngu; Dhuwaya; Djapu; Liyagalawumirr; Marrakulu; Marrangu; Dhuwal; Liyagawumirr; Datiwuy; | Dhuwal (ISO 639-3: duj) belongs to the Yolngu group and is spoken by several clans. Djambarrpuyngu (ISO 639-3: djr) is a representative dialect. (AIATSIS) | Australia; | Australia | -12.61979016,135.5309461 | |
6,663 | guf, gnn | Dhuwala | Gupapuyngu; Gobabingo; Kupapuyngu; Gubabuyngu; Gubabwingu; Gobabwingu; Gababoinu; Kopapingo; Kopapoingo; Koparpingu; Gupapuyŋu; Kopapingu; gupapuyngu; Kopapaingo; Gupapuynu; Gupapuyna; Kuppapoingo; Gobabwingo; Goba-buinggu; Gubabuingu; Gababingo; Gububuinung; Ba-babingo; Guba; Gobagwingo; Dajoror; Gumatj | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 321 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Munyuku; Gupapuyngu; Walangu; Manggalili; Madarrpa; Wubulkarra; | The Gumatj (ISO 639-3: gnn) are a Dhuwala-speaking (ISO 639-3: guf) clan. | Australia; | Australia | -12.19248937, 135.4089344 | |
5,134 | pah-dia | Diahói | Diahui, Jahoi, Jahui, Diarrui, Djiahúi | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian | Ethnologue considers Diahói (Jahui, Giahoi) a dialect of Tenharim [pah]. Others consider it a distinct language. The Kawahíwa people started moving to Rondônia from Mato-Grosso, by the second half of the 18th century, and they definitively started separating from each other. The Parintintín, Tenharin and Djiahúj (Diahói) were one group at that time, and then they split in three different groups. Their languages are still very close, but their own feeling is that they speak different languages although they are intelligible. There are also lexical differences, different idioms, and morphosyntactic differences as well. And they are also differentiated culturally from each other in some aspects. Tenharin is the only language that is still spoken as the main language of communication by old people, and by some young people as well. (Personal communication, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral, 2016.) | Brazil; | South America | -7.9939, -62.1936 | ||
10,735 | dby | Dibiyaso | Bainapi; Dibiasu; Pikiwa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1950 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.82, 142.78 | |||
525 | bvx | Dibole | Babole; Southern Bomitaba; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000-4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Northern Dibole; Central Dibole; Southern Dibole; | Congo; | Africa | 1.08333333333,17.25 | ||
5,700 | mhu | Digaro-Mishmi | Digaro; Digaru; Taaon; Taraon; Taying; Mishmi; Darang Deng; Darang; Darang Dengyu; Digaro Mishmi; Digāru Mishmi; 達讓語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Digarish | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 28.4166666667,96.0 | |||
1,716 | dtd | Diitiidʔaatx̣ (Nitinat) | Ditidaht; Nitinat; Nitinaht | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Wakashan; Southern Wakashan | Canada; | North America | 48.7300000, -124.7500000 | |||
4,082 | dil | Dilling | Delen; Warki; Warkimbe; Debri; Nubian (Hill); | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,300 | Nubian | Debri; Dilling; | Sudan; | Africa | 12.0178,29.663 | ||
5,627 | dis | Dimasa | Hill Kachari; Dimasa Kachari | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 112,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Dimasa; Hariamba | India; | South Asia | 24.7368, 92.9003 | ||
2,207 | dii | Dimbong | Bumbong; Kalong; Kaalong; Lakaalong; Mbong; Lambong; Bape; Palong; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <150 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.7078,10.6567 | |||
5,247 | dim | Dimé | Dime; Dima; Dimme; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; South Omotic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.16666666667,36.25 | |||
5,628 | diq | Dimli | Dimili; Dimlī; Zazaki; Southern Zaza; Zaza; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Northern Zazaki; Dersim; Varto; Central Zazaki; Bingol; Palu; Southern Zazaki; Siverek; Cermik; | Turkey; | Europe | |||
6,085 | nav | Diné Bizaad (Navajo) | Diné Bizaad; Navajo; Navaho; Diné; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120,000 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Apachean | USA; | North America | 35.8044,-108.475 | |||
10,465 | Dir | Diir, Dììr, Diri, Dra, Baram Dutse | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.208333, 9.708333 | ||||
4,085 | diy | Diuwe | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Trans-New Guinea; Asmat | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.13, 139.46 | ||||
5,726 | dif, dit | Diyari | Dieri; Dayerrie; Deerie; Diari; Dickeri; Dieyerie; Dieyrie; Dijari; Diyeri; Dthee-eri; Koonarie; Kunari; Ti:ari; Tirari; Urronminna; Wongkadieri; Wonkadieri; Dirari; Dhirari | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~12 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Some researchers treat Diyari (ISO 939-3: dif) and Dirari (ISO 939-3: dit) as a single language. | Australia; | Australia | -28.58486621,139.0862193 | ||
4,118 | dyy | Djabugay | Dyabugay; Tjapukai; Bulum-Bulum; Check-Cull; Chewlie; Djabugai; Hileman; Kodgotto; Kikonjunkulu; Kokonyungalo; Koko-Tjumbundji; Ngarlkajie; Orlow; Tjabakai-Thandji; Tjabogaijanji; Tjankir; Tjankun; Tjapunkandji; Tjunbundji; Barron River dialect; Binggu; Dyabugai; Dyabugandyi; Koko-tjumbun; Tjapukandji; Tjapukanja; Tjabogaitjandji; Tajbogaijanji; Kokonjunkulu; Kokoyungalo; Njakali; Nyakali;Dyaabugay; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Yidinic | Dyaabugay; Gulay; Njakali; | Australia; | Australia | -16.82350711,145.5840818 | ||
5,556 | tjw | Djabwurrung | Tjapwurong; Tyapwurru; Chaapwurru; Pirtkopannoot; Purteetchally; Punoinjon; Kolor; Dja Dja Wurrung; Dja Dja Wrung; Le Wurrung; Dyadyawurung; Boolucburer; Brapkut; Bulukwuro; Dallundeer; Djappuminyon; Djappuminyou; Djappuninyou; Ja:rewe; Jaadwa; Jaara; Jajaurung; Jajowerong; Jajowerrong; Jajowrung; Jajowurrong; Jardwa; Jurobaluk; Knen-knen-wurr; Tyapwuru; Tyapuwurru; Chaap Wuurong; Djabwuru; Kolor Kuurndit; Kooloor; Hopkins River tribe; Bolakngat; Knindowurong; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Djabwurrung; Knenknenwurrung; Pirtpirtwurrung; | Australia; | Australia | |||
4,087 | djf | Djangun | Adho-Adhom; Butju; Changunberries; Chungki; Chunkumberries; Chunkunberry; Chunkunburra; Djandnandi; Djankun; Djungan; Dyangun; Dyangunbari; Gugu Djangun; Gugu Dyangun; Jangun Djanggun; Koko-Mudju; Kokomutju; Kokotjangun; Koko-Tyankun; Kuu Jangkun; Mutju; Mutyu; Ngaigungo; Ngaikungo; Ngaikungo-I; Ngaikungu; Shanganburra; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Yalandyic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | |||
5,548 | dji | Djinang | Jandjinung; Yandijinang; Yandjinung; Jandijinung; Balmawi; Balmbi; Barlmawi; Djinaŋ; Djinhang; Djinnang; Dyinang; Jandji:nangc; Jandjinang; Jand-jinung; Jinang; Manarrngu; Manjarngi; Manyarrngi; Milingimbi; Millingimbi; Mun-narngo; Ullaki; Wulagi; Wulaki; Wullakki; Yandjinang; Yändjinaŋ; Yandjinning; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Wulaki; Murrungun; Manyarring; Mildjingi; Djadiwitjibi; Balurbi; | Australia; | Australia | -12.47559654,135.0142775 | ||
4,086 | djb | Djinba | Jinba; Djimba; Outjanbah; Dyinba; Ganalbwingu; Kurkamarnapia; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60-90 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Mandjalpingu; Walmapuy; Djinba; Dabi; Ganalbingu; | Australia; | Australia | -12.368173,135.080223 | ||
6,229 | wmt-dju | Djuwarliny | Juwaliny; Tjuwalinj; Tjiwarliñ; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Australia; | Australia | -20.342394,122.281792 | |||
5,063 | doe | Doe | Dohe; Kidoe; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~24,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | ||||
2,147 | dgg; doga1238 | Doga | Magabara | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Western Oceanic; Papuan Tip; Are-Taupota | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.64,149.84 | |||
2,159 | dgr | Dogrib | Thlingchadine; Tłı̨chǫ | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,470 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | The Detah-Ndilo dialect developed from intermarriage between the Yellowknife subdivision of the Chipewyan and the Dogrib. Lexical similarity 84%% with Southern Slavey; 82%% with Northern Slavey. | Canada; | North America | 62.8292,-115.9904 | ||
8,737 | dbg | Dogul Dom | Dogon; Dogul-Dom; Dogulu; Dogul Dom Dogon; North Plateau Dogon; Dogul dom; Dogul-Dom Dogon | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,700 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; North Plateau | Mali; | Africa | 14.59, -3.57 | |||
5,011 | dbi | Doka | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | |||||
3,403 | uya | Doko-Uyanga | Uyanga; Dosanga; Basanga; Iko; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.550381, 8.172249 | |||
2,213 | dlg | Dolgan | Dulğan; Haka; долганский язык; дулҕан; Һака; долган тыла; һака тыла; Dolganca; Dolgane; Dolganische Sprache; 돌간어 | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,500 | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Lena Turkic | The Dolgans speak a dialect of the Yakut language. This dialect has also at times been considered as a separate language, due to the strong Evenk influence which causes it to differ considerably from the Yakut language spoken in the northwestern and middle parts of Yakutia. In certain western groups of Dolgans, a strong Nenets influence has been noted (for example in Sopochnaya Karga at the Yenisey Bay). (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, 2001) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 71.25,98.0 | ||
4,105 | dre | Dolpo | Phoke Dolpa; Dolpa Tibetan; Dolpike; D’ölpo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Nepal; | South Asia | 29.2193,83.0676 | |||
4,092 | dmk | Domaaki | Dawudi; Dumaki; Dumākī; “Doma”; Dardu | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Nager; Hunza | Dawudi is the preferred name within the community. “Doma” and related terms are pejorative and should be avoided. | Pakistan; | South Asia | 36.216, 74.651 | |
5,083 | dov | Dombe | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,430 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Zimbabwe; | Africa | |||||
3,745 | doy | Dompo | Guang; Dumpo; Ndmpo; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60-70 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ghana; | Africa | 8.150236,-2.363097 | |||
1,485 | dok | Dondo | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~13000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
461 | doh | Dong | Donga; Dɔ; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.739864, 11.845802 | |||
1,209 | sce | Dongxiang | Santa; Tunghsiang; Tung; Dunshan; Tsung-hsiang; 東鄉語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200,000 | Mongolic; Shirongolic; Southern Shirongolic | Suonanba; Sijiaji; Wangjiaji | China; | East Asia | 31.5,107.5 | ||
2,427 | wwo | Dorig | Wetamut; Banks-Inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.280, 167.516 | |||
1,486 | tds; dout1240 | Doutai | Taori-So; Taori; Tolitai; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70 | Lakes Plain; Tariku; Doutai-Kai-Waritai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.2282,138.2189 | |||
1,359 | duu | Drung | Dulong; Taron; T’rung; Kiu; Qui; Kiutze; Qiuzi; Kiupa; Kiao; Rawang; Trung; Metu; Melam; Tamalu; Tukiumu; Tulung; Qiu; Nung; Nu-tzŭ; 獨龍語 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7000 | Sino-Tibetan; Nungish | Dulong River; Nu River | China; | East Asia | 28.0,98.3333333333 | ||
1,986 | dup | Duano’ | Duano; Orang Kuala; Desin Dola’; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 0.133569,103.346883 | ||||
1,487 | dmu | Dubu | Tebi | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130 | Pauwasi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.5134, 140.8612 | |||
3,196 | 1hv | Dukha | Tuha; Tsaatan | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100-200 | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Sayan Turkic | Dukha is closely related to but clearly distinct from Tuvan. | Mongolia; | East Asia | 51.9307, 98.9318 | ||
308 | dbo | Dulbu | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.985,10.0579 | ||||
4,113 | dus | Dumi | Rai; Dumi Bo’o; Dumi Bro; Ro’do Bo’; Lsi Rai; Sotmali | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Brasmi; Makpa; Lamdija; Kharbari | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.3095,86.7521 | ||
4,094 | dmv | Dumpas | Doompas | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,100? | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Sabahan | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.967444, 117.360686 | |||
2,157 | dui | Dumun | Bai | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.5421, 146.0906 | |||
3,170 | yoi | Dunan (Yonaguni Ryukyuan) | どぅなんむぬい; Dunan-Munui; Ryukyuan; Southern Ryukyuan; Saskisima; Saskishima; 与那国語; 与那国方言; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Japonic; Ryukyuan; Southern Ryukyuan; Macro-Yaeyama | The classification of Dunan (Yonaguni) as a member of the Macro-Yaeyama subgroup of Southern Ryukyuan is based on Pellard (2015). The macro-Yaeyama subgrouping is not included in classfiications such as Miyara (2015). | Japan; | East Asia | 24.45,123 | ||
4,096 | dng | Dungan | Dzhunyan; Tungan; Huizu; Zwn’jan; Kwuizwu; 東干語 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100000 | Sino-Tibetan; Sinitic | Yage; Gansu; Shaanxi | Uzbekistan;Kyrgyzstan;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Kazakhstan; | Near East | 42.4518,78.4643 | ||
5,323 | raa | Dungmali | Dungmali Pûk; Dungmali-Bantawa; Arthare; Arthare-Khesang; Dūngmālī | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,609 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Khesang | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.1874,87.1902 | ||
5,012 | dbv | Dungu | Dungi; Dingi; Dwingi; Dunjawa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
10,625 | Duoxu | 多緒; 多須 | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Qiangic | The Ethnologue Ersu [ers] contains three mutually unintelligible languages, i.e. Duoxu /do³³-ɕu³³-na³¹/ (central Ersu), Ersu /ə́˞súxò/ (eastern Ersu), and Lisu /lîzûhû/ or /lŷzûhû/ (western Ersu). | Documentation project “Ersu and Xumi: Comparative and Cross-Varietal Documentation of Highly Endangered Languages of South-West China” by CNRS-CRLAO (France), Sichuan Minorities Institute, and Xichang College, supported by the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (grant number MPD0257), 2013-2016. | China; | East Asia | 28.549809, 102.177082 | ||
961 | duo | Dupaninan Agta | Eastern Cagayan Agta; Dupaningan Agta; Agta, Dupaninan | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Northeastern Luzon | Peñablanca; Roso; Bolos Point; Valley Cove; Yaga; Santa Margarita; Camonayan; Tanglagan; Palaui Island; Santa Ana-Gonzaga; Barongagunay; | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 18.114937, 122.178526 | ||
1,488 | dbn; duri1243 | Duriankere | Esaro; Sailen; Duriankari; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Trans-New Guinea; South Bird’s Head; Inawatan | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.3896,130.9247 | |||
4,952 | pci | Duruwa | Parji; Parji (Dravidian); Dhurwa; Dhruva; Durva; Parjhi; Paraja; Parajhi; Thakara; Tagara; Tugara | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 51,200 | Dravidian; Central Dravidian | Dharba; Kukanar; Tiriya; Nethanar | India; | South Asia | 19.5,82.5 | ||
1,513 | dsn | Dusner | Dusnir; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.7139,134.3888 | |||
7,354 | dse | Dutch Sign Language | Sign Language of the Netherlands; SLN; Nederlandse Gebarentaal; NGT | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Sign Language; European | Netherlands; | Europe | 52.13, 4.91 | |||
5,727 | wkw-duu | Duungidjawu | Dundijau; | Dormant | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Waka-Kabic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -25.3987,152.345 | ||
2,161 | gve | Duwet | Guwet; Guwot; Waing; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.4763,146.8377 | |||
4,619 | nnu | Dwang | Guang; Dwan; Nchumunu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Wiase; Kenyen; Bekye; | Ghana; | Africa | |||
1,458 | knm | Dyapá | Southern Katukinan, Tshom-Djapá [Txunhuã-Djapá], Canamarí, Kanamarí) (perhaps the same as Tucundiapa (Tucano Dyapa, Hondiapa/Hon-Dyapá)]) | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1650 | Harakmbut-Katukinan; Katukinan | Dyapá; Tshom-Djapá; Tucundiapa; | Harákmbut-Katukinan; Katukinan; Dyapá (languages or dialects); The number of distinct languages within Katukinan is not certain, and Katukina and Kanamarí may not be distinct languages. Campbell (2012:91) has Dyapá (dialects or languages) (Southern Katukinan, Tshom-Djapá [Txunhuã-Djapá], Canamarí, Kanamarí) (perhaps the same as Tucundiapa (Tucano Dyapa, Hondiapa/Hon-Dyapá)]). Aikhenvald and Dixon (1999: 343) have for Katukinan: Kanamarí, Katukina do Biá, Txunhuã-Djapá, and Katawixí. Adelaar (2007: 180) has two languages, Katawixi and Katukina Lato, which has three varieties: Kanamarí, Katukina do Biá, and Tyohon Dyapa. | Brazil; | South America | -7.058333,-69.691667 | |
10,450 | Dyarim | Dyarum, Dyàrìm Tə́, Dyarim Tə, Ndyarim Tə, Kaiwari, Kayaurinci | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | |||||
504 | dbl | Dyirbal | Chirpa; Chirpalji; Choolngai; Djalnguy; Djirbal; Djirbaldji; Djiribal; Djirubal; Dyarbal; Dyirbaldyi; Dyirbalngan; Ngiloongo-I; Njirma; Tjirbal; Tyirbal; Jirrbal; Dyalnguy; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Pama-Nyungan; Dyirbalic | Mamu; Girramy; Dyiru; Ngadjan; Gulnguy; | Australia; | Australia | -17.74,145.742 | ||
4,601 | dzn | Dzando | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Moliba; Molunga; Maboko; Lokay; | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | ||||
3,157 | yzg | E’ma Buyang | Buyang Zhuang; Eastern Buyang; Funing Buyang; Buozaang; Langjia Buyang; 峨馬布央; 郎架布央 | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Buyang | China; | East Asia | 23.4146,105.7632 | |||
2,165 | crl | East Cree | Cree; East Cree; Northern East Cree; Northern James Bay Cree; Northern Eastern James Bay Cree; Montagnais-Naskapi; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Algic; Algonquian; Cree-Montagnais | Northern East Cree, Southern East Cree | Cree-Montagnais is a chain of Algonquian languages extending across Canada from the Rockies to the coast of Labrador. There is some degree of mutual intelligibility across the entire chain of languages. East Cree is the Montagnais-Naskapi dialect spoken in northwestern Quebec, along the east coast of James and Hudson Bay and inland. There is a distinction between northern and southern subdialects, the latter with coastal and inland varieties. The northern dialect is spoken in Whapamagostui (Great Whale River), Chisasibi (Fort George), and Wemindji (Paint Hills); southern dialects are spoken in Nemaska (Nemiscau), Waskaganish (Rupert House), Eastmain, Waswanipi, Ouje-bougamau and Mistissini. (Golla et al. 2008.) Ethnologue distinguishes Northern East Cree [crl] from Southern East Cree [crj], where others consider these dialects of East Cree. | Canada; | North America | 53.6916,-78.8011; 50.587,-73.6365 | |
1,208 | yuy | East Yugur | Shira Yughur; Enger; Shira Yugur; Shera Yogur; Eastern Yogor; Yogor; Yögur; Yugu; Yugar; Yellow Uighur; Šera-Yögur; Mongolic Yellow Uighur; 東部裕固語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Mongolic; Shirongolic | China; | East Asia | 38.780, 99.987; 38.859, 99.701; 39.277, 97.524; 38.999, 99.412 | |||
10,529 | mab, mil, mqh, mtx, mxs, mxy, vmm, vmx, xtd, xtp, xts | Eastern Alta Mixtec | Yutanduchi Mixtec; Mixteco de Yutanduchi; Mixteco de Yutanduchi de Guerrero; Southern Nochixtlan Mixtec; Peñoles Mixtec; Eastern Mixtec; Mixteco de Santa María Peñoles; Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec; Mixteco bajo de Valles; Mixteco de Santiago Tlazoyaltepec; Tidaá Mixtec; Mixteco de San Pedro Tidaá; Mixteco de Tidaá, North Central Nochixtlán Mixtec; Huitepec Mixtec; Mixteco de Huitepec; Mixteco de San Antonio Huitepec; Mixteco de Zaachila; Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec; Mixteco de Santo Domingo Nuxaá; Mixteco del Sureste de Nochixtlán; Mitlatongo Mixtec; Mixteco de Mitlatongo; Tamazola Mixtec; Mixteco de San Juan Tamazola; Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec; Central Nochistlán Mixtec; Mixteco de Diuxi-Tilantongo; Mixteco del este central; San Miguel Piedras Mixtec; Mixteco de San Miguel Piedras; Sindihui Mixtec | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,244 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | mixteco Alto de Valles?; mixteco Bajo de Valles; Mixteco de San Antonio Huitepec; Mixteco de San Juan Tamazola; Mixteco de San Miguel Piedras; Mixteco de San Pedro Tidaá; Mixteco de Santa Inés de Zaragoza; Mixteco de Santa María Peñoles; Mixteco de Yutanduchi de Guerrero; Mixteco del Este?; Mixteco del Este Central; Mixteco del Norte Bajo | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.15, -97.23 | |
5,248 | aer | Eastern and Central Arrernte | Arrernte; Arrernte (Mparntwe); Arrernte (Eastern); Eastern Aranda; Arunta; Lower Aranda; Waitjinga; Wonggaranda; Wongkatjeri; Wychinga; Pitjapitja; Pitjima; Alitera; Aldolanga; Aldolinga; Aranda; A’randa; Aranta; Arinta; Arranda; Arrinda; Arrundta; Arrunta; Arunda; Arunta Ulpma; Burrin-gah; Herrinda; Ilpma; Jairunda; Oiljpma; Paroola; Ulpma; Urrundie; Ur-rundie;Arrernte, Eastern; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,820 | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Antekerrepenh; Mparntwe Arrernte; Akarre; Ikngerripenhe; | Australia; | Australia | -23.24779965,135.559361 | ||
3,971 | bru | Eastern Bru | Bru (Eastern); Bru; Brou; Van Kieu; Quang Tri Bru; Bruu; Moi-Cà-lò’; Baroo; Leu; Leung; Muong Leong; Tri; Quàngtri Vân Kiêu; Bru, Eastern | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 82,300 | Austro-Asiatic; Katuic; Eastern Katuic; West Katuic; Brou-So | Tri; Mangkong; Bru Dong Sen Keo; Bru Kok Sa-At | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 17.3333333333,106.0 | ||
4,006 | bxm | Eastern Buryat | Mongolian Buriat; бурят-монгольский язык; buryaad xelen; буряад хэлэн; буриад аялгуу; бурятский язык; Northern Mongolian; Buriat; Buryat; Buriat-Mongolian; Mongolia Buriat; Bur:aad; Burjatisch; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >300,000 | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Northern Common Mongolic | Aga; Khori | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 52.0,108.0 | ||
4,173 | cjm | Eastern Cham | Phan Rang Cham; Cham; Cham (Eastern); Tjam; Chiem; Chiem Thà nh; Bhamam; Bình Thuân; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Chamic | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 11.683, 108.86; 11.104, 108.075 | |||
1,749 | ctz | Eastern Chatino | Chatino; Zacatepec; Chatino de San Marcos Zacatepec; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Yaitepec Chatino; Tatalpepec Chatino; San Juan Quiahije Chatino; Zacatepec Chatino; Teotepec Chatino | Ethnologue lists 6 languages for Chatino; INALI also has 6 “variantes” for Chatino. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.1333,-97.35 | |
4,207 | ggn | Eastern Gurung | Gurung; Gurnung; Eastern; Gurung, Eastern | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 325,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Tamu Kyi; Lamjung Gurung; Gorkha Gurung | Eastern and Western Gurung do not have adequate intelligibility to handle complex and abstract discourse. Daduwa town seems central linguistically. (Lewis 2009) | The new ISO code change resulted in the inclusion of Eastern Gurung into Western Gurung (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/639-3_ChangeRequests_2015_Summary.pdf). | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.3333333333,84.3333333333 |
8,552 | 1ok | Eastern Khanty | Eastern Khant; Ostyak; восточно-хантыйский язык; кантыкский язык; хӑнты ясӑң; khănty yasăŋ; Ostiak; Ugrian Ostyak; остяцкий язык; Eastern Khante; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~480 | Uralic; Khanty | Yugan; Vakh; Vasugyan; Aleksandrovo; Surgut | Though often considered to be a single language, Khanty is actually a group of three mutually unintelligible conglomerations of dialects that may well be counted as separate languages. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 59.973386, 74.439999; 60.768054, 76.971311; 58.873858, 77.547301 | |
8,530 | 1nu | Eastern Mansi | Eastern Vogul; восточно-мансийский язык; кондинский-мансийский язык; Konda; вогульский язык; маньси; моаньсь; Eastern Man’si; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Uralic; Mansi | Konda; Yukonda | Mansi is, with some justification, often considered to be a single language with four main groups of dialects; the linguistic differences within Mansi are, indeed, smaller than those within the otherwise comparable cases of Khanty, Selkup, and Ket. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 60.7752,67.6098 | |
3,203 | mhr | Eastern Mari | Meadow Mari; Cheremis; Grassland Mari; олык марий; niittymari; itämari; лугово-восточный марийский; черемисский язык; Cheremiss; Low Mari; Eastern Cheremis; Tscheremissisch; Cheremissian; Tchérémisse; Marijcy; Mari-Woods; Low Mari; Lugovo Mari; Čeremissisch; Marij Jylme; Marijskij Jazyk; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500,000 | Uralic; Mari | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 57.0,48.0 | |||
4,127 | emg | Eastern Meohang | Rai; Newang; Newahang; Newange Rai; Newahang Jimi; Mewahang; Jindā; Meohang, Eastern | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 904 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Sunsari; Dibum; Mulgaon-Wangtang | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.5441,87.1401 | ||
3,885 | azz | Eastern Nahua | Nahuatl, Highland Puebla; Náhuat de la Sierra de Puebla; Sierra Puebla Náhuatl; Sierra Aztec; Zacapoaxtla Náhuat; Mejicano de Zacapoaxtla; Nahuatl (Sierra de Zacapoaxtla); Nahuatl (Puebla Sierra); Nahuatl; Mexicano; Zacapoaxtla; Mejicano Azteco; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 125,000 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Nahuan | Ethnologue distinguishes 28 Nahuatl languages. INALI has 30 “variantes” of Nahuatl. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.5833333333,-97.3333333333 | ||
4,915 | ojg | Eastern Ojibwe | Eastern Ojibwa; Ojibwe; Ojibway; Ojibwa; Mississauga; Anishinaabemowin | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Algic; Algonquian; Ojibwa-Potawatomi | Golla (2007): Nishnaabemwin represents the linguistic and social fusion of two historically distinct communities, the Ottawa (Odawa) and the Eastern Ojibwe. | Canada; | North America | 46.0,-80.0 | ||
1,127 | pez | Eastern Penan | Punan | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Penan Apoh | Indonesia;Malaysia;Brunei; | Southeast Asia | 4.59, 114.58 | ||
863 | peb | Eastern Pomo | Clear Lake; Pomo, Eastern; Clear Lake Pomo; East Pomo; Pomo (Eastern); Southeast Clear Lake Pomo; West Clear Lake Pomo; | Pomoan | Upper Lake; Big Valley; | USA; | North America | 39.0,-122.666666667 | ||||
3,211 | ydd | Eastern Yiddish | Central Yiddish; Judeo-German; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >1,200,000 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; High German | Mideastern Yiddish; Northeastern Yiddish; Southeastern Yiddish; | USA;Israel;Ukraine;Canada;Belarus; | North America;Europe;Near East | 55.0,25.0 | ||
8,594 | ebg | Ebughu | Oron; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.754658, 8.276181 | |||
7,109 | ecs | Ecuadorian Sign Language | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 231,000 | Sign Language; South American | Ecuador; | South America | -0.144957, -78.496198 | ||||
2,174 | qt8 | Eel River Athabaskan | Saiaz; Eel River Athapaskan | Dormant () | 0 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Pacific Coast Athabaskan | Lassik; Sinkyone; Wailaki; Nongatl; | Golla et al. (2008): “Eel River Athabaskan was a complex of closely related local dialects of California Athabaskan … At least four dialect clusters can be distinguished: Sinkyone, Nongatl, Lassik, and Wailaki.” Ethnologue distinguishes as separate languages: Kato [ktw], Mattole [mvb], Wailaki [wlk]. | USA; | North America | ||
1,456 | afu-efu | Effutu | Efutu | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ghana; | Africa | 5.346992, -0.627230 | |||
341 | ega | Ega | Diés; Egwa; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 5.5,-5.5 | |||
4,120 | eit | Eitiep | Endangen; Indiang | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 394 | Torricelli; Kombian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.520083904,142.5982513 | |||
7,712 | eja | Ejamat | Ediamat; Fulup; Feloup; Felup; Felupe; Floup; Flup; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000-50,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Senegal;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | ||||
8,589 | eke | Ekit | Eket; Ekid; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.770001, 7.859140 | |||
4,122 | elh | El Hugeirat | El Hagarat; Nubian (Hill); | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Nubian | Sudan; | Africa | 12.3131,28.4243 | |||
4,124 | elo | El Molo | Elmolo; Fura-Pawa; Ldes; Dehes; “Ndorobo”; | Dormant () | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Kenya; | Africa | 2.826751, 36.696701; 2.855032, 36.692491 | ||||
10,572 | ele | Elepi | Elapi; Samap; Sumup; Blabla | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 149 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.75, 143.93 | |||
10,541 | elk | Elkei | Olkoi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,640 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.5, 142.1 | |||
3,117 | elot1235 | Elotepec Zapotec | Elotepec, Elotepec Papabuco | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5070 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan; Papabuco | 1 of approximately 3 Papabuco languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.108522, -96.138497 | ||
10,679 | mrf | Elseng | Djanggu; Janggu; Malluo; Maluak; Morwap; Sawa; Tabu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.00, 140.42 | |||
4,126 | elu | Elu | Admiralitäts-inseln | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 220 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Admiralty Islands | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.00, 147.10 | |||
5,511 | mmw | Emae | Makatea; Emwae; Mae; Mwae; Emai; Mai; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -17.0567,168.3956 | |||
546 | emn | Eman | Emane; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Amayo; Amanavil; | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.0531,9.7338 | ||
2,665 | cto | Emberá-Catío | Emperã; Eberã Bed’ea; Eperã Pedea; Atrato; Darién; Dariena; Panama Embera; Eberã; Cholo; Choco; Emberá-Catío; Catio; Katio; Embena; Eyabida (Alternate names in Panama: Catío; Epera); Ember-Cato; Dabeiba; Catío | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 88,747 | Chocoan | The Emberá dialect continuum (Catío, Chamí, Napipí River, Saija, Sambú) includes Southern Emberá and Northern Emberá (Emperã, Eberã Bed’ea, Eperã Pedea, Atrato, Darién, Dariena, Panama Embera, Eberã, Cholo [Choco]). Ethnologue lists 6 distinct Emberá languages: Northern Emberá (2languages) Emberá, Northern [emp] Emberá-Catío [cto] Southern Emberá (4 languages) Emberá-Baudó [bdc] Emberá-Chamí [cmi] Emberá-Tadó [tdc] Epena [sja] | Colombia;Panama; | South America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 7.16666666667,-76.3333333333 | ||
2,598 | eme | Emerillon | Emerilon; Melejo; Mereo; Mereyo; Emereñon; Teco; Wayampí; Oyampí; Emérillon; Karipuna; Guayapi; Guaiapi; Oiampí; Wajapae; Wayãpi; Waiãpi; Waiampi; Wayapae; Oyampík; Oyanpík; Wajapuku; Emerenhão; Wayampí language area; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Northern Tupi-Guaranian | French Guiana; | South America | 3.16666666667,-52.4166666667 | |||
1,905 | zmr, amy | Emmi | Merranunggu; Warrgat; Maranungku; Maranunga; Maranuka; Marranungga; Maranunggo; Marinunggo; Marranunga; Maran-ungo; Marranj Warrgat; Marra Warrgat; Murununga;Maranunggu; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15-20 | Western Daly | Australia; | Australia | -13.54,130.037 | |||
1,759 | emw | Emplawas | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Babar | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.0374,129.7375 | ||||
10,700 | enr | Emumu | Emem; Imimkal; Kiamerop | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,100 | Pauwasi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.74, 140.90 | |||
1,437 | enc | En | Ain; Nung Ven; 恩語; 儂環語 | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 22.838831,106.168025 | |||
2,054 | unk | Enawené-Nawé | Eneuene-Mare; Salumã | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 445 | Arawakan | Not to be confused with Salumá (SLJ) of Pará. | Brazil; | South America | -12.5223,-59.7656 | ||
2,141 | tmf | Enenlhet | Mascoy; Mascoi; Machicui; Toba-Maskoy; Emok; Toba-Emok; Toba of Paraguay; Quilyilhrayrom; Cabanatith; Enenlhet apayvoma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,275 | Enlhet-Enenlhet (Mascoyan) | Paraguay; | South America | -21.5578,-58.0064 | |||
1,760 | eno | Enggano | Engganese; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.41666666667,102.25 | |||
4,490 | enl | Enlhet Norte | Lengua; Enxet; Vowak; Pwak; Lengua Norte | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7500 | Enlhet-Enenlhet (Mascoyan) | Paraguay; | South America | -22.5,-59.0 | |||
8,599 | enw | Enwan | Enwang; “Oron”; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.652842, 8.251014 | |||
5,166 | enx | Enxet Sur | Lengua Sur; Lengua; Enlhit; Enhlit; Enlhit Nipiyam; Chánepyeyam; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,627 | Enlhet-Enenlhet (Mascoyan) | Peyseyapto; Másepto; Chánáwatsam | Paraguay; | South America | -22.5,-59.0 | ||
6,684 | 1j0 | Eora | Iyora; Iora; Eaora; Yora; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Australia; | Australia | -33.899572, 151.206704; | ||||
5,377 | sja | Epena | Epena; Emberá-Saija; Saija; Epená Saija; Epéna Pedée; Southern Embera; Southern Empera; Cholo; Epena Pedee; Ember-Saija; Southern Ępęra; Emperá; Saixa; Saixa-Baudo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 88,800 | Chocoan | The Emberá dialect continuum (Catío, Chamí, Napipí River, Saija, Sambú): Southern Emberá and Northern Emberá (Emperã, Eberã Bed’ea, Eperã Pedea, Atrato, Darién, Dariena, Panama Embera, Eberã, Cholo [Choco]). Ethnologue distinguishes 4 Southern Emberá languages: Emberá-Baudó [bdc] Emberá-Chamí [cmi] Emberá-Tadó [tdc] Epena [sja] | Colombia;Ecuador;Panama; | South America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 3.0,-77.0 | ||
4,131 | erh | Erohwa | Eruwa; Erakwa; Arokwa; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~850 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Edoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.155231, 6.034824 | |||
1,761 | erw | Erokwanas | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.8113,132.6708 | ||||
4,132 | err | Erre | Ere; Ari; Erei; Arra; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Giimbiyu | Australia; | Australia | -12.580519,133.06175 | |||
4,133 | ers | Ersu | 爾蘇語 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~13000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Qiangic | The Ethnologue Ersu [ers] contains three mutually unintelligible languages, i.e. Duoxu /do³³-ɕu³³-na³¹/ (central Ersu), Ersu /ə́˞súxò/ (eastern Ersu), and Lisu /lîzûhû/ or /lŷzûhû/ (western Ersu). | Note that is entry only contains information on Ersu (eastern Ersu). Documentation project “Ersu and Xumi: Comparative and Cross-Varietal Documentation of Highly Endangered Languages of South-West China” by CNRS-CRLAO (France), Sichuan Minorities Institute, and Xichang College, supported by the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (grant number MPD0257), 2013-2016. | China; | East Asia | 28.966069, 102.771749 | |
3,207 | myv | Erzya | Mordvin; Erza; эрзянский язык; erzja; Mordwin; Mordva; erza; Erzya-Mordva; Mordwinisch; Erza-Mordwinisch; Mordvinisch; Ersä-Mundart; Mordvinian; mordve; erźa; Mordvin-Erzya; Erzia; Erzá; Erzja; Erza-Mordvinisch; erzjan΄ kel΄; erzjanskij jazyk; Morduini; Mordua; eŕźań keĺ; эрзянь кель; Ersän kieli; ersämordva; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250,000 | Uralic; Mordvin | Erzya is closely related to the language Moksha. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 53.0,45.5 | ||
1,467 | ese | Ese’jja | Huarayo; Tiatinagua; Chama; Ese Ejja; Ese Eja; Ese Exa; “Chama”; Ese’ejja; Tambopata-Guarayo; “Chama”; Ese’eha; Guacanawa; Chuncho; Eseʔexa; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1680 | Pano-Tacanan; Chama | Peru;Bolivia; | South America | -11.0,-66.0 | |||
4,135 | esh | Eshtehardi | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036,48.2519 | |||||
7,179 | eso | Estonian Sign Language | Viipekeel; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,500 | Sign Language; European | Estonia; | Europe | 58.95, 24.57 | |||
8,595 | etb | Etebi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.643891, 7.970430 | ||||
8,793 | maza1294, teja1235 | Etla Zapotec | Tejalapan Zapotec; Zapotec; Zapotec, Tejalapan; Zapoteco de San Felipe Tejalapan; Zapoteco de Tejalápam; Etla Zapotec; Zapoteco de Santo Tomás Mazaltepec | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,276 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Tejalapán; Mazaltepec | 1 of approximately 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI count each variety of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approx. 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major language areas: (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.15, -96.88 |
10,803 | etn | Eton | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -17.753446,168.559429; | ||||
10,964 | eude1234 | Eudeve | Opata-Eudeve; Endeve; Eudeve; Opatan; Heve; Dohema; | Dormant () | 0 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Opatan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 29.1666666667,-109.666666667 | |||
3,800 | bzz | Evant | Evand; Avand; Avande; Ovand; Ovande; Ovando; Balegete; Belegete; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
4,142 | eve | Even | Lamut; Orich; Ilqan; Ewen; Eben; lama-dī; Ewenische; Lamutische; Northeastern Tungus; Tungusisabatschi; Lamuti; эвенский язык; ламутский язык; эвэды торэн; eved’i toren; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7,000 | Tungusic; Northern Tungusic | Okhotsk; Ola; Tompon; Kolyma-Omolon; Upper Kolyma; Indigirka; Sakkyryr; Kamchatka; Arman; Lamunkhin | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 68.0,130.0 | ||
1,186 | evn | Evenki | Solon; Ewenki; эвенкский язык; эвэды̄ турэ̄н; Owenke; Suolun; Tungus; Chapogir; Avanki; Avankil; ewen-ki; Sprache der Hiesigen; Manegir; Ewenkische; Northwestern; Siberian Ewenki; 鄂溫克語; 埃文基語; 陳巴爾虎莫日格勒河方言; 雅庫特鄂溫克語; тунгусский язык; Ewenke; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10,000 | Tungusic; Northern Tungusic | Aoluguya; Huihe; Chenba’erhu; Haila’er; Morigele | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 48.0,120.0 | ||
2,006 | coo | Éy7á7juuthem (Comox) | Comox; Mainland Comox; Sliammon; Comox-Sliammon; Çatlotq; Comox Cluster; Comux; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 47 | Salishan; Central Salish | Island Comox; Mainland Comox | Island Comox and Mainland Comox dialects are recognized, the latter divided into three varieties associated respectively with the Homalco, Klahoose, and Sliammon Bands. | Canada; | North America | 50.3900000, -124.6400000 | |
507 | eya | Eyak | dAXunhyuuga’ | Awakening () | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit | “It is altogether clear that the origin of the name ‘Eyak’ is the local Chugach Eskimo name of the Eyak village site near the mouth of the Eyak River on Eyak Lake at Mile 6, in Chugach Igya’aq. In this the initial I- is pronounced as the -i- in sing, the -g- as a voiced fricative gamma, and the -ya’aq has not the vowel of yak as in the English pronuncia- tion of the name, but rhymes more or less rather with hawk, except that the final consonant is of course the Eskimo-Aleut back velar -q, not mid- mouth English -k.” (Krauss 2006: 199) | USA; | North America | 60.526294,-145.6351157 | |||
5,931 | wti-fad | Fadashi | Fedashe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,715 | Berta | Ethiopia; | Africa | ||||
5,510 | faf | Fagani | Faghani; Südliche Salomons-Inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Southeast Solomonic | Agufi; Rihu’a; Fagani; | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -10.4337,161.5979 | ||
2,836 | azt | Faire Atta | Southern Atta; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400-550 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Cagayan Valley | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 18.027,120.4929 | |||
10,693 | fai | Faiwol | Angkiyakmin; Faiwolmin; Fegolmin; Kauwol; Wokeimin | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,500 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Mountain Ok | Voorhoeve (1975) lists a language “Kauwol”, but this is likely (a dialect of?) Faiwol. It it said to have about 500 speakers, most of whom live on the Papua New Guinean side of the border. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.50, 141.66 | ||
5,630 | cfm | Falam Chin | Hallam; Hallam Chin; Tipura; Halam; Fallam; Falam; Zahao; Chin, Falam; ဖလမ်းချင်း | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 107,300 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Lente; Taisun; Kaipang; Halam; Zanniat; Zahao; Tapong; Chorei; Chari Chong; Khualshim; Mursum; Kalai; Rupini; Laizo | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 23.79, 92.33 | ||
4,144 | fah | Fali of Baissa | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | “A few” | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.228442, 10.623221 | ||||
5,994 | fam | Fam | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.819704, 11.055915 | ||||
8,849 | fak | Fang | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000-6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | |||||
10,783 | Farnanto | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.370092,166.966450; | |||||
4,891 | nrg | Farsaf | Narango, Nambel | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 160 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.540011,167.059861 | |||
10,726 | Farvi | Farvigi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest; Biabanaki | Iran; | Near East | 33.47, 55.05 | ||||
1,373 | fqs | Fas | Bembi; Momu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Baibai-Fas | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.197, 141.373 | |||
10,734 | faa | Fasu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1200 | Isolate; Pacific | Kaibu; Namome; Some | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.63, 143.28 | |||
1,762 | fau | Fayu | Sehudate | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.1, 136.8 | |||
3,686 | agl | Fembe | Sinale; Agala | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Trans-New Guinea; Bosavi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.72, 142.25 | |||
8,490 | qb8 | Figuig | Berber (Figuig) | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,280 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Morocco; | Africa | ||||
7,355 | fse | Finnish Sign Language | Viittomakieli; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Sign Language; European | Finnish Dialect; Swedish Dialect; | Finland; | Europe | 60.66, 25.07 | ||
7,180 | fss | Finnish-Swedish Sign Language | Finland-Swedish Sign Language; Suomenruotsalainen Vittomakieli; Finlandssvenskt Teckenspråk; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Sign Language; European | Finland; | Europe | 62.111,26.328 | |||
5,013 | fir | Firan | Fəran; Frisian; Faran; Foron; Yes Firan; Kwakwi; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Nupoid | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
7,356 | vgt | Flemish Sign Language | South Belgium Sign Language; North Belgium Sign Language; Vlaamse Gebarentaal; VGT; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Sign Language; European | Antwerp; East Flanders; West Flanders; Flemish Brabant; Limburg; | Belgium; | Europe | 50.80, 4.31 | ||
4,150 | fln | Flinders Island | Yalgawarra; Wurima; Mutumui; Walmbaria; Gambilmugu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.17091978,144.2456751 | ||
4,149 | flh | Foau | Doa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 230 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.05, 139.21 | |||
570 | fgr | Fongoro | Gele; Kole; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Chad; | Africa | 11.1029,22.7197 | |||
4,130 | enf | Forest Enets | Bai Enets; Pe-Bae; лесной энецкий; Yenisei Samoyed; онаь базаан; ona’ bazaan; enetj; enets; Yenisey; пэ-бай; Jenissei-Dialekt; Baicha-Dialekt; Jenisei; Enets; Jenisej-Samojedisch; Enzisch; Yenisey Samoyedic; iénisséi; enete; èncy; Yensisei-Samoyed; Yenisei Samoyedic; Yenisei Somoyed; Enec; Yenets; Yenisey-Samoyedic; Eńeć; Samojedi; Samojedimanzela; enyec nyelv; enetsin kieli; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10 | Uralic; Samoyedic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 67.5,86.5 | |||
3,393 | yrk-for | Forest Nenets | Forest Yurak; metsänenetsi; ненецкий лесной язык; nyenetsya’ vada; Dialekt der Waldjuraken; ненэцяʼ вада; нешанский язык; нещанский язык; нешаӈ вата | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Uralic; Samoyedic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 64.9188, 77.7941 | ||||
3,395 | frp | Francoprovençal | Patois; Arpitan; Romand | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Neuch-Telois; Valaisan; Faeto; Vaudois; Savoyard; Celle San Vito; Valle D’aosta; Neuchatelais; Dauphinois; Lyonnais; | France;Italy;Switzerland; | Europe | 45.7828,6.9982 | ||
3,400 | fur | Friulian | Furlan; Frioulan; Frioulian; Priulian; Friulano; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350,000- 500,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | East Central Friulian; Western Friulian; Carnico; | Italy; | Europe | 46.1037,13.1396 | ||
547 | bfm-fun | Fungom | Northern Fungom; We; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | There is a variety of Mmen [bfm], a Central Ring language, known as Fungom. However, there are reports of a language known as “Fungom” which is more closely related to Isu [isu], a West Ring language. There may actually be two Fungoms: one variety which is close to Mmen and another one which is closer to Isu. No conclusive evidence is currently available. (Roland Kiessling, P.C.) | Cameroon; | Africa | |||
5,303 | pym | Fyem | Fyam; Pyem; Paiem; Gyem; Fem; Pem; Genawa; Gyema; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <14,000? | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.58333333333,9.33333333333 | |||
5,205 | ttb | Gaa | Tiba; Gà; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.670419, 12.033137 | |||
2,309 | gdk | Gadang | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 10.3473,17.2485 | ||||
4,193 | gbk | Gaddi | Bharmauri Bhadi; Pahari Bharmauri; Panchi Brahmauri Rajput; Gaddyali; Gadiali; Gadi | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | Macleod Ganj; Bharmauri | India; | South Asia | 32.4912,76.8383 | ||
3,406 | gag | Gagauz | Gagauzi; Gaugausen; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200,000 | Turkic; Oghuz | Maritime Gagauzi; Bulgar Gagauz; | Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Greece;Macedonia;Moldova; | Europe | 46.3333333333,28.6666666667 | ||
4,195 | gbu | Gagudju | Abedal; Abiddul; Arwur; Auwur; Awoy; Gagadju ; Gagadu; Gagadyu; Gaguju; Ka:ka:dju; Kakadju; Kakadu; Kakaju; Kakakta; Kakata; Kakatu; Kakdju; Kakdjuan; Kakudju; Karkadoo; Katata; A:rwu:r; Abdedal; Awur; Gaagudju; | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate | Wada; | Australia; | Australia | -12.514603,132.647017 | ||
1,612 | bfu | Gahri | Ghara; Lahuli of Bunan; Boonan; Punan; Poonan; Erankad; Keylong Boli; Bunan; Lahul; Gari; Bunán | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 ~ 4,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India; | South Asia | 32.5,77.0 | |||
10,611 | gbf | Gaikundi | Gaikunti; Gaikwundi; Sawos | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~650 | Sepik; Ndu | Gaikundi is included within Laycock’s (1973) “Sawos language”, which he admits may consist of multiple languages, noting that “no real dialect surveys have been undertaken”. The classifications here follow the survey work of Staalsen (1975). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.02, 143.14 | ||
4,200 | gdh | Gajirrabeng | Gadjerong; Kajirrawung; Gadyerong; Gadyerrong; Gajirrawoong; Gajirrabeng; Gadjarawang; Ginmu; Kadjarong; Kadjerawang; Kadjeroen; Kadjerong; Kujera;Gadjerawang; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3 | Jarrakan | Australia; | Australia | -14.99,128.85 | |||
3,412 | fra-gal | Gallo | Galo; Gallot; Galoo; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200,000 – 400,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | France; | Europe | 47.931, -2.0544 | |||
5,363 | sdn | Gallurese Sardinian | Sardinian; Sardinian, Gallurese; Northeastern Sardinian; Gallurese; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance | Italy; | Europe | 40.8802,9.4482 | |||
5,631 | adl | Galo | Gallong; Adi; Adi, Galo; Adi-Gallong; Adi-Galo; Galong; Abor; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000-40,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | 28.1688,94.7433 | |||
9,169 | gal | Galoli | Galole; Galolen | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Lakloo (Lació); Laleia; Manatutu (Vila); Wetar (Iliwaki); Galoli; Na Nahek; Hahak; Edi; Baba; Dadua; | East Timor; | Pacific | |||
10,548 | siu | Galu | Metru; Sinagen | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 208 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.42, 142.37 | |||
4,378 | kgj | Gamale Kham | Kham; Proto-Kham; Khamkura; Gamale; Khams; Kham, Gamale | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Magaric | Tamali; Ghusbanggi | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.4321,82.9635 | ||
4,227 | gma | Gamberre | Gamberre; Gambere; Gambre; Northern Language; Gamgre; Guwan; Kambera; Kambre; Kambure; Gambera | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Worrorran; Northern Worrorran | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.294386,126.711653 | ||
4,403 | kld | Gamilaraay | Camileroi; Gamilaroi; Kamilaroi; Kamilarai; Kamilroi; Kamilrai; Kamularoi; Kaameelarrai; Komleroy; Kahmilaharoy; Kamilary; Gumilori; Gummilroi; Ghummilarai; Cumilri; Kimilari; Kamil; Comleroy; Camel Duahi; Kamalarai; Koomilroi; Gunilroi; Guminilroi; Gumilray; Camleroy; Euhahlayi;Gamilaraay; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pama-Nyungan; Wiradhuric | Waalaraay; Gawambaraay; Wirriyaraay; Guyinbaraay; | Australia; | Australia | -29.85302243, 147.9291115; -29.91686548, 149.6172319 | |||
4,235 | gnq | Gana | Ganaq; Gana’; Minansut; Keningau Dusun; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Sabahan | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.435442,116.178317 | |||
4,197 | gcd | Ganggalida | Mainland; Engarilla; Eugoola; Ganggalita; Iukala; Jakula; Jogula; Jokal; Jokala; Jokul; Jokula; Jugul; Jugula; Jugulda; Jungulda; Kanggaleida; Kangkalita; Yangarella; Yokula; Yookala; Yugulda; Yukala; Yukula; Yukulta; Southern Tangkic; Yukulta-Nguburindi; Mainland Tangkic; Ganggalidda; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Tangkic | Kangkalita; Nguburindi; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.019031,138.229847 | |
4,230 | gnb | Gangte | Gante | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,100 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 24.1968,93.587 | |||
4,612 | kcx-gan | Ganjulé | Ganjule; Ganjawle; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Ethiopia; | Africa | ||||
8,198 | peh | Gansu Bonan | Islamic Bonan; Moslem Bonan; Baoan; Bao’an; Baonan; Baongan; 甘肅保安語; 積石山保安語 | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-15,000 | Mongolic; Shirongolic; Southern Shirongolic | The ISO code [peh] covers both Gansu Bonan and Qinghai Bonan, but the most recent linguistic references recognize these two as distinct and separate. Nationality of speakers: Bonan; This nationality does not comprise the speakers of Qinghai Bonan, who are classified as members of the “Tu” nationality. Due to differences in religion, the base of bilingualism, languages of education and, since the mid 19th century also location, the two forms of speech are distinct, though still closely related languages. | China; | East Asia | 35.806111, 102.772778 | ||
4,610 | gza | Ganza | Ganzo; Koma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,400 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Mao | Ethiopia; | Africa | 10.274808,35.136644 | |||
562 | gnz | Ganzi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Ganzi; Yaka; | Central African Republic; | Africa | 6.54, 19.35 | |||
5,509 | gga | Gao | Nggao; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -8.3514,159.8167 | |||
1,511 | gqu | Gao Gelao | Gao; Aqaw; Gelo; Kelao; Keleo; Kehlao; Klau; Klo; Ilao; Khi; Chilao; Lao; Keh-lao; 仡佬語稿方言 | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,000 (including speakers of all the Gelao languages) | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi | This entry only refers to the Gao (gqu) language of the Gelao subgroup. | Gao Gelao (self-designation: Gao), together with White Gelao (giw), Green Gelao (giq), and Red Gelao (gir), forms the Gelao subgroup of Tai-Kadai. | China; | East Asia | 26.254, 105.947; 26.409, 106.255; 26.304, 105.734; 26.548, 104.988 | |
946 | 1h9 | Gardiol | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Outlying dialect of Alpine Provencal | Italy; | Europe | 39.466667,16 | |||
5,632 | gbm | Garhwali | Gadhavali; Gadhawala; Gadwahi; Gashwali; Godauli; Gorwali; Gurvali; Pahari Garhwali; Girwali; Garhwal; Bhōṭiā of Garhwal; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,920,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | Lohbya; Chandpuri; Salani; Nagpuriya; Jaunpuri; Tehri; Bhattiani; Gangadi; Srinagaria; Dessaulya; Parvati; Badhani; Bangani; Rathi; Ravai; Majh-Kumaiya; | India; | South Asia | 30.0976,79.1235 | ||
3,472 | cab | Garífuna | Garifuna; Garfuna; Black Carib; Caribe; Central American Carib; “Moreno”; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100,000 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Maritime | Eastern Garifuna, Western Garifuna. Eastern Garifuna (Honduras and Nicaragua); Western Garifuna (Guatemala and Belize). | Honduras;Guatemala;Belize; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 12.5666,-83.7166;15.8268, -88.7506;15.6754,-88.1476;17.1833,-88.5833 | ||
5,935 | ilg-gar | Garig | Gaari; Gari; Garik; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Iwaidjan | Australia; | Australia | ||||
4,773 | gll | Garlali | Kullila; Kalali; Galali; Gaḷali | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.13620987,143.9394536 | ||
10,840 | Garma’i | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest; Biabanaki | Garma’i; Iraji | Garma’i and Iraji are dialects of the same language, which may be termed as Garma’i, as the Garma’i dialect has the larger number of speakers. Garma’i is not intelligible with the other Biabanaki languages Khuri or Farvi. | Iran; | Near East | ||||
5,633 | grt | Garo | Garrow; Mande | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Abeng; Achik; Chisak; Dacca; A’we; Ganching; Kamrup; A’beng; A’chick; Matchi | India;Bangladesh; | South Asia | 25.6666666667,90.5 | ||
5,051 | gex | Garre | Af-Garre; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 57,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Somalia; | Africa | 2.226453,44.650469 | |||
4,190 | wrk | Garrwa | Karrwa; Garawa; Karawa; Leearrawa; Gaarwa; Karwa; Karrawar; Kurrawar; Korrawa; Karrwaz; Garuwa; Grawa; Kariwa; Leearawa; Wollongorang; Wulungwara; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 59 | Garrwan | Kunindirri; Eastern Garrwa; Western Garrwa; | Australia; | Australia | -16.070005, 136.309758 | ||
8,631 | oci-gsc | Gascon | Gascon Occitan; Aranés; Aranese; Arnais; Aranese Occitan | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Ariégeois; Aranese; Landais; Mijaranés Aranés; Béarnais; Naut Aranés; Baish Aranés | A variety of Occitan. | France;Spain; | Europe | 43.1811, -0.1428 | |
4,358 | kcx | Gats’amé | Kachama-Ganjule; Gats’ame; Get’eme; Gatame; Haruro; Gidicho; Kachama; Gatsame; Qechem; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Kachama; Ganta; Ganjule; | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.9548,37.5292 | ||
2,668 | gvo | Gavião | Gavião do Jiparaná; Gavião do Rondônia; Digüt; Ikõrõ; Gavião; | Tupian; Mondean | Gavião, Zoró (Cabeça Seca, Panginey) | Not to be confused with Gavião do Parã [gvp]. | Brazil; | South America | -10.6666666667,-62.0 | |||
2,669 | gvp | Gavião de Parã | Pukobyé; Piokob; Bocobu; Gavião, Parã; Parakatêjê; Pukobjê; Canela; Kanela; Krenjé; Krahó; | Jean; Northern Je | Kanela; | Timbíra (Canela [Kanela], Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê). Ethnologue has Gavião of Pará (Parakatêjê, Pukobjê) as a separate language, said to be related to Krikati-Timbira, Canela, Krahô. Not to be confused with Gavião (do Jiparaná) [gvo]. | Brazil; | South America | -5.3316,-46.7138 | |||
4,256 | gwt | Gawar-Bati | Gawar-bātī; Narisātī; Narsātī; Gawar-bati; Gowar-Bati; Gowari; Narsati; Narisati; Arandui; Satre; Dardu | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000-10,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Afghanistan;Pakistan; | South Asia;Near East | 35.310503, 71.550815 | |||
6,680 | 0h5 | Gayiri | Kairi; Khararya; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -23.9039922,148.0814757 | ||
4,262 | gzi | Gazi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,030 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 32.8036,51.6211 | ||||
4,598 | gbg | Gbanziri | Gbanzili-‘Bolaka; Gbanzili; Banziri; Gbandere; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Central African Republic;Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | ||||
5,059 | krs | Gbaya | Kresh; Kreish; Kreich; Kredj; Kparla; Kpala; Kpara; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Kresh-Aja | Orlo; Dongo; Gbaya-Dara; Gbaya-Ngbongbo; Gbaya-Gboko; Gbaya-Ndogo; Naka; | Sudan;Central African Republic;South Sudan; | Africa | 8.5,24.5 | |||
5,995 | gyg | Gbayi | Kpasiya; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Central African Republic; | Africa | ||||
4,793 | ggb | Gbii | Gbi-Dowlu; Gbee; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kru | Dorbor; Kplor; | Liberia; | Africa | |||
1,764 | gei; gebe1237 | Gebe | Gebi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Umera; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -.1922,129.5397 | ||
2,346 | gji | Geji | Geeji, Gyannzi, Gyaazə, Bagba, Gezawa, Gejawa, Gaejawa, Kayauri, Kaiyorawa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Geji; Pelu; Bolu | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.291667, 9.65; 10.333333, 9.633333 | ||
563 | geq | Geme | Jeme; Ngba Geme; Gueme; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 550 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Geme Kulagbolu; Geme Tulu; | Central African Republic; | Africa | 8.4941,20.6378 | ||
4,203 | gea | Geruma | Gerumawa; Gerema; Germa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4700 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Sum; Duurum; Gamsawa; | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.206, 9.27; 11,10.405 | ||
9,089 | gev | Geviya | Eviya; Gevia; Avia; Ivéa; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | ||||
291 | gha | Ghadamès | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Ayt Waziten; Elt Ulid; | Tunisia;Libya; | Africa | 30.1166,9.5251 | |||
2,314 | gdo | Ghodoberi | Godoberi; годоберинский язык; ღოდობერიული ენა; годоберийский язык; гъибдилIи мицци; Ɣibdiƛi micci; Godoberin; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500-4,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | The Godoberi language belongs to the Andi subgroup of the northwestern group (Avar-Dido) of Dagestan languages. The Godoberis themselves call their language gijbdilhi mitstsi. There are two distinct dialects — the Godoberi and the Zibirhali dialects — which differ first and foremost in the pronunciation. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.6666666667,46.0833333333 | ||
8,469 | gho | Ghomara | Ghumāra; Ghmara; Ghomara Berber | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Morocco; | Africa | 35.076581, -4.892731 | |||
4,211 | gib | Gibanawa | Gembanawa; Gimbanawa; Jega | As a pidgin, this language has no native speakers. | Pidgin or Creole; Hausa based | Nigeria; | Africa | 12.22, 4.38 | ||||
4,210 | gia, kitj1240 | Gija | Gidja; Kidja; Kija; Kitja; Ku:tji; Kuitji; Kuitj; Gi:dj; Kwitj; Gwidji; Guidj; Guwidji; Kisah; Keha; Kisha; Kityu; Liej; Lungga; Longga; Loonga; Langgu; Lunga; Lungu; Paljarri; Djarak; Tjarak; War-ingari; Warrangari; Kutnalawaru; Miwa; Walki;Kitja; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Jarrakan; non-Pama-Nyungan | Warmun variety, Halls Creek variety | Australia; | Australia | -17.5227, 127.3005 | ||
5,712 | dbl-gir | Girramay | Keramai; Kiramay; Kiramai; Wombelbara; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Dyirbalic | Australia; | Australia | ||||
6,780 | gih | Githabul | Gidhabal; Gidabal; Kidabal; Kidjabal; Kitta-bool; Kita-bool; Kittabool; Kitabool; Kitapul; Gidabul; Gidjoobal; Kuttibul; Noowidal; Githebul; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Bandjalangic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.69783052,151.9693704 | |||
4,213 | git | Gitsenimx̱ | Gitksan; Gitsanimx̱; Gitksanimx; Gitxsan; Gitxsen; Hazelton; Giklsan; Gityskyan; Gyitska’n; Interior; Nass-Gitksan | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 523 | Tsimshian | Gitxsan (Eastern Gitxsan), Gitsken (Western Gitsken) | Canada; | North America | 55.5300000, -128.0100000 | ||
4,214 | giy | Giyug | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Unclassified; Wagaydyic?; Australian | Australia; | Australia | -13.20,130.09 | ||||
7,369 | tof | Gizrra | Gizra; Toga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,050 | Eastern Trans-Fly | Western Gizra; Waidoro; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | |||
10,549 | gnu | Gnau | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 980 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.59, 142.20 | ||||
6,781 | lja | Golpa | Kolpa; Golbu; Gorlba. Girrkirr; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Australia; | Australia | -12.03482157,135.565923 | ||||
5,636 | goe | Gongduk | Gongdubikha; Gongdue Kha; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Sino-Tibetan | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.086,91.2002 | |||
401 | gni | Gooniyandi | Guniyandi; Guniandi; Gunian; Kunian; Kuniyan; Guniyan; Guniyn; Kunan; Koneyandi; Konejandi; Cowrana; Goonien; Gunan; Gunin; Gunyari; Konajan; Konean Konejandi; Konejanu; Kuniandu; Wadeawulu; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Bunaban | Australia; | Australia | -18.26153435,126.2884882 | |||
1,765 | goq | Gorap | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 2.1528,128.2516 | ||||
6,782 | xgg | Goreng | Koreng; Ko:rengi; Kuriny; Corine; Coro-ran; Bremer Bay tribe; Warangu; Warrangoo; Warranger; Warrangle; Kaialiwongi; Kokar; Koorengi; Mongup | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Nyungic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -33.79639425,119.0122558 | |||
2,218 | grq | Gorovu | Yerani; Gorova | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Grass | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.53, 144.59 | |||
4,953 | pcj | Gorum | Gorum; Pareng; Parengi; Gadaba; Parenga Parja; Parenji; Poroja; Gorum Sama; Parengi Poroja | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 750-6,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Sora-Juray-Gorum | Kolai | India; | South Asia | 18.667,83.0346 | ||
10,973 | goro1270 | Gorwaa | Gorowa, Goroa, Kimbulu, Fiome, Ufiomi | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 132,748 likely total speakers; 79,751 likely daily speakers | Afro-Asiatic, Southern Cushitic, West-Rift | High degree of mutual intelligibility with Iraqw [irk], a separate ethnic group | Tanzania; | Africa | -4.22, 35.75 | ||
571 | goy | Goundo | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20-30 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Chad; | Africa | 9.4761,16.2652 | ||||
4,255 | gwf | Gowro | Gabaro; Gabar Khel; Dardu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.0254,72.9341 | |||
4,239 | goz | Gozarkhani | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036, 48.2519 | |||||
4,878 | nli | Grangali | Glangali; Nangalāmi; Nigalāmi; Nangalami; Gelangali; Jumiaki; Dardu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Nangalami; Zemiaki; Grangali; | Afghanistan; | Near East | 35.2355,71.51 | ||
2,226 | kbk | Grass Koiari | Koiari; Koiari (Grass); Koiari, Grass | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,700 | Trans-New Guinea; Koiarian | Lahada; Omani; Hogeri; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.5,147.333333333 | ||
1,510 | giq | Green Gelao | Kláo; Hoki Gelao; Cape Draping Gelao; Hagei; Ho Ki; 仡佬语哈給方言; 青仡佬; Cờ Lao; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,000 (including speakers of all the Gelao languages) | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi | Green Gelao (self-designation: Hoki), together with White Gelao (giw), Red Gelao (gir), and Gao (gqu), forms the Gelao subgroup of Tai-Kadai. | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 26.070, 105.777; 25.849, 105.209; 26.238, 105.967; 27.728, 106.927; 26.835, 106.745; 24.809, 105.325 | ||
10,922 | Griko | Greko; Katoitaliótika; Grakanika | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,500 | Outlying dialect of Modern Greek | Griko is considered both a dialect of Modern Greek (Greek perspective) and a minority language (Italian perspective). | 40.248817, 18.283177 | |||||
2,440 | ats | Gros Ventre | Atsina; Gros Ventres; White Clay People; Ahahnelin; Ahe; Fall Indians; Ananin; Aáni; Northern Arapaho; Arapaho-Atsina; | Awakening () | Algic; Algonquian; Arapahoan | USA; | North America | 48.4824,-108.7639 | ||||
4,186 | gaq | Gta’ | Gataʔ; Gata’; Gataq; Getaq; Didei; Didey; Didayi; Dire; Geta’; Gta’; Gta Asa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Approximately 3,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Gutob-Remo-Geta’ | Plains Geta’; Hill Geta’ | India; | South Asia | 18.2293,82.727 | ||
2,692 | gvj | Guajá | Awá, Avá, Awá Guajá, Ayaya, Guaxare, Wazaizara | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Northern Tupi-Guaranian | Brazil; | South America | -3.4914,-46.2963 | |||||
2,694 | gub | Guajajára | Guajajára; Guazazzara; Tenetehara; Tenetehára; Guajajara; Guajajra; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Teneteharan | Pindare; Mearim; Tembe of Gurupi; Zutiua; | Brazil; | South America | -5.0,-46.0 | ||
2,672 | guh | Guajibo | Guahibo; Guaybo; Sikuani; Sicuani; Goahibo; Guaigua; Guayba; Wahibo; Goahiva; Hiwi; Wahivo; | Guajiboan | Tigrero; Guahibo; Amorua; | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 6.25,-71.5 | ||||
2,696 | guc | Guajiro | Goajiro; Wayuu; Wahiro; Guajira; Goahiro; Wayuunaiki; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~312,730 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Maritime | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 12.0,-72.0 | |||
2,545 | mbp | Guamaca | Malayo; Marocasero; Maracasero; Sanja; Sanka; Sancá; Arosario; Arsario; Guamaka; Wiwa; Wamaka; Atanque; Kampanake; Bustintana; Sanká; Aisario; Nabela; Sanha; Marocacero; Huihua; Damana; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,922 | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Colombia; | South America | 11.0,-73.5 | |||
2,697 | gum | Guambiano | Guambiano; Guambia; Moguex; Namdrik; Guambiana; Mogües; Moguez; Wam; Misak; Guambiano-Moguez; Wambiano; Mogés; Guambía; Wambiano-Mogés | Barbacoan; Northern Barbacoan | Colombia; | South America | 2.5,-76.6666666667 | |||||
509 | gqn | Guana (Brazil) | Guaná, Etelena, Guaná, Chané, Kinikinao, Kinihinao; Kinikinau; Chuala; Chana; East Paraná; Equinao; | Dormant () | Ø (1?) | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Kinikanao, Etelena [Terena], Guaná | Ethnologue gives Guana (Kinikinao, Chuala, Chana, East Paraná, Kinihinao, Equinao) as a separate language, related to Terêna [ter]. Crevels (2012:182) lists Kinikinau (Guaná) as a distinct language. For others, this Guaná is not distinct from Terena. Not to be confused with Guaná of Paraguay [gva] (Mascoyan). | Brazil; | South America | -21.0685,-56.2765 | |
2,698 | gva | Guana (Paraguay) | Guaná; Kaskiha; Kaskihá; Cashquiha; Kashika; Kashiha; Vana peema; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 rememberers | Mascoyan | Paraguay; | South America | -22.0,-58.0 | |||
3,163 | gyr | Guarayu | Guarayú; Chapacura; Guarayo; Guapore; Tapacura; Huachi; Maré; Iten; Guarayu; “Guarayo”; Ñañañe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,433 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guarayoan | Bolivia; | South America | -15.919,-62.8747 | |||
1,951 | gae | Guarequena | Warekena; Arequena; Guarekena; Uerequema; Urequema; Warekéna; Werikena; Guarenquena; Warekena | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 1.5,-67.5 | |||
6,203 | var | Guarijío | Macurái, Maculái, Macurawe, Varihío, Varijío, Vorijío, Warihío, Huarijío | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,136 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Tarahumaran | Highland Guarijío, Lowland Guarijío | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 27.87, -108.44 | ||
7,110 | gsm | Guatemalan Sign Language | Lensegua | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,000-256,000 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.50, -90.57 | |||
2,894 | gta | Guató | Guato; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | -17.0,-58.0 | |||
4,246 | gut | Guatuso | Maléku Jaíka; Watuso-Wétar; Guetar; Watuso | Chibchan; Votic | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 10.75, -84.73 | |||||
2,898 | guo | Guayabero | Cunimía; Jiw; Mítus; Mítua; Wayavero; Hiw; | Guajiboan | Colombia; | South America | 2.83333333333,-72.0 | |||||
6,200 | gym | Guaymí | Ngäbere, Chiriqui, Ngobere, Valiente | Chibchan; Isthmic | Inland Bocas del Toro, Coastal Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí | Costa Rica;Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 8.66666666667,-82.0 | ||||
6,195 | qda | Guazacapán Xinka | Xinca de Guazacapán | Dormant () | 0 | Xincan | Xinkan languages are currently represented by only 3 people, all of whom are second language users [semispeakers] of the language. (Rogers 2010:1) | Xinkan is a language family with four members: Guazacapán Xinka, Chiquimulilla Xinka, Jumaytepeque Xinka, and Yupiltepeque Xinka. Two of the four are extinct; the other two have only 3 elderly second language semi-speakers (Rogers 2010:3). Despite the very significant differences among these languages, and lack of mutual intelligibility, “Xinkan” is often talked of as though it were only a single language. For example, Ethnologue (2013) gives only a single “Xinca” [xin] language, with no known L1 speakers. | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.057656,-90.497983 | |
6,779 | gbw | Gubbi Gubbi | Gabi-Gabi; Gabi; Kabikabi; Kabi Kabi; Cabee; Carby; Carby-carbery; Dhapil; Dhipil; Dippil; Dipple; Doon-dooburra; Doondoora; Dowarburra; Dundubara; Dunduura; Gabigabi; Kabbi; Kabi; Kahby; Karabi; Karbi; Maiba | Dormant () | 0? There are still some partial speakers. | Pama-Nyungan; Waka-Kabic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | |||
3,325 | wrg | Gudjal | Warrungu; Warungu; Gugu-Badhun; Gudjala; Warrialgona; Kuritjal; Warrongo; Kutjala;Warungu;Koko Patun | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Warungu, Gugu-Badhun, Gudjal | Australia; | Australia | -19.44157406,144.6482584 | |||
1,863 | fra-dge | Guernésiais | Dgèrnésiais; Guernsey French; Guernésiais | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200-300 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Considered by some to be an outlying dialect of Norman. | United Kingdom; | Europe | 49.433333,-2.583333 | ||
2,905 | amu | Guerrero Amuzgo | Amusgo; Amuzgo, Guerrero; Nomndaa; Azmugo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Otomanguean; Amuzgoan | Ethnologue distinguishes 3 Amuzgo languages; INALI has 4 locally recognized “variantes” under 1 “agrupación”. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.8333333333,-98.0 | |||
10,530 | mim, mxv, xta, xty | Guerrero Mixtec | Alacatlatzala Mixtec; Central Misteko; Highland Guerrero Mixtec; Mixteco de Alacatlatzala; To’on Savi; Metlatónoc Mixtec; Alcozauca Mixtec; Mixteco de Alocozauca; Mixteco de Xochapa; Yoloxóchitl Mixtec; Mixteco de Yoloxóchitl | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 97,200 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco Central de Guerrero; Mixteco de Atlamajalcingo; Mixteco de Ayutla; Mixteco de Coapanatoyac; Mixteco de Guerrero Central Alto; Mixteco de Guerrero de la Costa Central; Mixteco de Guerrero de la Costa Este; Mixteco de Guerrero del Noreste Central; Mixteco de Guerrero del Norte; Mixteco de Guerrero del Norte Central; Mixteco de Igualapa; Mixteco de San Luis Acatlán; Mixteco de Tlacoachistlahuaca; Mixteco de Tlahuapa; Mixteco de Tlalixtaquilla de Maldonado; Mixteco de Xochapa; Mixteco de Xochistlahuaca; Mixteco de Xonacatlán; Mixteco de Zoyatlán de Juárez | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.39, -98.42 | |
4,199 | gdc | Gugu-Badhun | Kokopatun; Patun; Koko Padun; Koko-Patun; Koko Patun;Gugu Badhun; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -18.96002008,143.2350126 | |||
6,609 | wrw | Gugu-Warra | Kokowarra; Kokowara; Laia; Koko Wara; Kookawarra; Coo-oo-warra; Gugu-Warra; Koko Laia; Coo-coo-warra; Aghu Laia; Aku Laia; Guguwarra; Kuku-Wara; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -15.6137893, 143.7753848 | ||
5,611 | gqi | Guiqiong | Guichong; 貴瓊 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9677 | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | China; | East Asia | 30.8148,101.7021 | |||
10,943 | gul | Gullah-Geechee | Geechee; Gullah; Sea Island Creole | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | English-based, Afro-Indigenous creole | Gullah, Geechee, Afro-Seminole | USA; | North America | |||
4,382 | kgs | Gumbaynggir | Gumbaingari; Kumbainggar; Kumbaingeri; Gambalamam; Baanbay; Kombinegherry; Coombyngura; Coombagoree; Coombangree; Kumbanggerri; Koombanggaree; Kumbainggerri; Kumbinggeri; Kumbangerai; Kumbanggar; Gumbainggar; Kumbainggir; Kumbainggiri; Gumbangir; Kumbainggeri; Kumbaingir; Kom-baingheri; Koombanggary; Koombanggherry; Koombainga; Coombyn-gura; Coombyngara; Coombargaree; Gumbaiŋgar; Gunbaiŋgar; Gumbaingar; Guinbainggiri; Gumbanggar; Bellinger tribe; Bellingen tribe; Nimboy; Woolgoolga; Orara; Kombaingheri; Koombangghery; Gumbaingaar; Banbai; Bahnbi; Ahnbi; Dandai; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40 | Pama-Nyungan; Gumbaynggiric | Australia; | Australia | -29.99947323,152.7216997 | |||
6,035 | gdi | Gundi | Ngundi; Ngondi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Central African Republic; | Africa | 4, 16 | |||
6,681 | xrd | Gundungurra | Burragorang; Gan dangara; Gandangara; Gandanggara; Gundaahmyro; Gundanora; Gundungari; Gurragunga; Gurra-gunga; Gudungura; Ngunawal; Ngaonawal; Nungawal; Yarr; Ngennigenwurro; Yiilima; Cundunorah; Gundungorra | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Australia; | Australia | -34.76946368,149.6767454 | ||||
4,260 | gyf | Gungabula | Kongabula; Ongabula; Khungabula; Kungabula; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -25.88011934,148.6271626 | |||
4,379 | kgl | Gunggari | Kunggari; Congaro; Coongurri; Goon-garree; Gungar; Gungari; Kogai; Kogurre; Kungeri; Kungri; Kuungkari; Ngaragari; Unggari; Unggri; Unghi; Ungorri; Koonkerri; Koongerri; Yangeberra; Yankibura; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -26.71355116,146.4458743 | |||
3,786 | gww | Gunin | Kwini; Gunan; Gwini; Kunan; Gunin/Kwini; Northern Language; Gɨnan; Gwiini; Cuini; Wunambal; Goonan; Ginan; Guna; Kuini; Kuwiyini; Kwiini; Pela; Kalumburu; Wirngir; Gwin:ni; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >50 | Worrorran; Northern Worrorran | Australia; | Australia | -14.588,127.534 | |||
2,899 | pue | Gününa-Küne | Gününa-Küne; Gennaken; Northern Tehuelche; Pampa; Gününa Yajich; Guenaken; Pehuelche; Puelche | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate; South American | Gününa-Küne (Gennaken, Northern Tehuelche, Puelche, Pampa, Gününa Yajich). Ethnologue lists this as Puelche [pue] (Gennaken, Northern Tehuelche, Pampa). | Argentina; | South America | -41.0,-67.0 | ||
4,261 | gyy | Gunya | Kunja; Gu:nja; Kurnja; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -27.64957662,145.9658542 | |||
2,219 | grz | Guramalum | Dormant () | 0 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.27, 152.93 | ||||
4,263 | hac | Gurani | Howrami; Hawrami; Hewrami; Hawramani; Gorani; Macho; Awromani; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Hawraman-I Luhon; Kandula; Hawraman-I Taxt; Gawhara; Gurani; Kakai; | Iran;Iraq; | Near East | 35.042153, 46.359129 | ||
6,351 | gnr | Gureng Gureng | Curanggurang; Curang-gurang; Goorang-goorang; Gooranggorang; Gooreng Gooreng; Gurang; Gurang Gurang; Guranggurang; Gurang-gurang; Gureng-gureng ; Kooranga; Korenggoreng; Koreng-koreng; Korrengkorreng; Kurranga; Gurreng Gurreng; Gureng-Gureng;Goreng Goreng | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Waka-Kabic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -25.92169536,151.3260412 | ||
4,242 | grx | Guriaso | Menóu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <421 | Isolate | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.57, 141.60 | |||
1,377 | gue | Gurindji | Wurlayi; Coorinji; Garundji; Goarango; Guirindji; Gurindzi; Koorangie; Kooringee; Korindji; Kwarandji; Kwaranjee; We-arr-ung; Wadshara; Manu; Manoo;Gurinji;Gurindji; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 175 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Wanyjirra; Malngin; Gurindji | Australia; | Australia | -17.69568213,130.0045992 | ||
4,249 | gvm | Gurmana | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.075,6.8499 | ||||
5,226 | gge | Gurr-goni | Gurrgoni; Gurrogoni; Gungurugoni; Gungorogone; Gungoragone; Gungoro:lgo:ngi; Gungarawoni; Gungurulgungi; Gurugoni; Gungoragoni; Gungorragonni; Gurrogone; Gorogone; Gun-Guragone; Gunagoragone; Gutjertabia;Guragone; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Maningrida | gun-dakangurrngu Gurr-goni; gunnjalkitj; Djokwunga | Australia; | Australia | -12.30942987,134.3135284 | ||
4,240 | grd | Guruntum | Guruntum-Mbaaru; Gurdung; Tala; Gùrdùŋ; Gùrùntùm; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Lungu; Gayar; Dooka; Karakara; Gar; Jimi; Mbaaru; Kuuku; | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.900878, 9.765803; 10.078389, 10.493463 | |||
7,717 | gsl | Gusilay | Kusiilaay; Gusilaay; Gusiilay; Kusilay; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-25,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | ||||
5,620 | gbj | Gutob | Gutob; Gadaba; Gadba; Gutop; Gudwa; Godwa; Gadwa; Boi Gadaba; Bodo; Bodo-Gadaba; Sodia; Gadaba, Bodo | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Gutob-Remo-Geta’; Gutob-Remo | Munda Orissa Gadaba; Munda Andhra Pradesh Gadaba | India; | South Asia | 19.0,83.6666666667 | ||
5,825 | kky | Guugu-Yimidhirr | Kukuyimidir; Koko Imudji; Gugu Yimijir; Guugu Yimithirr; Gugu-Yimidhirr; Koko Yimidir; Kokojimoji; Kokoyimidir; Gogo-Yimidjir; Koko-jimidir; Jimidir; Gug-Imudji; Kookoyuma; Kookoymma; Guugu Yimidhirr; Kuku Yimidyi; Balara; Boolcanara; Bullangi; Bulponara; Bulpoonarra Djidjul; Emoji; Galai; Garburnga; Gu.gu Yimidir; I:du Imudji; Ithu Jidhu; Jimudji; Jungkurara; Junkara; Kalay;Guguyimidjir; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Pama-Nyungan; Yalandyic | Ngegudi; Dhalun-dhirr; Waguurr-ga; | Australia; | Australia | -15.16061049,144.9904848 | ||
10,495 | say-sig | Guus | Sigidi; Sugudi; Sigdi; Segiddi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
6,784 | xgw | Guwa | Goa; Goamulgo; Coa; Coah; Koa; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -21.35147706,142.5243782 | ||
4,257 | gwu | Guwamu | Koamu; Kooma; Kuamu; Kuam; Guamu; Oamu; Kaombal; Guwa; Koambal; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.02423918,147.6605303 | ||
4,215 | gka | Guya | Guiarak; Guyarak; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.704599857,146.4853973 | |||
3,902 | bga | Gwamhi-Wuri | Lyase; Lyase-Ne; Gwamhyə-Wuri-Mba; Gwamfi; “Banganci”; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Wuri; Gwamhyə; Mba; | “The Gwamhi-Wuri languages of the literature consist of a cluster of three languages, Gwamhyə, Wuri and Mba.” (Blench 2012) | Nigeria;Benin; | Africa | 8.7113,2.1533 | |
2,217 | grw | Gweda | Garuwahi; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 26 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.2284,150.4083 | |||
4,254 | gwe | Gweno | Kigweno; Ghonu; Kighonu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few thousand | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | -3.7135,37.6501 | |||
2,441 | gwi | Gwich’in | Dinjii Zhuh K’yaa; Kutchin; Kuchin; Tukudh; Takudh; Dagoo; Loucheux | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 550 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Dene (Athabaskan); | Western (Alaskan); Eastern (Canadian) | USA;Canada; | North America | 67.4407,-134.8272; 68.1171,-145.5173 | ||
10,421 | gyo | Gyalsumdo | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300-400 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Bodic; Bodish; Tibetic | used to be regarded as a dialect of Manange | Nepal; | South Asia | 22.59, 84.22 | |||
583 | gyi | Gyele | Bagyéli; Bakola; Giele; Gieli; Gyeli; Bagyele; Bagiele; Bajeli; Bajele; Bogyeli; Bogyel; Bondjiel; Bako; Bekoe; Bakuele; Likoya; “Babinga”; Baka; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,200-5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon;Equatorial Guinea; | Africa | 2.2241,9.8986 | |||
4,259 | gye | Gyem | Gyemawa; Gema; Gemawa; Gyam; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.3865,9.3122 | |||
1,766 | hbu; habu1241 | Habu | Kairui; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | East Timor; | Pacific | -8.7819,126.0021 | |||
10,378 | Hachijo | 八丈語; 八丈方言; 青ヶ島方言; Aogashima | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8,000 | Japonic; Japanese | Hachijo; Aogashima | Japan; | East Asia | 33.063, 139.472; 32.274, 139.459 | |||
605 | hts | Hadza | Hatsa; Hadzabi; Wakindiga; Kangeju; Hadzapi; Kindiga; Tindiga; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 950 | Isolate; African | Tanzania; | Africa | -3.612107, 35.315552 | |||
3,595 | aek | Haeke | Aeke; ‘Aeke; Haeake; Neukaledonien; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.9665,164.7866 | |||
10,310 | hah | Hahon | Hanon; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Aravia; Ratsua; Kurur; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.342585, 154.559549 | ||
7,181 | haf | Hai Phong Sign Language | HPSL, NNKHHP, Vietnamese Sign Language, ngôn ngữ ký hiệu Hải Phòng | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1800 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | “HPSL initially developed out of a mixture of indigenous sign language(s) in Hai Phong with Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language (HCMCSL) used at Lai Thieu School for deaf people in Binh Duong Province in Southern Viet Nam.” (Woodward, 2015) | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | |||
2,377 | hei | Hailhzaqvla (Heiltsuk) | Heiltsuk; Bella Bella; Heiltsuk-Oweek’ala; Belbellah; Heiltsuk-Oowekyala | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 39 | Wakashan; Northern Wakashan | Heiltsuk (Bella Bella); Oowekyala | Golla et al. (2008): It has two deeply differentiated dialects, or emergent languages, Heiltsuk (also known as Bella Bella) and Oowekyala. Heiltsuk is principally spoken in two communities, Bella Bella (population 1200) and Kitasoo (or Klemtu, population 370), the latter on former Southern Tsimshian territory. There are between 100 and 200 fluent speakers, none under the age of 35. First People’s Cultural Council distinguishes two languages, Hailhzaqvla (Heiltsuk) [with 60 speakers] and ‘Uik’ala/Oowekyala [with 6 speakers]. | Canada; | North America | 52.1200000, -127.8000000 | |
5,637 | cnh | Hakha Chin | Pawi; Lai; Laizo; Hakha Lai; Haka; Lai Pawi; Lai Hawlh; Hakha; Baungshe; Chin (Haka); Shonshe; Baungshè; Chin, Haka; ဟားခါးချင်း | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Shonshe; Zokhua; Klangklang | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 22.6667,93.6667 | |||
2,379 | hur | Halq’eméylem (Halkomelem) | Halkomelem; Hul’q’umi’num’; Halq’eméylem; hən̓q̓əmin̓əm; Hul’q’umin’um’; Holkomelem; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 93 | Salishan; Central Salish | Island; Nanaimo; Cowichan; Upriver; Chehalis; Tait; Chilliwack; Downriver; Katzie; Kwantlen; Musqueam; | USA;Canada; | North America | 49.1900000, -123.0000000 | ||
7,969 | amf | Hamer-Bana-Kara | Hamer; Hamer-Banna; Hamar-Koke; Hammercoche; Amarcocche; Cocche; Beshada; Hammer; Hamar; Amer; Amar; Ammar; Banna; Bana; Kara Kerre; “etc.”; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 42,800 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; South Omotic | Ethiopia; | Africa | ||||
2,092 | haa | Han | Han-Kutchin; Moosehide; Dawson; Hän; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | USA;Canada; | North America | 64.7837,-141.2172; 64.062,-139.4278 | |||
4,620 | hag | Hanga | Anga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Southern Hanga; Murugu; Damongo; Langantere; Northern Hanga; Yazori; Bowena; | Ghana; | Africa | |||
4,057 | csz | Hanis | Coos; Coos (Hanis); Anasitch; | Dormant () | 0 | Coosan | USA; | North America | 43.5,-124.166666667 | |||
7,182 | hab | Hanoi Sign Language | ngôn ngữ ký hiệu Hà Nội, Ha Noi Sign Language, HNSL, NNKHHN, Vietnamese Sign Language, Northern Vietnamese Sign Language | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 39000 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | “Ha Noi Sign Language (HNSL) initially developed out of a mixture of original sign languages in Ha Noi with Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language (HCMCSL) used at Lai Thieu School for deaf people in Binh Duong Province in Southern Viet Nam…. it is likely that only a few students from Ha Noi went to the Lai Thieu School and brought HCMCSL to Ha Noi. Even though, these bilingual deaf people were small in number, there were some effects on HNSL…. The first school for deaf people in Ha Noi was established in 1976. The 21-year separation of users of HNSL from users of HCMCSL, linked with the 21-year lack of educational opportunities for deaf people in Ha Noi also had effects on the history of HNSL and its relationship to HCMCSL.” (Woodward et al., 2015) | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 21.033,105.849 | ||
5,170 | hug, amr | Harakmbut | Harákmbut; Harakmbet; Hate; Ate; Tuyoneri; Harakmbut; Harakmbut; Amarakaeri; Amarakaéri; Amarakaire; Amaracaire; Mashco (“Mashco” is a derogatory term); Harakbut; Arazaeri; Arasairi; Huachipaeri; Huachipayri; Wacipairi; Kisamberi; Pukirieri; Puncuri; Toyoeri; Toioeri; Toyeri; Tuyune | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Est. 1,000 | Harakmbut-Katukinan; Harakmbut | Huachipaeri (Harakmbut) and Amaracaeri: Several dialects in two clusters: (1) Huachipaeri and Toyoeri; (2) Amaracaeri [Amarakaeri] and Sapiteri and Arasaeri and Kisambaeri | Ethnologue distinguishes two Harákmbut languages: Amarakaeri [amr] and Huachipaeri [hug], but mentions under Amarakaeri that “Amarakaeri and Huachipaeri [hug] are considered to be dialects of the same language, Harakbut.” Others recognize only one language, or two “emergent languages.” | Brazil;Peru; | South America | 11.77,70.81 | |
2,442 | scs-har | Hare | North Slavey; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 75 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | Slavey can be further divided into Bearlake and Hare (together constituting North Slavey), Mountain, and Slave or South Slavey. | Canada; | North America | 64.438892,-124.498425 | ||
4,281 | hss | Ḥarsusi | Ḥarsūsī; Harsusi; Hersyet; Harsi `Aforit; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~700 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Modern South Arabian | Oman; | Near East | 20.0,56.5 | |||
10,685 | tmd | Haruai | Harway; Taman; Waibuk; Wiyau; Wiyavik; Wiyaw; Wovan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Piawi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.10, 144.34 | |||
4,279 | hrz | Harzani | Harzandi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,100 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Harzani is spoken in the Galinghaya in the district of Zonuz, a rural area of the Marand sub-province. It’s also spoken in the Babrastein, and Dash Harzand villages, where it originated. | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036,48.2519 | ||
485 | ybj | Hasha | Yashi; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.907119, 8.406086 | |||
2,713 | had | Hatam | Hattam; Borai; Mansim; Atam; Tinam; Miriei; Moi; Adihup; Uran; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,000 | Isolate; Pacific | Adihup; Miriei; Moi; Tinam; Uran; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.954, 133.997; -1.202, 133.896; -1.233, 134.187 | ||
7,489 | hsl | Hausa Sign Language | Hausa Sign Language; Maganar Hannu; Maganar Bebaye | Sign Language; African | Nigeria; | Africa | 12.006960, 8.537304 | |||||
4,291 | hvk | Haveke | Aveke; ‘Aveke; Neukaledonien; Haeke; Hmwaveke; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.9665,164.7866 | |||
4,275 | hps | Hawai’i Sign Language | Hawaii Sign Language; Hawai’i Pidgin Sign Language; Pidgin Sign Language; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Sign Language; Pacific | USA; | North America | 21.63, -158.00 | |||
125 | haw | Hawaiian | Ōlelo Hawai’i; ‘Ōlelo Hawai’i Makuahine; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | USA; | North America | 21.894103, -160.161856 | |||
9,170 | hvn | Hawu | Sabu; Havunese; Savu; Sawu; Sawunese; Savunese; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Seba (Heba); Timu (Dimu); Raijua (Raidjua); Mesara (Mehara); Liae; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||
5,710 | scp | Helambu Sherpa | Sherpa; Yholmo; Yolmo, Yohlmo; Yohlmu Tam; Yol-mo; Ölmo | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9842 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Eastern Helambu Sherpa; Western Helambu Sherpa; Lamjung Yolmo; Ilam Yolmo | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.92, 85.63 | ||
1,747 | heg; helo1243 | Helong | Helon; Semau; Kupang; Kupong; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Timoric; Western Timoric | Helong Darat (Funai); Helong Pulau (Semau); Helong Bolok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -10.1414,123.2801;-10.1029,123.3652;-10.0958,123.2658 | ||
10,431 | her | Herero | Ochiherero; Otjiherero | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~24,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Central Herero; Mbandieru (East Herero, Mbanderu) | Botswana;Namibia;Angola; | Africa | -21.02, 20.57 | ||
10,626 | ham | Hewa | Sisimin; Umairof; Yoliapi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Western Sepik Hill | Eastern; Central; Western | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.04, 142.55 | ||
10,558 | auk | Heyo | Arima; Arinua; Arinwa; Lolopani; Ruruhip; Wanwan; Wan Wan | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 1,824 | Torricelli; Maimai | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.83, 142.47 | |||
2,376 | hid | Hidatsa | Gros Ventre; Minitari; Duan; Hiraca; Hinatsa; Minnetaree; Gros Ventres; Doan; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Siouan; Missouri River Siouan | USA; | North America | 47.7321,-102.6758 | |||
4,163 | chd | Highland Chontal | Chontal, Chontal of Oaxaca; Chontal (Highland); Chontal de Oaxaca (Sierra); Tequistlateco; Highland Oaxaca Chontal; Mountain Tequistlatec | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,413 | Tequistlatecan | c.3,000 speakers (LC) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.25,-95.75 | ||
10,851 | qvj, qud; qxr, qug, qvi, qvz, qxj, quw, qvo | Highland Ecuadorian Quichua | Loja; Calderón [qud]; Cañar Highland Quichua [qxr]; Chimborazo [qug]; Imbabura Quichua [qvi]; Northern Pastaza Quichua [qvz]; Salasca [qxl]; Tena Quichua [quw]; Napo Quichua [qvo]; Cotopaxi Quichua. | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,153,800 | Quechuan; Quechua IIB | Chimborazo Quichua [qug]; Imbabura Quichua [qvi]; Cotopaxi Quichua; Cañar [qxr];; Loja (Saraguro) [qvj]; | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Ethnologue (2017) lists a number of separate “languages” where others consider them to be dialects of a single language: Loja [qvj]; Calderón; Cañar Highland Quichua [qxr]; Chimborazo [qug]; Imbabura Quichua [qvi]; Northern Pastaza Quichua [qvz]; Southern Pastaza Quichua [qup]; Salasca [qxl]; Tena Quichua [quw]; Napo Quichua [qvo]. | Ecuador; | South America | ||
548 | hij | Hijuk | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.2861,10.4919 | ||||
10,414 | Hill Miri | Miri; Sarak | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Though Hili Miri is listed under Mising [mrg] in Ethnologue, most experts on the Aranuchal Pradesh and Tani languages treat Hill Miri and Mising as separate and distinct languages belonging to different branches of the Tani subgroup (Burling 2003; Sun 2003, 1993). | India; | South Asia | 26.9612, 94.0539 | |||
4,266 | hir | Himarimã | Hi-Merimã; Hi-Marimã, Maimã | No one knows. | Unclassified (possibly Arawan?) | It was through oral reports, for instance, that most of the information known about the Hi-Merimã, who live the region of the mid-Piranha River, between the Juruá and the Purus rivers, in the State of Amazonas, was obtained. In 1943, this Indian group, which became known for their conflicts with neighboring populations, was estimated as having more than 1,000 individuals. No one knows how many they are today: the Hi-Merimã rejected any contact with the encroaching society, and even with other Indians, with whom they maintain, even today, hostile relations. (Povos Indígenas no Brasil, https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/c/no-brasil-atual/quem-sao/Indios-isolados, accessed 06-07-2016. Some sources have estimated 40 in the group, but how this number was reached is uncertain. | Brazil; | South America | -6.25, -64.70 | |||
61 | dhm | Himba | Dhimba; Dimba; Otjidhimba; Zemba; Tjimba; Simba; Chimba; Oluthimba; Luzimba; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000–35,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Namibia;Angola; | Africa | -18.056570, 13.840657; -17.623922, 14.377762; | |||
4,265 | hii | Hinduri | Handuri | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 138 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 31.0011,77.3107 | |||
2,315 | gin | Hinukh | Hinuq; Hinux; гинухский язык; ჰინუხური ენა; ჰინუზას მეც; гьинузас мец; hinuzas mec; Գինուխերեն; Ginukh; Ginux; Ginukhtsy; Guang; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~600 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Tsezic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.17642940057645, 45.986961731064795 | |||
4,267 | hiw | Hiw | Hiu; Torres; Torres Island; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.1343,166.5671 | |||
3,219 | hix | Hixkaryana | Hishkariana; Hixkaryána; Hishcariana; Waiboi; Hixkariana; Hichkaryana; Sokaka; Faruaru; Xereu; Kumiyana; Parukoto-Charuma; Sherewyana; Wabui; Xerewyana; Parucutu; Chawiyana; Hishkaryana; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Cariban; Parukotoan | Brazil; | South America | -1.0,-59.0 | |||
2,517 | sxr | Hla’alua | Saaroa; Lha’alua; Saroa; Saarua; Rarua; La’alua; La’arua; Pachien; Paichien; Sisyaban; Shishaban; 拉阿魯哇語 | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Tsouic | The Tsouic language has traditionally been divided into the northern branch (Tsou) and the southern branch (Kanakanabu and Saaroa). As for the ethnicity, the Saaroa people, together with the Kanakanabu people, had long been classified as part of the Tsou nationality in Taiwan. However, the Saaroa and the Kanakanabu have been officially recognized as two independent ethnic groups in June 26, 2014. | Taiwan; | East Asia | 23.133, 120.721; 23.228, 120.84989 | ||
5,125 | hle | Hlersu | Shansu; Lesu; Sansu; 勒蘇; 山蘇; 散蘇; 勒寺帕 [ɬɛɾ55 sɿ55 pha21]; 勒寺潑 [ɬɛɾ55 sɿ55 pho21] | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~15000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | classified under the Yi Nationality | China; | East Asia | 23.38, 101.16; 23.19, 101.39; 24.01, 101.52 | ||
5,638 | hmr | Hmar | Hamar; Mhar; Hmari | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 83,404 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 24.1666666667,93.0 | |||
4,276 | mrk | Hmwaveke | Moaveke; Ceta; Faa Ceta; Neukaledonien; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.9665,164.7866 | |||
10,969 | hoc | Ho | हो जगर; ହୋ ଜଗର; hōō jagara | Austroasiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | India; | South Asia | ||||||
6,997 | hos | Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language | ngôn ngữ ký hiệu thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, HCMCSL, NNKHTPHCM, Southern Vietnamese Sign Language, Vietnamese Sign Language | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~45,000 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | “Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language (HCMCSL) developed out of a mixture of original sign languages in Southern Viet Nam with French Sign Language in 1886, when the first school for deaf people was established in Lai Thieu, Binh Duong Province.” (Woodward et al., 2015) | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 10.79, 106.68 | ||
4,270 | hoa | Hoava | Hoava-Kusaghe | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,360 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Hoava, Kusaghe | Hoava and Kusaghe (ksg) are sometimes considered separate languages (see Ethnologue, based on data gathered in 1999) but Davis (2003) shows cognate percentages near 90%% and reports mutual ineligibility. | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -8.08333333333,157.5 | |
4,271 | hoh | Hobyot | Habyot; Hobyót; Hobi; Hewbyót | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Modern South Arabian | Yemen;Oman; | Near East | 16.6388,53.0612 | |||
2,375 | hoi | Holikachuk | Upper Innoko; Innoko | Dormant () | 0 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | Holikachuk is intermediate between Ingalik and Koyukon, and was only identified as a separate language in the 1970s. | USA; | North America | 64.2254,-155.3027 | ||
5,065 | hoo | Holoholo | Kiholoholo; Horohoro; Guha; Kalanga; Kikalanga; Ikalanga; Lilima; Sekalaka; Chikalanga | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Botswana;Zimbabwe; | Africa | -20.537649,27.006712;-20.899871,24.773741;-20.513856,27.811018 | ||||
10,109 | 1ev | Homshetsi | Hamshen; Hamschen; Homshetsma; Hemşince | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | “relatively large numbers” | Indo-European; Armenian; Western Armenian | Turkey;Russia;Georgia; | Europe;Caucasus;East Asia | ||||
4,494 | len | Honduran Lenca | Lenka; Lenca | Dormant () | 0 | Lencan | Honduran Lenca and Chilanga (Salvadoran Lenca) are related but quite distinct languages; neither has any remaining speakers. | Honduras; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 13.6459,-87.0996 | ||
7,111 | hds | Honduras Sign Language | LESHO | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Honduras; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||||
5,848 | juh | Hõne | Hone; Wapan Gwana; Gaateri; Kona Jukun; Pindiga-Jukun; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukonoid | Pindiga; Gwana; | Nigeria; | Africa | |||
7,184 | hks | Hong Kong Sign Language | Heung Kong Sau Yue; 香港手語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Sign Language; East Asian | China; | East Asia | ||||
2,374 | hop | Hopi | Tusayan; Moki; Moqui; Pueblo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000+ | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan | Second Mesa Shipaulovi village; Second Mesa Mishongnovi (Toreva) village; Third Mesa; First Mesa; | USA; | North America | 35.8721,-110.6205 | ||
487 | hoe | Horom | Kaleri | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.486, 9.14 | |||
640 | ero | Horpa | Ergong; Daofu; Horpa-Shangzhai; Hor; Hórsók; Danba; Western Jiarong; Pawang; Bawang; 爾龔語; 道孚語; 霍爾語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 45,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | Daofu; Geshiza | China; | East Asia | 31.091339,101.748892 | ||
1,786 | hti; hoti1237 | Hoti | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; East Seram; Setic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.0143,130.3692 | ||||
4,273 | hoz | Hozo | Begi-Mao; Mao of Begi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Mao | Ethiopia; | Africa | 9.3352,34.53 | |||
4,274 | hpo | Hpon | Hpön; Phun; Phön; Phon; Megyaw; Samong; Hpun; | Dormant | 0 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | North Hpon; South Hpon; | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 24.65,97.0666 | ||
4,278 | hru | Hruso | Aka; Hrusso; Angka; Angkae; Tenae; Hruso B; Hrus(s)o; Angka(e); Gusso | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,000 | Isolate | Hruso | India; | South Asia | 27.1666, 92.6312 | ||
1,247 | huo | Hu | Angku; Āng-kú; 戶語 | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~700 | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Angkuic | China; | East Asia | 22.1743,100.9264 | |||
8,115 | qub | Huallaga Quechua | Upper Huallaga Quechua; Eastern Huánuco Quechua; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40,000 | Quechuan; Quechua I | Pachitea (Panao) | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987) This Quechua language is well-documented by David Weber (1989, 1998). | Peru; | South America | -10.2, -75.8 | |
3,278 | hub | Huambisa | Jíbaro; Xívaro; Huambiza; Wambisa; Wampis; Maina; Shuar-Huampis | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Chicham family (Jivaroan) | Peru; | South America | -4.0,-78.0 | |||
2,085 | hsf, hus, hva | Huastec | Wastek, Wasteko, Huasteco; Te:nek; Tenek; Teenek; Huastec, Veracruz; Huasteco de Tantoyuca | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,700 | Mayan; Huastecan | Ethnologue distinguishes 3 Huastec languages; others have only 1. INALI also has 3 “variantes.” | |||||
4,292 | hve, hue, huv, hvv | Huave | Huave; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-15,000 | Isolate; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | San Dionisio del Mar, San Francisco del Mar, San Mateo del Mar, Santa María del Mar | Ethnologue lists 4 Huave languages, San Dionisio del Mar Huave [hve], San Francisco del Mar Huave [hue], San Mateo del Mar Huave [huv], and Santa María del Mar Huave [hvv]. INALI distinguishes 2 “variantes” of Huave. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.192003, -94.450428 | |
8,112 | qwh | Huaylas Quechua | Quechua ancashino; Ancash Quechua; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 336,000 | Quechuan; Quechua I | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Peru; | South America | -9.520440, -77.568526 | ||
5,099 | tee | Huehuetla Tepehua | Tepewa, Huehuetla; Tepehua de Hidalgo; Tepehua de Huehuetla; Tepehua; Tepewa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Totonacan; Tepehua | Huehuetla (Hgo), Barrio Atzlan, Linda Vista (Mirasol), Mecapalapa (Pue) | Ethnologue distinguishes 3 Tepehua languages: Tepehua, Huehuetla [tee] Tepehua, Pisaflores [tpp] Tepehua, Tlachichilco [tpt]. INALI also distinguishes 3 “variantes” of Tepehua. The categorization adopted here is that of Carolyn MacKay and Frank Trechsel. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.5,-98.0 | |
6,569 | hch | Huichol | Vixaritari Vaniuqui, Vizaritari Vaniuki | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35,724 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Corachol | San Andrés Cohamiata (Western Huichol), San Sebastián-Santa Catarina (Eastern Huichol), Coyultita | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 21.95, -104.06 | ||
3,277 | huh | Huilliche | Williche; Veliche; Huiliche; Beliche; Huilche; Mapuche; Chesungun; Chedungun; Tsesungun; Chesumun; Tsesumun; | Araucanian | Tsesungún | Campbell (2012:97): Willem Adelaar (personal communication) points out that Huilliche (“Beliche”, Veliche, Huiliche), often considered a dialect of Mapudungun, is likely a separate language. Crevels (2012:190): Huilliche is related to Mapuche, but barely intelligible with it. Although they appear in some Colonial texts, the alternate names Huilche and Huiliche are deemed incorrect by some, as the graphemes “l” and “ll” represent distinct phonemes in this language. Writing the name of the language as “Huiliche” rather than “Huilliche” changes the meaning of the term substantially, signifying something like “people of the nail” rather than “people of the south.” | Argentina;Chile; | South America | -40.4803,-73.5424 | |||
1,787 | huw | Hukumina | Bambaa; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; West Central Maluku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.1514,126.2713 | |||
4,288 | huy | Hulaulá | Judeo-Aramaic; Lishana Noshan; Lishana Axni; Jabali; Kurdit; Galiglu; ‘Aramit; Hula Hula; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~9,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Bijar; Bokan; Kerend; Qasr Shirin; Sanandaj; Saqiz; Sainqala; Tekab | Israel;Iran; | Near East | 34.1703,46.1432 | ||
1,788 | huk; hulu1246 | Hulung | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku; Northwest Seram | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.8614,128.5606 | ||||
1,213 | hnu | Hung | Cuói; K’katiam-Pong-Houk; Pheng; Theng; P’eng; Phong | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Toum; Dan Lai; Phong; Ly Ha | Very closely related to Pong and Tum. | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.3333,105 | |
5,014 | nat | Hungworo | Ngwoi; Nkwoi; Ngwe; Ingwo; Ingwe; Ungwe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.187268, 6.253431 | |||
2,316 | huz | Hunzib | Gunzib; гунзибский язык; ჰუნზიბური ენა; гьонкьос мыц; honƛʼos mɨc; нахадинский язык; Enzeb; Xunzal; Khunzal; Khunzaly; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600-800 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Tsezic | The Hunzib language belongs to the Dido subgroup of the northwestern group (Avar-Ando-Dido) of Dagestan languages. There is no consensus on the position of the Hunzib language in the genealogy of Dido languages. E. Bokarev considers it to be an independent language, E. Lomtadze is of the opinion that it is only a dialect. There are no distinct dialects within the Hunzib language itself, just slight differences in pronunciation. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.1666666667,46.25 | ||
1,862 | hup | Hupa | Hoopa-Chilula; Hupa-Chilula-Whilkut; Hoopa; | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Pacific Coast Athabaskan | USA; | North America | 41.0982, -123.68 | |||||
3,275 | jup | Hupda | Hup, Hubde; Hupdë; Hupdá Makú; Jupdá Macú; Makú-Hupdá; Macú de Tucano; Ubdé; Hupdë; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1500 | Nadahup; Eastern Makuan | Nëhup; Tuhup; Hupdë; | The term “Makú” has pejorative connotations; “Nadahup” is the preferred term for this group of languages. | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.166666666667,-69.25 | |
2,088 | mjg-huz | Huzhu | Mongghul; Halchighol; Naringhol; Hu-tsu; Narin-guor; 互助土家語 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50000 | Mongolic; Shirongolic; Northern Shirongolic | Halchighol; Naringhol; Fulan Nuraghol/Fulaan Nura/Karlong; Datong (extinct); Tianzhu | “Mongghul, or Huzhu Mongghul, is, together with (Minhe) Mangghuer, generally referred to as “Monguor’ in the specialist literature. The Chinese nomenclature subsumes the two populations and their languages under the designation Tu or Turen ‘Local People’, and assigns only dialect status to the two varieties. Linguistically it is, however, clearly a question of two separate languages.” (Stefan Georg 2003:286) | Huzhu is listed as a dialect of Tu [mjg] in Ethnologue. | China; | East Asia | 36.7608,102.4255; |
6,038 | ahg-hwa | Hwarasa | Qwara; Qwarina; “Kara”; Quara; Qwarenya; 中库希特语支 | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Central Cushitic | Ethiopia; | Africa | ||||
6,106 | lig-hwe | Hwela | Hwela-Numu; Huela; Weila; Wiila; Weela; Vwela; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,500 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | The language of a special caste of blacksmiths living among the Kulango-Abron (who speak a Gur language) in northeastern Ivory Coast. (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | Ghana; | Africa | |||
10,584 | ksi | I’saka | Isaka; Krisa | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 347 | Sko | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.80, 141.30 | |||
10,608 | ian | Iatmul | Big Sepik; No. 2 Sepik; Middle Sepik; Gepma Kwudi; Gepma Kwundi; Ngepma Kwundi; Nyaura | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 46,000 | Sepik; Ndu | Nyaura (Western); Palimbei (Central and Eastern Iatmul) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.30, 143.32 | ||
7,929 | iby | Ibani | Bonny; Ubani; Ịjọ; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60,000 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Eastern Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
10,974 | babu1242 | Ibatan | Ibatan of Babuyan claro | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500-3,000 (first and second language speakers) | Batanic, Malayo-Polynesian, Austronesian | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 19.48, 121.96 | |||
8,596 | ibn | Ibino | Ibeno; Ibuno | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.60, 8.15 | |||
1,789 | ibu; ibuu1240 | Ibu | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | West Papuan; North Halmahera; Sahuan | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 1.5269,127.5265 | ||||
8,592 | ibr | Ibuoro | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.50, 7.93 | ||||
666 | arh | Ica | Arhuaco; Aruaco; Bintuk; Bíntucua; Bintucua; Ijca; Ijka; Ika; Ike; Bintukwa; Arwako; Busitana; Icu; Ixca; Bintuka; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,799 | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Colombia; | South America | 10.6666666667,-73.75 | |||
5,015 | idc | Idon | Idong; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
5,937 | tyh | Iduh | O Du; O’du; ‘Iduh; Hat; Haat; Tay Hat | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30 | Austro-Asiatic; Khmuic; Pray-Pram; Pramic | Believed to be an eastern dialect of Khmu until recent fieldwork by Gerard Diffloth. | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 19.435231,104.4286 | ||
4,295 | igg | Igana | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 114 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.716300011, 144.7819061 | ||||
2,910 | ign | Ignaciano | Moxo, Mojo, Mojeño | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Javeriano, Loretano, Trinitario?, Ignaciano? | Crevels (2012:174): The distinction between language and dialect is often more socio-political than linguistic, as in the case of Ignaciano and Trinitario. Aikhenvald (1999a: 67) lists Moxo and Ignaciano as alternative names for the same language; Ethnologue lists Mojo as an alternative name for Ignaciano, with Trinitario as a dialect with limited intelligibility, but also lists Trinitario as a separate language with the dialects Loreto [Loretano] and Javierano. | Bolivia; | South America | -15.1666666667,-65.4166666667 | |||
5,079 | ahl | Igo | Ahlõ; Ahlon; Achlo; Anlo; Ago; Ahonlan; Ahlon-Bogo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Togo; | Africa | 7.2,0.7 | |||
4,297 | ihb | Iha Based Pidgin | As a pidgin, this language has no native speakers. | Pidgin or Creole; Iha based | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.94, 132.29 | |||||
4,298 | ikx | Ik | Icietot; Teuso; Teuth; Ngulak; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~16,000 | Kuliak | Uganda; | Africa | 3.75,34.1666666667 | |||
10,759 | ikr | Ikaranggal | Ikarranggali; Aghu Tharnggalu | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.620126, 143.932745 | |||
5,066 | ikz | Ikizu | Ikikizo; Ikikizu; Kiikizu; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 132,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Sizaki; Ikizu; | Tanzania; | Africa | |||
5,067 | ntk | Ikoma | Nata; Ikinata; Ekinata; Egiikɔma; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 36,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Issenyi; | Tanzania; | Africa | |||
8,194 | ibe-iko | Ikorom | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5000-8000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Akpes | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.06, 5.09 | ||||
3,220 | txi | Ikpéng | Txikāo; Ikpeng; Txicão; Txikân; Chikaon; Chicao; Tunuli; Tonore; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 342 | Cariban; Pekodian | Brazil; | South America | -11.7376,-53.616 | |||
4,299 | ilg | Ilgar | Garig/Garig-Ilgar;Garig; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Iwaidjan | Garig; Ilgar; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -11.393997,132.116928 | |
3,429 | ili | Ili Turki | T’urk; Tuerke; 伊犁突厥語; 伊犁土爾克語 | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Turkic; Central Asian Turkic | China; | East Asia | 44.0244,81.145 | ||||
4,300 | ilv | Ilue | Idua; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.9185,8.2397 | |||
4,302 | imn | Imonda | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 274 | Border; Waris | Imonda is treated as a dialect of Waris by Laycock (1973), who nevertheless writes: “The dialect spoken at Imonda is very distinct, and is regarded by Imonda villagers as a separate language.” The classification in the Catalogue follows Seiler (1985). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.33, 141.17 | |||
2,828 | dul | Inagta Alabat | Alabat Island Agta; Alabat Island Dumagat; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <13 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
10,657 | mzu | Inapang | Itutang; Midsivindi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,290 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Z’graggen (1971) includes two separate languages corresponding to Inapang–Itutang and Midsivindi–despite noting that they are 73% “lexically interrelated”. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.68, 144.90 | ||
3,272 | inp; inap1243 | Iñapari | Inapori; Inapari; Inamarí; Iapari; Inamarí; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 (4 siblings & their 1 uncle) | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan, Southwestern branch; Southern Outlier | Inapari; Cuniba; Cuchitineri | “In 2012 I talked to a UC Berkeley anthropology student who had interacted with the single remaining family of speakers earlier that same year, and she put the number [of speakers] at 3” (Lev Michael, personal communication). | Peru; | South America | -12.319931, -69.272822 | |
3,431 | smn | Inari Saami | инари-саамский язык; inarinsaame; anarâškielâ; Anárašgiella; Enaresamisk; Enaresamiska; “Inari Lappish;” | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Uralic; Saami | Finland; | Europe | 68.8446,27.2817 | |||
4,294 | idr | Indri | Yanderika; Yandirika; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~700 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | South Sudan; | Africa | 8.4397,25.5926 | |||
4,305 | inb, inj | Inga | Ingano | Quechuan; Quechua IIB | Highland Inga (Aponte Inga /San Andrés Inga / Santiago Inga); Jungle Inga (Yunguillo-Condagua / Guayuyaco). | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechua complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987). Ethnologue distinguishes Inga (Highland Inga) [inb] from Jungle Inga (Lowland Inga) [inj], where others do not. | Colombia; | South America | 1.0, -77.0 | |||
1,457 | izh | Ingrian | Izhorian; ижорский язык; inkeroisen kieli; ižoran keeli; isuri keel; izhor; inkerin kieli; Ingrisch; Isurisch; Ižorisch; ingrien; užory; ižorskij jazyk; inkerioinen; maakeeli | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~130 | Uralic; Finnic | Soykin; Lower Luzh; Oredezh; Khava; | Sometimes considered a dialect of Finnish. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 59.716667,28.466667 | |
3,697 | aij | Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic | Lishanid Noshan; Neo-Aramaic (Arbel Jewish); Lishana Didán; Hulani; Kurdit; Galigalu; Jbeli; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Arbīl (aka Arbel, Arwīl), Dobe, Ḥalabja, Koy Sanjaq, Sardasht, Sulemaniyya | Israel;Iraq; | Near East | 36.1128, 44.033 | |||
2,063 | iks | Inuit Sign Language | Inuit Uukturausingit; IUR | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <40 | Sign Language; North American | Baker Lake, Rankin Inlet, Taloyaok | Canada; | North America | 62.8, -92.083; 64.32, -96.02; 69.53, -93.53 | ||
6,449 | ike | Inuktitut | ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ; Inuit; Eastern Arctic Eskimo; Eastern Canadian Eskimo | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30,000 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Inuit | Arctic Quebec; Saglouc; Itivimmiut; Point Harrison; Great Whale River; Belcher Island; Wakeham Bay; Tarramiut; North Baffin; Iglulik; Grise Fiord; Pond Inlet; Clyde River; Arctic Bay; Resolute Bay; Repulse Bay; Rigolet; South Baffin; Cape Dorset; Frobisher Bay; Coral Harbour; Labrador; Chesterfield Inlet; Aivilik; | Inuktitut is the collective name for the dialects of Inuit (Eastern Eskimo) spoken on the northern coast of Canada, from the Mackenzie Delta in the west to Labrador in the east. The dialects of Western Canadian Inuktitut are usually distinguished from Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, the boundary falling between the Central Arctic coast and Baffin Island, but there is no sharp discontinuity. All of the Inuktitut speakers of the newly formed territory of Nunavut, which encompasses dialects belonging to both the Western and Eastern divisions, can understand one another’s speech. | Canada; | North America | 58.102769,-68.461464 | |
2,369 | ipk | Inupiaq | Inuit; Inuvialuktun | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 26,644 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Inuit | North Alaska Inupiaq; Seward Peninsula Inupiaq | Inupiaq is the collective term for the dialects of Western Eskimo (q.v.) spoken in Alaska and immediately adjacent parts of Northern Canada. There are two major dialect groups, Seward Peninsula Inupiaq (Qawiaraq) and North Alaskan Inupiaq. Seward Peninsula Inupiaq includes the local dialects of the southern Seward Peninsula and Norton Sound area, and of the villages surrounding Bering Strait and on King and Diomede Islands. North Alaskan Inupiaq includes the the Malimiut dialect around Kotzebue Sound and the North Slope dialect spoken along the Arctic Coast as far east as the Mackenzie Delta. The Seward Peninsula and North Alaskan dialect groups differ significantly from each other and a fair amount of experience is required for a speaker of one to understand a speaker of the other. (Golla et al. 2010.) Ethnologue (2013) considers Inupiaq [ipk] a “macrolanguage” which includes: North Alaskan Inupiatun [esi] and Northwest Alaska Inupiatun [esk]. Others do not make this distinction. | USA;Canada; | North America | 68.3217, -133.532; 71.2725, -156.7749; 66.8972, -162.5855; 64.5433, -163.029; 64.9728, -168.0616; 65.755, -168.9167 | |
4,306 | ipo | Ipiko | Ipikoi; Higa; Epai; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Trans-New Guinea; Inland Gulf | Editor’s note: Given a count of 200 speakers in 1977, it is possible that Ipiko may now be a dormant language (a language which now has no speakers). No more recent information is available, and Ipiko’s current status is unknown. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.435678005,144.8769073 | ||
2,026 | iqu | Iquito | Iquita; Ikito; Amacacore; Hamacore; Quiturran; Puca-Uma; Ikitu | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12-15 | Zaparoan | Pintuyacu | Kaufman (2007:69) has Iquito-Cahuarano as a single language; others have the 2 as separate languages. | Peru; | South America | -3.25,-74.0 | |
3,271 | irn | Irantxe | Iranshe; Iranxe; Irntxe; Iranche; Mynky; Münkü; Menki; Manoki; Myky; Irántxe | Isolate; South American | Irántxe; Münkü (Mynky) | Brazil; | South America | -13.0,-58.0 | ||||
10,457 | iry | Iraya | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Mangyan | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | |||||
3,437 | gle | Irish | Gaeilge; Irish Gaelic; Erse; Gadhelisch; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000-40,000 | Indo-European; Celtic; Goidelic | Connacht (Western Irish), Donegal (Northern Irish, Ulster), Munster (Southern Irish). | United Kingdom;Ireland; | Europe | 52.5,-9.0 | ||
5,625 | iru | Irula | Iruḷa; Eravallan; Erukala; Irava; Irulan; Irular; Irular Mozhi; Irulavan; Iruliga; Iruligar; Kad Chensu; Korava; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | Northern Irula; Vette Kada Irula; Irula Pallar; Mele Nadu Irula; | India; | South Asia | 11.4369,76.5032 | ||
5,068 | isn | Isanzu | Kinyihanzu; Kinyisanzu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | ||||
2,831 | agk | Isarog Agta | Bikol; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Bikol | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 13.6805,123.3805 | |||
4,308 | isc | Isconahua | Iskonawa; Iscobakebo; Iscobaquebu | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Peru; | South America | -7.760233, -74.515153 | |||
5,855 | isk | Ishkashimi | Ishkashmi; Ishkashim; Eshkashimi; Eškāšmī; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Ishkashmi; Zebak; Sanglechi | Tajikistan;Afghanistan; | Near East | 36.4248, 71.3344; 36.4442, 71.3432; 36.4431, 71.3356; 36.4470, 71.3518 | ||
10,458 | inn | Isinay | Isinai; Inmeas; Malaates | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Central Cordilleran | Dupax del Sur; Aritao; Bambang | The Isinay language used in formal writing is based on the dialect used in Dupax del Sur. (Reid et al., 2016) | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 16.3, 121.1 | ||
1,806 | srl; isir1237 | Isirawa | Saberi; Saweri; Okwasar; Sawuri-Hablifuri; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,800 | Tor-Kwerba; Greater Kwerba | Western Isirawa; Eastern Isirawa; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.8783,138.5485 | ||
5,152 | 1kq | Isolado do Tanaru | Isolado do Buraco | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Unclassified; Tupían? | This “language” refers to only one individual, the “Tanaru Isolated Indian,” the last survivor of an unknown indigenous group that was massacred by ranchers during the 1980s and 1990. He was born around 1960 (according to estimates), now alone in region west of Rondonia, near the town of Corumbiara. He is often called “the Indian of the hole”, because of a hole of about one meter long, half a meter wide, and more than three meters deep which he is always digs in the straw huts that he builds to live in. This case is reported frequently in media and other reports. For example, see http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndio_do_Buraco, http://telmadmonteiro.blogspot.com/2009/04/o-indigena-da-terra-tanaru-simbolo-da.html, etc. | Brazil; | South America | |||
1,061 | isth1244 | Isthmus Zapotec | Isthmus Zapotec; Zapotec (Isthmus); Zapoteco (Istmo); Zapotec, Isthmus; Zapoteco del Istmo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Juchitán, San Blas Atempa, Comitancillo, Ixtaltepec, Tehuantepec | 1 of approx. 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. For most linguists the number is much lower, between 4 and 10. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.416667,-95.0 |
3,440 | ist | Istriot | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Croatia; | Europe | 45.0541,13.7246 | ||||
3,442 | ruo | Istro Romanian | Istro-Romanian; Other Roumanian Lects; Istro-Rumanian; Romanian, Istro | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Eastern Romance | Croatia; | Europe | 45.3907,14.436 | |||
4,311 | isu | Isu (Northwest Region, Cameroon) | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.391730, 10.050327 | ||||
549 | szv | Isubu | Su; Isu; Isuwu; Suwu; Subu; Bimbia; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 3.955366, 9.244283 | |||
1,062 | itl | Itelmen | ительменский язык; Itənmən; Kamchadal; Itelymem; итэнмэн; камчадальский язык; Итәнмән’ин крвэӆхатас | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Chukotko-Kamchatkan; Kamchatkan | Itelmen; Kharyuz; Napanskij; Sedanka; Sopocnovskij; Xajrjuzovskij; | The ethnonym Kamchadal is also used to refer to the old Russian-speaking immigrant population of Kamchatka, which may or may not have absorbed Itelmen-speaking elements in the past. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 57.0,157.5 | |
2,911 | ite | Itene | Iteneo; Iténez; Moré; More; Maré; Iten; Guarayo; Itenez; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 44 | Chapacuran; Central Chapacuran | Bolivia; | South America | -12.0822,-64.9731 | |||
4,312 | itr | Iteri | Alowiemino; Iyo; Laro; Rocky Peak; Yinibu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 447 | Left May | Rocky Peak | Laycock (1973) lists two separate languages–Yinibu (Rocky Peak) and Iyo–athough he writes that Iyo may be the same language as Yinibu. According to Årsjö (1999), Rocky Peak is a dialect of Iteri. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.0807, 141.5039 | |
1,807 | itx; itik1240 | Itik | Ittik; Betef; Ittik-Tor; Borto | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Tor-Orya; Tor | Ittik-Tor; Ittik; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.3181,139.148 | ||
2,914 | ito | Itonama | Saramo; Machoto; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Isolate; South American | Bolivia; | South America | -12.8333333333,-64.3333333333 | |||
8,600 | itm | Itu Mbon Uzo | Itu Mbon Uso; Itu Mbuzo; Ito Mbonuso | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.53, 7.80 | |||
2,996 | itz | Itza’ | Itz; Itzá; Itzaj; Petén Itzá Maya; Yucatec Maya; Icaiche Maya; Maya; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Mayan; Yucatecan | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.03, -89.87 | |||
981 | ibd | Iwaidja | Iwaydja; Iwaidji; Ibadjo; Eiwaja; Jiwadja; Limba; Karadjee; Jiwaidja; Iwaiji; Eaewandja; Unalla; Limbakaraja; Eaewardja; Eaewarga; Eae-warge-ga; Iwaija; Iwaja; Iyi; Ji:wadja; Juwadja; Limba-Karadjee; Tarula; Uwaidja; Yiwadya; Yiwayja; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Iwaidjan | Iwaydja; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Most of the languages of the group are extinct or threatened with imminent extinction, and only two – Iwaidja and Maung – have speech communities large enough to ensure daily use by a full age range including children. (DoBeS) | Australia; | Australia | -11.4407565,132.5594586 |
10,687 | iwo | Iwur | Dintere; Iwoer; Iwur; Morop | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Lowland Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.11, 140.82 | |||
2,057 | ixc | Ixcatec | Ixcateco; Ixcatec; Iskateko | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9 | Otomanguean; Popolocan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.8333333333,-97.1666666667 | |||
4,314 | ixi, ixj, ixl | Ixil | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 69,137 | Mayan; Mamean | Chajul, Nebaj, San Juan Cotzal | Ethnologue (2009) distinguished 3 Ixil languages: Chajul Ixil [ixj]; Nebaj Ixil [ixi]; and San Juan Cotzal Ixil [ixl]. INALI has 2 “variantes.” Others have only 1 Ixil language. Ethnologue (2013) now lists only one [ixl] | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.46, -90.89 | ||
4,939 | otz | Ixtenco Otomí | Yühmü; Ixtenco; Otomi, Ixtenco; Southeastern Otomí; Otomi; Otomí; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 740 | Otomanguean; Otopamean | Ixtenco Otomí; Tilapa Otomí; Jalisco Otomí; Western Otomí; Northeast Otomí; Northwestern Otomí; | Ethnologue has 9 Otomí languages: Otomi, Eastern Highland [otm] Otomi, Estado de México [ots] Otomi, Ixtenco [otz] Otomi, Mezquital [ote] Otomi, Querétaro [otq] Otomi, Temoaya [ott] Otomi, Tenango [otn] Otomi, Texcatepec [otx Otomi, Tilapa [otl]. INALI also has 9 “variantes” of Otomí. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.145862, -97.533929 | |
8,749 | zaa, zpd, zae, zaq | Ixtlán | Sierra de Juárez Zapotec; Zapotec (Juárez); Zapoteco ( Juarez Sierra); Sierra de Juarez; Ixtlan; Zapotec; Zapotec, Sierra de Juárez; Zapoteco de Atepec; Ixtlán Zapoteco; Northern Sapoteko, Serrano | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,900 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | San Juan Atepec, San Pablo Macuiltianguis, Santa Ana Yareni, San Miguel Abejones, San Miguel Aloapam | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI count each variety of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approx. 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major language areas: (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) Possibly one of several daughter languages in the Monte Albán Zapotec language clade. It “reflects earlier migrations than do the other Sierra Norte languages” (Beam de Azcona, 2021) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.330742, -96.487204 | |
558 | yko | Iyasa | Yasa; Iyassa; Yassa; Iyaasa; Maasa; Bongwe; “Ndowe”; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | May be mutually intelligible with Kombe [nui]. | Gabon;Cameroon;Equatorial Guinea; | Africa | 2.377154, 9.829789 | ||
550 | uiv | Iyive | Uive; Yiive; Ndir; Asumbo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 6.4354,9.5278 | |||
7,934 | ijc | Izon | Ijo (Kolokuma); Izo; Uzo; Ijo; Ijaw; Central-Western Ijo; Ịjọ; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000,000 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Western Ijo | Iduwini; Oyiakiri; Kumbo; Ekpetiama; Koluama; Kolokuma-Opokuma; Ikibiri; Egbema; East Olodiama; East Tarakiri; Ogbe Ijo; Ogboin; Mein; Ogulagha; Kabo; West Olodiama; West Tarakiri; Bumo; Arogbo; Furupagha; Apoi; Oporoza; Tuomo; Operemo; Oporomo; Basan; Gbarain; | Nigeria; | Africa | |||
5,046 | cbo | Izora | Chokobo; Cokobo; Cikobu; Chikobo; Cokobanci; Azora; Zora; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 425 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 8.843688, 10.361742; | |||
4,115 | dyb | Jabirr-Jabirr | Jabirrjabirr; Dyaberdyaber; Djaberdjaber; Djaberadjaber; Djabirdjabir; Dyabir-Dyabir; Djaberadjabera; Tjabartjabara; Tjabiratjabir; Tjabirtjabira; | Dormant | Nyulnyulan; Western Nyulnyulan | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.55866,122.495732 | |||
3,267 | jbt | Jabutí | Yabutí; Jabotí; Djeoromitxi; Jeoromitxi; Kipiu; Quipiu | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~50 | Jabutian | Brazil; | South America | -12.25,-62.25 | |||
4,321 | jda | Jad | Bhotia; Dzad | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 30.645,78.3627 | |||
1,264 | jah | Jah Hut | Jah Het; Eastern Sakai; Ost-Sakai | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; Jah Hut | Kuala Tembeling; Ulu Ceres; Ulu Tembeling; Pulau Guai; Kerdau; Ketiar Krau; Krau | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 3.6452,102.3065 | |||
1,263 | jhi | Jahai | Jehai; Pangan; Jehehr; Pangan-Dialekte | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Menraq-Batek | Jehai; Batek The | Terms which include ‘Pangan’ tend to refer historically to a wider group of Northern Aslian speaker; they are outdated and derogatory. | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.75,101.5 | ||
6,149 | jac, jai | Jakalteko | Jacaltec, Jakalteco, Popti’ | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 38,350 | Mayan; Q’anjob’alan-Chujean | Eastern, Western | Ethnologue (2009) distinguished 2 Jakalteko languages (Eastern Jakalteko [jac] and Western Jakalteko [jai]) where others have only 1. Ethnologue (2013 has only 1, [jac]. | Guatemala;Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.6685, -91.7111; 16.3137, -93.2084 | |
7,185 | 1kx | Jakarta Sign Language | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,800-9,600 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
10,920 | Jakato | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | West Chadic A3 group | 9.068604, 9.364322 | |||||||
4,315 | jak | Jakun | Jaku’d; Jakud’n; Jakoon; Djakun; Orang Hulu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 1.8871,103.984 | |||
4,004 | bxl | Jalkunan | Dyala; Dyalanu; Jalkuna; Blé; Jelkuna; Jalakuna; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Burkina Faso; | Africa | ||||
7,186 | jcs | Jamaican Country Sign Language | Konchri Sain; Country Sign; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Jamaica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.00, -76.93 | |||
2,924 | jaa | Jamamadí | Yamamadi; Jamamadi; Yamadi; Yamamadí; Kanamanti; Canamanti; Madi; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 980 | Arawan | Jarawara | Some other groups are called “Jamamadí”, which is confusing. Kaufman (2007:67) has a “Jamamadí language area” with 4 “emergent languages”: Jamamadí, Kanamantí, Jarawara, Banawá. Crevels (2012:182) distinguishes Jarawara (180 speakers) from Jamamadí (800 speakers). Dixon (1999:295) has only Madi (Jarawara [Jarauára, Jaruára], Jamamadi, Banawá [Banivá, Baniwá-Jafí,Kitiya, Banavá, Banauá, Jafí]). | Brazil; | South America | -7.5,-65.5 | |
2,608 | djd | Jaminjung | Baj Subgroup; Dyaminydyung; Djamadjong; Djamindjun; Djamundon; Djamunjun; Dyamindyung; Jaminjang; Kaminjung; Murinyuwan; Murinyuwen; Tjamindjung; Tjaminjun; Yilngali; Djamindjung; Jilngali;Jaminjungan; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >100 | Mirndi | Jaminjung; Ngaliwurru; | Australia; | Australia | -15.02818965,130.3565783 | ||
6,785 | jan | Janday | Jandai; Koenpel; Goenpul; Coobenpil; Jendairwal; Djandai; Jundai; Dsandai; Tchandi; Noogoon; Djendewal; Janday | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Durubulic | Australia; | Australia | -27.56865,153.462392 | ||||
4,337 | jna | Jangshung | Jangrami; Zangram; Zhang-Zhung; Jangiam; Thebor; Thebör Skadd; Thebarskad; Central Kinnauri; Zhang-zhung; Kanāwri; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,990 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India; | South Asia | 31.5833333333,78.4166666667 | |||
5,016 | jni | Janji | Anafejanzi; Jenji; Tijanji; Ajanji; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,150 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.054727, 8.799942 | |||
10,971 | jya | Japhug | kɯrɯskɤt | Sino-Tibetan > Trans-Himalayan > Gyalrong | Kamnyu (kɤmɲɯ 干木鸟 gānmùniǎo) Related to the other core Gyalrong languages of Tshobdun, Zbu, and Situ; related to West Gyalrong languages of Khroskyabs, Stau, and Tangut | China; | East Asia | |||||
8,129 | jru | Japréria | Japrería; Japreria; Yucpa-Yaprería; Motilón; Yukpa-Japrería; Yaprería | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 95 | Cariban | Venezuela; | South America | 10.55, -72.71 | |||
848 | jqr | Jaqaru | Haqearu; Haqaru; Haq’aru; Aru; Hakaru-Kauki; | Aymaran | Jaqaru; Cauqui | The Aymaran family has also been called Jaqi and Aru. Cauqui (Kawki, Cachuy, Cauque) has sometimes been treated as a separate language though most consider it a dialect of Jaqaru. Crevels (2012) reports 9 speakers for Cauqui (data from 2005). | Peru; | South America | -13.0,-76.0 | |||
3,845 | anq | Jarawa | Jarawa (in Andamans) | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 340 | South Andamanese | India; | South Asia | 11.61, 92.66 | |||
10,074 | 1xw | Jarqu’i | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <14,000? | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | |||||
4,069 | ddj; jaru1254 | Jaru | Djaru; Jaroo; Tjaru; Wawari; Dyaru; Charrau; Deharu; Djara; Djaro; Jarrau; Jarroo; Jarrou; Jaruo; Jaruru; Ka:biri; Karbery; Kodjangana; Meening; Neening; Nining; Njinin; Njining; Nyinin; Ruby Creek; Waringari; Waiangara; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 217 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa; closely related to Wanyjirra | Nyininy; Wawarl | Australia; | Australia | -18.5244, 127.5825 | ||
5,317 | qvw | Jauja-Huanca Quechua | Huaylla Wanca Quechua; Southern Huancayo Quechua; Huanca Huaylla Quechua; Huaylla Wanca Quechua; Yaqa; Huaylla; Nyuqa; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250,000 | Quechuan; Quechua I | Ñuha Wanka (Jauja); Yaqa Wanka (Huancayo and Concepción] | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Peru; | South America | -12.136,-75.2453 | |
4,338 | jns | Jaunsari | Janusari; Jaunsauri; Jansauri; Pahari | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 96,995 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 30.4859, 78.0908 | |||
1,808 | jvd | Javindo | Krontjong; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pidgin or Creole; Dutch based | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
4,090 | djw | Jawi | Djaui; Towahi; Tohawi; Ewenu; Ewenyoon; Chowie; Djaoi; Djau; Dyao; Dyawi; Ewanji; Ewenyun; I:wanja; Jarrau; Tohau-i;Djawi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3 | Nyulnyulan; Western Nyulnyulan | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | The Jawi language is very close to Bardi these days, differing mostly in the use of some words; however, there is some evidence that it used to be more different, and the two varieties converged over the course of the 20th Century. | Australia; | Australia | -16.4151748,123.191145 | |
2,027 | djn | Jawoyn | Adowen; Charmong; Chauan; Chau-an; Djauan; Djauun; Djauwung; Djawan; Djawanj; Djawin; Djawun; Djouan; Gundjawan; Jawan; Jawin; Jawony; Kumertuo; Tjauen; Tjawen; Tweinbol; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Gunwinyguan | Ngarlahmi; Letpurrirt; Kerniyn’mi; | Australia; | Australia | -14.17990999,132.5558136 | ||
2,310 | jyy | Jaya | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,200 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Chad; | Africa | 12.187,18.1645 | ||||
10,415 | pzn | Jejara | Para; Para Naga; Naga, Para; Bara Naga; Parasar | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,460 | Sino-Tibetan; Aoic | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 26.21, 95.16 | |||
8,409 | jje | Jejueo | 제주어; Jejumal; 제주말; Jeju saturi; 제주 사투리; Saturi; 사투리; Jeju bangeon; 제주 방언; 濟州方言; Chejueo; 濟州語; Jejutmal; 제줏말; Jeju Jiyeokeo; 제주 지역어; 濟州地域語 | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000-10,000 | Koreanic | South Korea; | East Asia | 33.366667,126.533333 | |||
2,300 | tow | Jemez | Towa; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Kiowa-Tanoan; Tanoan | USA; | North America | 35.6151,-106.7242 | |||
362 | jek | Jeri Kuo | Jeli Kuo; Celle; Jeri; Jeri.kuo; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 9.2647,-5.8666 | |||
8,649 | nrf | Jèrriais | Guernésiais; Jersey French; Jersiais; Jèrriais; Jersey Norman; Guernsey French | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,874 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Considered by some to be an outlying dialect of Norman. | United Kingdom; | Europe | 49.2211, -2.1368 | ||
5,588 | jee | Jerung | Jero; Jerum; Jerunge; Jherung; Jero Mala; Zero; Zerum; Zero Mala | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 271 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Balkhu-Sisneri; Ratnawati; Madhavpur | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.2241,86.3909 | ||
3,506 | trg | Jewish Azerbaijani Neo-Aramaic | Lishán Didán; Lishanán; لشان ددان; Neo-Aramaic (Persian Azerbaijan); Lishanid Nash Didán; Persian Azerbaijan Jewish Aramaic; Lakhlokhi; Galihalu; לשן דידן; Lišān Didān; לשנן; Lišānān | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,450 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Birdug; Naghada; Salmas; Ṣablagh; (Jewish) Urmi | Azerbaijan;Georgia;Israel;Iran; | Caucasus;Near East | 38.1150, 44.4555 | ||
1,865 | juo | Jiba | Kona; Jukun Kona; Jibi; Jibe; Jibə | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000-2,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukonoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.0587,11.2829 | |||
5,367 | shv | Jibbali | Jibbālī; Shehri; Śḥeri; Šhaḥri; Śḥərɛ̄t; Geblet; Gəblɛ̄t; Sheret; Sehri; Shahari; Jibali; Ehkili; Qarawi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Modern South Arabian | Western Jibbali; Eastern Jibbali; Kuria Muria; Central Jibbali; | Oman; | Near East | |||
10,921 | jiby1234 | Jibyal | Ankwei | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2-3000 | West Chadic A3 group | 9.060199, 9.183607 | |||||
2,299 | apj | Jicarilla Apache | Jicarilla; Hikariya; Apache (Jicarilla); Apache; Eastern Apache | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Apachean | Jicarilla is an emergent language within the Southern Athabaskan dialect complex. | USA; | North America | 36.9336,-106.9984 | ||
4,325 | jie | Jilbe | Zoulbou; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Nigeria; | Africa | 11.749,14.5458 | |||
4,327 | jim | Jimi (Cameroon) | Djimi; Jimjimen; ‘Um Falin; Bi-Gimu; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500-3,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Wadi; Djimi; Jimo; Malabu; Zumo; | Cameroon; | Africa | 10.339154, 13.562401 | ||
4,335 | jmi | Jimi (Nigeria) | Bi-Gimu; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Zumo; | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.701093, 9.813126 | ||
3,797 | jig | Jingulu | Djingili; Djingulu; Jingali; Tjingilu; Chingalee; Djingila; Lee; Chunguloo; Tchingalee; Tjinggili; Jilngali; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10 | Mirndi | Australia; | Australia | -16.6271636,133.5450627 | |||
1,328 | pnu | Jiongnai Bunu | Punu; Qiungnai; Kiong Nai; Jiongnai; Jiongnaihua; Hualan Yao; Chiung-nai; Bunu, Jiongnai; 炯奈語; 花籃瑤 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Hmong-Mien; Hmongic | China; | East Asia | 23.3902,108.5135 | ||||
4,340 | jul | Jirel | Ziral; Jiri; Jirial | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,919 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.6419,86.2123 | |||
4,088 | dze | Jiwarli | Djwarli; Tjiwarli; Djiwali; Dyiwarli; Guwari; Jivali; Jiwali; Juwali; Kuwari; Tcheewarlee; Tivali; Tjiwali; Tci-warli; Thiin; Te:n; Teen; Tenma; Djiwarli | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Mantharta | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -23.266581,115.99823 | ||
8,009 | dyo | Jola-Fonyi | Kújoolaak Kati Fooñi; Kujamataak; Jola-Fogny; Diola-Fogny; Dyola; Jóola; Jola; Yola; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 413,490 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Kalounaye; Buluf; Fonyi; Narang; Kombo; | Senegal;Gambia;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | |||
572 | jeu | Jonkor Bourmataguil | Djongor Bourmataguil; Dougne; Karakir; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Musunye; Dougne; | Chad; | Africa | 11.4261,19.0145 | ||
2,902 | yau | Jotí | Joti; Hodï; Waruwaru; Hotí; Yuwana; Yoana; Yuana; Chicano; Chikano; Jodi; Hoti; Waruwaru Waruwádu; | Isolate; South America | Venezuela; | South America | 6.075,-65.6323 | |||||
10,722 | Jowshaqani | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian; Central Plateau | Iran; | Near East | 33.99, 51.40 | |||||
5,997 | juu | Ju | Sho; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.104923, 9.822267 | |||
4,341 | jun | Juang | Patua; Patra-Saara; Puttooas; Juango | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30875 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Juang | India; | South Asia | 21.3333333333,86.0 | |||
10,837 | Judeo-Egyptian Arabic | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Israel;Egypt; | Africa;Near East | ||||||||
10,502 | Judeo-Hamadani | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian | It consists of the dialects spoken by the Jewry of Hamadan, Malayer, Nehavand, Tuyserkan. | “Ethnologue uses the designation “Dzhidi” (i.e., Jidi) for all Iranian dialects spoken by the Iranian Jews. Having given the alternative name Judeo-Persian, with the identifier [jpr], the Ethnologue classifies Dzhidi under “Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian,” and further describes it as being “similar” to Bukharic [bhh] and Iranian Persian [pes], noting that Dzhidi employs the Hebrew script for writing (Ethnologue, s.v. “Dzhidi”). This data could not be more inaccurate. First, Jidi is a designation used by the speakers of the Jewish dialect of Isfahan (Judeo-Isfahani), and does not necessarily apply to the Jewish dialects native to other towns. Secondly, as we shall see below, the native Jewish dialects spoken in various towns are very far from constituting a homogeneous whole and therefore cannot be lumped together collectively as a single language. Thirdly, these dialects or languages, which we refer to here as Judeo-Median, are from the Northwest branch of Iranian family, genealogically distinct from Persian, a Southwest Iranian language, and also from Bukhari (and Juhuri). Finally, in contrast to Judeo-Persian, with its long written tradition, Judeo-Median has survived in spoken form only.” (Habib Borjian 2014) | Israel;Iran; | Near East | 34.8000, 48.5167 | |||
10,484 | yhd | Judeo-Iraqi Arabic | Judeo-Baghdadi | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 151,820 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Israel;Iraq; | Near East | ||||
10,499 | Judeo-Isfahani | Jidi | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian | The Judeo-Median vernacular of Isfahan. | “Ethnologue uses the designation “Dzhidi” (i.e., Jidi) for all Iranian dialects spoken by the Iranian Jews. Having given the alternative name Judeo-Persian, with the identifier [jpr], the Ethnologue classifies Dzhidi under “Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian,” and further describes it as being “similar” to Bukharic [bhh] and Iranian Persian [pes], noting that Dzhidi employs the Hebrew script for writing (Ethnologue, s.v. “Dzhidi”). This data could not be more inaccurate. First, Jidi is a designation used by the speakers of the Jewish dialect of Isfahan (Judeo-Isfahani), and does not necessarily apply to the Jewish dialects native to other towns. Secondly, as we shall see below, the native Jewish dialects spoken in various towns are very far from constituting a homogeneous whole and therefore cannot be lumped together collectively as a single language. Thirdly, these dialects or languages, which we refer to here as Judeo-Median, are from the Northwest branch of Iranian family, genealogically distinct from Persian, a Southwest Iranian language, and also from Bukhari (and Juhuri). Finally, in contrast to Judeo-Persian, with its long written tradition, Judeo-Median has survived in spoken form only.” (Habib Borjian 2014) | Iran; | Near East | 32.6333, 51.6500 | ||||
3,443 | itk | Judeo-Italian | Italkian; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance | Italy; | Europe | ||||
10,500 | Judeo-Kashani | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian | The Judeo-Median vernacular of Kashan. | “Ethnologue uses the designation “Dzhidi” (i.e., Jidi) for all Iranian dialects spoken by the Iranian Jews. Having given the alternative name Judeo-Persian, with the identifier [jpr], the Ethnologue classifies Dzhidi under “Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian,” and further describes it as being “similar” to Bukharic [bhh] and Iranian Persian [pes], noting that Dzhidi employs the Hebrew script for writing (Ethnologue, s.v. “Dzhidi”). This data could not be more inaccurate. First, Jidi is a designation used by the speakers of the Jewish dialect of Isfahan (Judeo-Isfahani), and does not necessarily apply to the Jewish dialects native to other towns. Secondly, as we shall see below, the native Jewish dialects spoken in various towns are very far from constituting a homogeneous whole and therefore cannot be lumped together collectively as a single language. Thirdly, these dialects or languages, which we refer to here as Judeo-Median, are from the Northwest branch of Iranian family, genealogically distinct from Persian, a Southwest Iranian language, and also from Bukhari (and Juhuri). Finally, in contrast to Judeo-Persian, with its long written tradition, Judeo-Median has survived in spoken form only.” (Habib Borjian 2014) | Iran; | Near East | 33.9889, 51.4772 | |||||
10,834 | aju | Judeo-Moroccan Arabic | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 258,930 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Israel;Morocco; | Africa;Near East | |||||
10,503 | Judeo-Shirazi | Jidi | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Southwest Iranian | The Jewish vernacular of Shiraz. | “Ethnologue uses the designation “Dzhidi” (i.e., Jidi) for all Iranian dialects spoken by the Iranian Jews. Having given the alternative name Judeo-Persian, with the identifier [jpr], the Ethnologue classifies Dzhidi under “Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian,” and further describes it as being “similar” to Bukharic [bhh] and Iranian Persian [pes], noting that Dzhidi employs the Hebrew script for writing (Ethnologue, s.v. “Dzhidi”). This data could not be more inaccurate. First, Jidi is a designation used by the speakers of the Jewish dialect of Isfahan (Judeo-Isfahani), and does not necessarily apply to the Jewish dialects native to other towns. Secondly, as we shall see below, the native Jewish dialects spoken in various towns are very far from constituting a homogeneous whole and therefore cannot be lumped together collectively as a single language. Thirdly, these dialects or languages, which we refer to here as Judeo-Median, are from the Northwest branch of Iranian family, genealogically distinct from Persian, a Southwest Iranian language, and also from Bukhari (and Juhuri). Finally, in contrast to Judeo-Persian, with its long written tradition, Judeo-Median has survived in spoken form only.” (Habib Borjian 2014) | Iran; | Near East | 29.6167, 52.5333 | ||||
3,448 | jdt | Judeo-Tat | Hebrew Tat; Jewish Tat; Juhuri; çuhuri; жугьури; ז’אוּהאוּראִ ; ג’והורי; горско-еврейский; джуури; джухури; Dağ yəhudiləri dili; cuuri; cuhuri; Judeo-Tatic; Dzhuhuric; Juwri; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~25,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Derbend; | Russia;Azerbaijan;Israel; | Caucasus;Europe;Near East;East Asia | 31.5166,34.5964 | ||
10,832 | yud | Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Israel;Libya; | Africa;Near East | ||||||
3,705 | ajt | Judeo-Tunisian Arabic | Arabic; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 352,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Arabic | Tunis; | Israel;Tunisia; | Africa;Near East | 33.8795,10.0634 | ||
10,501 | Judeo-Yazdi | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian | Yazdi; Kermani | The Jewish residents of Yazd and Kerman speak two varieties of essentially the same language. | “Ethnologue uses the designation “Dzhidi” (i.e., Jidi) for all Iranian dialects spoken by the Iranian Jews. Having given the alternative name Judeo-Persian, with the identifier [jpr], the Ethnologue classifies Dzhidi under “Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian,” and further describes it as being “similar” to Bukharic [bhh] and Iranian Persian [pes], noting that Dzhidi employs the Hebrew script for writing (Ethnologue, s.v. “Dzhidi”). This data could not be more inaccurate. First, Jidi is a designation used by the speakers of the Jewish dialect of Isfahan (Judeo-Isfahani), and does not necessarily apply to the Jewish dialects native to other towns. Secondly, as we shall see below, the native Jewish dialects spoken in various towns are very far from constituting a homogeneous whole and therefore cannot be lumped together collectively as a single language. Thirdly, these dialects or languages, which we refer to here as Judeo-Median, are from the Northwest branch of Iranian family, genealogically distinct from Persian, a Southwest Iranian language, and also from Bukhari (and Juhuri). Finally, in contrast to Judeo-Persian, with its long written tradition, Judeo-Median has survived in spoken form only.” (Habib Borjian 2014) | Iran; | Near East | 31.8972, 54.3678; 30.2833, 57.0833 | ||||
10,835 | jye | Judeo-Yemeni Arabic | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 51,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Israel;Yemen; | Near East | 15.646, 43.929 | ||||
6,046 | lbo-juk | Juk | Suai | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; West Bahnaric | Not the same as the Western Katuic Kui language, also known as Suai in Thai. Recently located by Thai linguist Theraphan Luangthongkum. | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 15.3333, 106.85 | ||
662 | jua | Júma | Arara, Kagwahibm, Kagwahiph, Kagwahiv, Kavahiva, Kawahip, Kawaib, Yumá | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Tupi-Kawahib | Brazil; | South America | -7.5,-64.0 | |||
6,196 | qhq | Jumaytepeque Xinka | Jumay Xinka; Xinca de Jumaytepeque | Dormant () | 0 | Xincan | Xinkan languages are currently represented by only three people, all of whom are second language users [semispeakers] of the languages. (Rogers 2010:1) | Xinkan is a language family with four members: Guazacapán Xinka, Chiquimulilla Xinka, Jumaytepeque Xinka, and Yupiltepeque Xinka. Two of the four are extinct; the other two have only 3 elderly second language semi-speakers (Rogers 2010:3). Despite the very significant differences among these languages and lack of mutual intelligibility, “Xinkan” is often erroneously talked of as though it were only a single language. For example, Ethnologue (2013) gives only a single “Xinca” [xin] language, with no known L1 speakers. | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.344, -90.256 | |
6,630 | tju | Jurruru | Tjuroro; Tjururu; Tjororo; Tjururo; Churoro; Choororo; Chooraroo; Djururo; Djururu; Chooraro; | Dormant | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -23.103734,116.026382 | ||
3,152 | jur | Juruna | Jurúna; Yurúna; Iuruna; Jaruna; Yudya; Yuruna; Jurna; Yudjá; Djudjá; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Tupian; Jurunan | Brazil; | South America | -5.0,-54.5 | |||
603 | ktz | Ju|’hoan | Ju/’hoan; Agau; Kung-Tsumkwe; Xu; Xun; Kung; !Xo; Zhu’oasi; Dzu’oasi; Tsumkwe; Dobe Kung; Xaixai; Žhu|hõasi; Ju/’hoansi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,000 | Kx’a | Nogau; Dzu’oasi; | Ju|’hoan is generally considered to be a variety of the !Xun [knw] language. | Botswana;Namibia; | Africa | -19.591168, 20.502033 | |
3,793 | ahg | K’emant | Qimant; Kimanteney; Western Agaw; Falaša; Kemant; Falasha; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few hundred | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Central Cushitic | Dembiya; Kwolasa; Hwarasa; Kayla; Achpar; Qimant; Semyen; | Ethiopia;Eritrea; | Africa | 12.6666666667,37.4166666667 | ||
8,049 | quc | K’iche’ | Kiché; Quiché; Quiche; K’iche’, Central; Central Quiché; Chiquel; Cachabel; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 922,378 | Mayan; K’ichean | Guatemala;Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.3482,-90.7177;15.0309,-91.1485 | |||
4,345 | kbe | Kaanju | Kandju; Kaantyu; Gandju; Gandanju; Kamdhue; Kandyu; Kanyu; Karnu; Jabuda; Neogulada; Yaldiye-Ho; Ka:ntju; Ka:ndyu; Kantju; Karnju; Karndheu; Karntju; Karnyu; Kamdheu; Ka-ntyu; Kan·ntyu; Kambhue;Kanju; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -13.45659025,142.9043198 | |||
3,151 | urb | Kaapor | Urubú-Kaapor; Urubú; Kaaporté; Caapor; Ka’apor; Anambé; Guajá; Urubú; Amanajé; Manaze; Amanage; Manaxo; Manajo; Manazo; Ka’apór; Urubú-Ka’apór; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~800 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Northern Tupi-Guaranian | Brazil; | South America | -2.33333333333,-46.5 | |||
804 | kvf | Kabalai | Kaba-Lai; Kabalay; Kabalaye; Keb-Kaye; Gablai; Lay; Lai; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <17,885? | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Gablai; | Chad; | Africa | 9.465995, 16.274820 | ||
3,247 | xkp | Kabatei | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Kabate; Kalas | Iran; | Near East | 37.05,49.76 | ||||
5,465 | agy; sout2905 | Kabulowan | Southern Alta; Kabuluen, Kabuluwan, Kabuluwen; “Baluga”; “Kabalat”; Pugot | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400-500; 400 (Headland, 2010) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Meso-Cordilleran; Philippine Negrito | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 15.0149,121.1540; 15.3189,121.1857; 15.3010,121.1443 | |||
5,069 | cwa | Kabwa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | |||||
3,261 | xac | Kachari | Boro; Bårå; Plains Kachari; Cachari; Kachāri; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 59,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India; | South Asia | 26.5,91.0 | |||
1,248 | xkk | Kaco’ | Kachah’; Kacho’; Kachok; Kacoq; Kacok; Kancho; Kachah | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,365 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; North Bahnaric | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 13.934,107.4222 | |||
1,809 | kzd; kada1286 | Kadai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; West Central Maluku; Buru-Sula-Taliabo | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.7465,125.2606 | ||||
4,361 | kdu | Kadaru | Kadaro; Kadero; Kaderu; Kodoro; Kodhin; Kodhinniai; Nubian (Hill); Koldagi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Nubian | Kuldaji; Kururu; Kurtala; Dabatna; Kadaru; Kafir | Sudan; | Africa | 12.1789, 30.2398 | ||
3,150 | kbc | Kadiwéu | Mbaya-Guaikuru; Caduveo; Ediu-Adig; Mbayá; Guaicuru; Mbaya; Mbayá-Guaycuru; Guaicurú; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1600 | Guaicuruan | Brazil; | South America | -20.0,-57.0 | |||
10,089 | zkd | Kadu | Gadu; Gamaan; Kado; Kantu; Kadu-Ganaan; Kato; Kudo; Maw; Mawteik; Puteik; Asak; Sak; Thet; Kadu; Andro; Sengmai; Chakpa; Phayeng; Katu; Gado; Woni; That; ကဒူး | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kachinic | Settaw; Mawkhwin; Mawteik | This language was formerly classified as Kado (kdv), which has split into Kadu (zkd) and Kanan (zkn) since 2011 (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2011-002). Kadu (zkd) is different from Kaduo (ktp), a language of China belonging to the Southern Ngwi branch in Tibeto-Burman language family. It is also different from Katu (ktv), a Mon-Khmer language of Vietnam. | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 24.419, 95.85; 21.259722, 92.117778; 21.233333, 94.083333; 21.300000, 92.850000 | |
4,450 | ktp | Kaduo | Khàtù; Gazhuo; Kado; Kadu; 卡多話 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Kaduo, spoken in Yunnan 雲南 Province (China), belongs to the Southern Ngwi branch in the Tibeto-Burman language family. It is different from Kadu (zkd), a language of Myanmar belonging to the Luish branch in Tibeto-Burman language family. It is also different from Katu (ktv), a Mon-Khmer language of Vietnam. | China; | East Asia | 23.430, 101.692; 22.585, 101.862; 23.957, 101.108; 24.024, 101.988 | ||
9,429 | jka | Kaera | Dorit | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,500 | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Closely related to Teiwa; considered by some in fact to be a dialect of Teiwa. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.310756, 124.031491 | ||
3,250 | xkg | Kagoro | Kakolo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Mali; | Africa | 14.139572, -9.826523; 13.582839, -8.033166; 14.008571, -7.514827; 13.410263, -6.389412 | |||
10,646 | kct | Kaian | Kayan | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <792 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.07, 144.76 | |||
1,810 | kzb; kaib1244 | Kaibobo | Kaibubu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku; Piru Bay; Seram Straits | Kaibobo; Hatusua; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.1843,128.1829 | ||
1,811 | kbw, trb | Kaiep | Samap; Sumup; Terebu; Terepu; Turupu | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.6666,143.8166 | |||
4,475 | kzq | Kaike | Tarali Kham | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 794 | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.9642,82.9819 | |||
3,148 | kgp | Kaingang | Kaingan; Bugre; Coroado; Coroados; Caingang; Kaingng; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,500 | Jean; Southern Je | Southeast Kaingang; Southwest Kaingang; Central Kaingang; Paraná Kaingang; | Brazil; | South America | -26.0,-52.0 | ||
10,524 | kxa | Kairiru | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,507 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.33, 143.55 | ||||
1,812 | krd; kair1265 | Kairui-Midiki | Cairui; Midiki; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Timoric; Kawaimina | Midiki; Kairui; | East Timor; | Pacific | -8.7222,126.2878 | ||
5,017 | kce | Kaivi | Kaibi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,320 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
2,963 | kgk, pta | Kaiwá | Kaiwá; Caiwa; Caingua; Kaingwá; Cayua; Caiua; Kayova; Kaiowa; Kaiova; Chiripá; Nhandeva; Txiripá; Tsiripá; Ñandeva; Apytare; Kaiwá/Kayová; Kayowá; Kaiowá; Caiová; Caiguá; Pãi; Pãi-Tavyterã; | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guaranian | Kaiwá; Tembekuá; Teüi; Pai Tavytera | There is considerable confusion about different Guaranían languages and varieties, several of which are sometimes called “Ñandeva (Nhandeva) as at least one of their alternate names. It is sometimes difficult from reports to determine which are the same with varying names and which are different with the same name. For cases involving overlapping names, Rodrigues and Cabral (2012:498) have among several others in their Guaraní Branch of Tupían: Kaiwá (Kayowá, Kaiowá, Caiová, Caiguá, Pãi, Pãi-Tavyterã) Brazil, Paraguay Nhandéva (Ñandeva, Chiripá) Brazil, Paraguay Chiriguano (Ava, Simba) Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay Tapiete Bolivia (Argentina) Ethnologue has: Kaiwá [kgk] (Caingua, Caiua, Caiwa, Cayua, Kaiova, Kaiowá, Kayova) Ava Guaraní [nhd] (Apytare, Ava, Chiripá, Tsiripá, Txiripá) Pai Tavytera [pta] (Ava, Pai, Tavytera) Ñandeva [tpj] (Guasurango, Guasurangue, Ñanagua, Nandeva, Tapiete, Tirumbae, Yanaigua) Ethnologue distinguishes Kaiwá [kgk] and Pai Tavytera [pta], which here are treated as variants of the same language. | Brazil;Argentina; | South America | -23.0,-55.0 | |||
3,214 | 08c | Kaixana | Caixana | Dormant () | 0 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Aikhenvald (1999a:71) places also Bahwana/Chiriana and Kaixana, both extinct, with Manao in her Middle Rio Negro group of “North Amazonian Arawak.” | Brazil; | South America | |||
1,813 | tcq; kaiy1239 | Kaiy | Taori-Kei; Taori-Kaiy; Kai; Todi; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Lakes Plain; Tariku; Doutai-Kai-Waritai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.943,138.1777 | |||
3,248 | xkj | Kajali | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036, 48.2519 | |||||
2,220 | tbd | Kaki Ae | Tate; Raepa Tati; Tati; Lorabada; Lou; Raepa-Tati; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 510 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8.0,145.833333333 | |||
3,137 | cbv | Kakua | Cacua; Macu de Cubeo; Macu de Guanano; Macu de Desano; Bada; Kakwa; Bará; Báda; Kákwa; Báda; Cakua; Macú-Paraná; Wacara | Kakua-Nukak | Macú-Paraná Cacua; Vaupés Cacua; | Kakua and Nukak languages are related to each other, but not obviously to other languages. Formerly they were liked with the Nadehup (Nadahup, Makúan) languages, and all of these together sometimes joined with Puinave, called the Makú-Puinave family or Puinavean. Today, any relationship with Puinave remains undemonstrated, and evidence for linking Nedehup and Kakua-Nukak remains inconclusive (see Epps and Salanov 2013:16). | Colombia; | South America | 1.08333333333,-70.0 | |||
8,689 | kal | Kalaallisut | Inuit; Eskimo; Greenlandic; Greenlandic Eskimo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 53,000 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Inuit | West Greenlandic; East Greenlandic; Polar Eskimo | Greenlandic is the English name for the Inuit (Eastern Eskimo) dialects of Greenland (the Inuit term is Kalaallisut). Of the seventy-nine Inuit communities in Greenland, all but seventeen are on the west coast, including the largest, Nuuk. (Golla 2007). | There is a significant dialect difference between the west coast settlements and those on the east coast, leading to a distinction between West Greenlandic and East Greenlandic. The five Thule communities in the far northwest of the island constitute a third dialect cluster, sometimes called Polar Eskimo. This dialect is closer to the speech of Baffin Island than to West or East Greenlandic, and is usually considered to be a variety of Eastern Canadian Inuktitut that has been influenced by standard Greenlandic. (Golla 2007) | Denmark;caledonia; | Europe;North America | 64.175,-51.738889; |
7,936 | ijn | Kalabari | Ịjọ; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 258,000 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Eastern Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
1,891 | kgv; kara1499 | Kalamang | Karas Laut (Seaside Karas); Kalamang-mang | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 134 | Trans-New Guinea; West Bomberai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.2940,132.4153 | |||
1,593 | gwc | Kalami | Baškarīk; Gāwrī; Gārwī; Dīrī; Bashkarik; Garwi; Gawri; Gowri; Garwa; Gaawro; Kalami Kohistani; Kohistani; Kohistana; Bashgharik; Dir Kohistani; Diri; Dirwali; Dardu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Dashwa; Thal; Lamuti; Ushu; Kalam; Rajkoti | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.2893,72.6168 | ||
4,826 | knz | Kalamsé | Kalemsé; Kalenga; Sàmòmá; Sàmó; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Kasoma; Logremma; | Mali;Burkina Faso; | Africa | 13.6024,-3.109989 | |||
1,814 | kly; kala1394 | Kalao | Kalaotoa; Lambego | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Kaili-Wolio; Wotu-Wolio | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -7.3134,121.0034 | |||
4,409 | kls; kala1372 | Kalasha | Kalasa; Kalashamon; Kalash; Dardu | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000-5,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone. Dardic | Northern Kalasha spoken in the valleys of Birir, Bumburet, and Rumbur; Southern Kalasha spoken in the valleys of Jinjiret and Urtsun | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.701005, 71.694859 | ||
4,736 | mwp | Kalaw Kawaw Ya | Kala Yagaw Ya; Yagar Yagar; Mabuiag; Kala Lagau Langgus; Langus; West Torres | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | approximately 900 | Pama-Nyungan | Kalaw Kawaw Ya (Saibai dialect: kala1378); Mabuyag; Kulkalgau Ya; Kawrareg | Australia; | Australia | -9.2348, 142.4155 | ||
4,148 | fla, spo | Kalispel-Spokane-Pend d’Oreille-Salish | Nqlispélišcn; Kalispel; Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille; Kalispel-Pend D’oreille; Kalispel-Flathead; “Flathead”-Kalispel; Salish; Montana Salish-Kalispel-Spokane; Flathead-Kalispel-Spokane; Flathead-Pend d’Oreille-Spokane; Montana Salish-Pend d’Oreille-Spokane; Séliš; Spokane-Kalispel-Flathead; Qalispé; Flathead-Kalispel-Spokane; Spokan; Montana Salish-Kalispel-Spokane; Flathead-Pend d’Oreille-Spokane; Montana Salish-Pend d’Oreille-Spokane; Spokane-Kalispel-Flathead; Npoqínišcn; Spokane; Flathead; Selish | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70 | Salishan; Interior Salish | Kalispel; Pend d’Oreille; Spokane; Montana Salish | Varieties of this language are spoken by four groups: Spokane, Kalispel, Salish (or Bitterroot Salish, from their original homeland south of Missoula, Montana), and Pend d’Oreilles. The Salish and the Pend d’Oreilles share the Flathead Reservation in Montana with each other and with the Kutenais. | Because four separate groups are represented, entering their language under a single name is problematic. However, the varieties used by each tribe are mutually intelligible with few dialectal differences, so their languages are represented with one entry here. Ethnologue has 2 languages here, Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille [fla] and Spokane [spo]. | USA; | North America | 47.5944,-114.1182 |
6,632 | ktg, wwb | Kalkatungu | Calcadoon; Galgadung; Galgadungu; Galgaduun; Kalka-donna; Kalkadoon; Kalkadun; Kalkadung; Kalkadunga; Kalkaladoona; Kalkatongo; Kalkatunga; Kulkadoon; Kulkodone; Maithakari; Mantaba; Roongkari; Rungkari; Kalkutung; Wakabunga; Waggaboonyah; Waggabundi; Wakobungo; Waukaboonia; Worgabunga; Workabunga; Workoboongo | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Kalkatungic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Wakabunga (ISO 639-3: wwb) is apparently another name for Kalkatungu (ktb), mistakenly identified as a new language. | Australia; | Australia | -20.8213821, 139.0590511 | |
2,906 | caw | Kallawaya | Callahuaya; Callawaya; Machaj-Juyai, Pohena | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Mixed Language | Bolivia; | South America | -15.1357,-69.1699 | ||||
3,260 | xal | Kalmyk-Oirat | Kalmyk; West Mongolian; Xal‘mg keln; Kalmuk; Kalmuck; Kalmack; Qalmaq; kalmytskii jazyk; Khal:mag; Oirat; Volga Oirat; European Oirat; Western Mongolian; Weilate; Xinjiang Mongolian; Western Mongol; Oiratisch; Kalmückisch; Western Mongul; Xal’maq; Calmucki; Хальмг келн; калмыцкий язык | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 323,857 | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Western Common Mongolic | Sart Qalmaq; Buzawa; Oirat; Torgut; Dörböt | Note that Spoken Oirat and Written Oirat (aka Clear script /Todo Bichig, which is based on Mongolic scripts and was designed by a Buddhist monk in 1648) are different. And “Kalmyk and Xinjiang Oirat are mutually intelligible to a great extent.” (Elena Indjieva 2009:6) | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 46.566667, 45.316667;41,85 | |
10,598 | ywa | Kalou | Yawa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 820 | Sepik; Tama | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.93985,142.217 | |||
9,489 | woi | Kamang | Woisika; Waisika; Kamana-Kamang | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Western Kamang; Lowland Kamang; Upland Kamang | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.258181, 124.894568 | ||
3,309 | jmr | Kamara | Mara; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ghana; | Africa | 9.0858,-2.2576 | |||
1,815 | kzx; kama1362 | Kamarian | Kamariang; Seruawan; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku; East Piru Bay; Seram Straits | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.4366,128.5345 | |||
10,474 | xas | Kamas | Kamassian; камасинский язык; калмажи шəкə; ʒaǯ̕ kall; kamassin kieli; Kamasse; | Dormant () | 0 | Uralic; Samoyedic | Koibal | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 57.9964, 92.8784 | ||
2,221 | klp | Kamasa | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Trans-New Guinea; Angan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.95,146.2 | ||||
10,571 | kms | Kamasau | Komasau; Komassau; Sagi; Wand Tuan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Ghini; Hagi; Segi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.85, 143.84 | ||
3,122 | kay | Kamayurá | Kamaiurá; Camaiura; Kamayirá; Kamayura; Kamayur; Camaiurá; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian | Brazil; | South America | -12.0833333333,-52.5833333333 | |||
4,472 | kyy | Kambaira | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Trans-New Guinea; Kainantu-Goroka | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.27, 146.08 | ||||
5,998 | tey-kam | Kamda | Kamdang; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Kadu | Sudan; | Africa | 11.391187, 29.119034 | |||
4,414 | kmi | Kami (Nigeria) | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.044462, 6.570498 | ||||
4,357 | kcu | Kami (Tanzania) | Kikami; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,518 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Kami is an endangered, under-described Eastern Bantu language, classified as G36 in the referential classification of Guthrie (1971) | Tanzania; | Africa | -6.729292, 37.922087 | ||
3,239 | xmu | Kamu | Gamor; Kamor; Ngangigamor; Malak Malak; Gamu; Ngangigmor; Gamy; Kamorrkir; Komorrkir; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Eastern Daly | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -13.874192,131.143664 | ||
10,744 | xla | Kamula | Wawoi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.29, 142.64 | |||
3,236 | xnb | Kanakanavu | Kanabu; Kanakanabu; Sprache von Formosa; 卡那卡那富語 | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Austronesian; Tsouic | The Tsouic language has traditionally been divided into the northern branch (Tsou) and the southern branch (Kanakanabu and Saaroa). As for the group identity, the Kanakanabu people, together with the Saaroa people, had long been classified as part of the Tsou nationality in Taiwan. However, the Kanakanabu and the Saaroa have been officially recognized as two independent ethnic groups in June 26, 2014. | Taiwan; | East Asia | 23.283,120.746;23.245,120.723 | ||
10,149 | zkn | Kanan | Gadu; Gamaan; Kado; Kantu; Kadu-Ganaan; Kato; Kudo; Maw; Mawteik; Puteik; Asak; Sak; Thet; Gado; Andro; Sengmai; That; Woni; Kadu-Ganaan; ကနန်း | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~9,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kachinic | Banmauk; Indaw; Pinlebu | This languages used to be part of Kado (kdv), which has split into Kadu (zkd) and Kanan (zkn) since 2011 (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2011-002). | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | ||
3,235 | xns | Kanashi | Kanasi; Kanāshī; Kanaśi; Mālāni | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,400 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India; | South Asia | 32.0833333333,77.25 | |||
2,222 | kqw | Kandas | King; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.4121,152.7868 | |||
527 | kbs | Kande | Kanda; Okande; Okandé; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | -.1318,11.8103 | |||
4,354 | kcp | Kanga | Krongo Abdalla; Kufa-Lima; Chiroro-Kursi; Abu Sinun; Kufo; Kufa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~8,000 | Kadu | Krongo Abdalla; Kufa-Lima; Kanga; Chiroro-Kursi; Abu Sinun; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.844,29.4708 | ||
10,654 | igm | Kanggape | Igom | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 930 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Ataitan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.42, 144.82 | |||
1,210 | kxs | Kangjia | Kangyang Hui; 康家語 | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 377 | Mongolic; Shirongolic; Southern Shirongolic | China; | East Asia | 35.959, 101.978 | |||
2,223 | knr | Kaningra | Kaningara | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 327 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Eastern Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.5784, 143.3612 | |||
3,366 | wat | Kaninuwa | Kaokao; Wataluma; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 360 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.23, 150.25 | |||
6,688 | 1j2 | Kaniyang | Nyunga; Kaniyan; Kaneang; aneang; Kunjung; Kunyung; Ka:lbar-anggara; Jabururu; Yobberore; Uduc-Harvey tribe; Kaleap; Qualeup; Qua-lup; Quailup; Waal.g; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Nyungic | Australia; | Australia | -33.495598,116.354485 | ||||
4,258 | kxn | Kanowit-Tanjong | Kanowit; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Melanau-Kajang | Kanowit; Tanjong; | Note: Tanjong/Tanjung may in fact be considered a language separate from Kanowit, but further research is needed. | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 2.087396, 112.165452 | |
4,621 | xkt | Kantosi | Kantonsi; Yare; Yarsi; Dagaare-Dioula; Dagaari Dioula; Yari; Dagaari-Jula; Dagaari-Yula | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,300 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ghana; | Africa | 10.97, -1.93 | |||
4,604 | khx | Kanu | Likanu; Kaanu; Kano; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | ||||
4,444 | ksk | Kanza | Kansa; Kansas; Kaw; Konze; Kanze; | Awakening () | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dhegihan | Dissolved in 1902, the Kaw Nation was reconstituted in 1959 with a headquarters at Kaw City, Oklahoma, and now has a membership of about 1,700. There have been no fluent speakers of the language since the early 1980s, but about a dozen people claim some knowledge of it. | USA; | North America | 36.7657,-96.8652 | |||
1,889 | kax; kaoo1238 | Kao | Kau; Ka’u; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | West Papuan; North Halmahera; Kao River; Paguic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 1.1479,127.8204 | |||
10,522 | ykm | Kap | Ali; Yakamul | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,079 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Ali; Yakamul; Yigel | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.13, 142.47 | ||
4,432 | kpg | Kapingamarangi | Kirinit; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Micronesia; | Pacific | 1.05,154.75 | |||
3,113 | kxo | Kapixaná | Capixana; Kanoé; Kapishaná; Kapixaná/Kanoé; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | -10.790,-65.332 | |||
668 | ake, pbc | Kapong | Kapon; Ka’pong; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <11,550 | Cariban; Venezuelan | Akawayo; Ingarikó; Patamuna; Purukotó; | In the principal sources there are considerable differences concerning which entities are considered separate languages and which are dialects, and especially about to which language different varieties should be assigned. Gildea (2012) has Kapong as single language to which Akawayo, Patamona, and Ingarikó belong. Gildea (personal communication, Nov. 2014) clarifies this: “Patamuna, Arekuna, Akawaio, and Makushi are very similar, and all of them may be mutually intelligible with just a bit of exposure (like Spanish and Portuguese). I found nothing to suggest rethinking Migliazza’s (18985) explanation of the “dialect area” (repeated in Gildea 1998, 2012). My subjective impressions (in the absence of detailed comparisons of wordlists) is that Patamuna and Akawaio have phonological differences, but Desrey Fox (native speaker of Akawaio) said they are the “same” language, Ka’pong (sky people), and I had no reason to doubt her; she also said that Patamuna (Guyana) and Ingarikó (Brazil) are pretty much identical, just spoken on different sides of the border. Makushi is clearly a different language.” | Brazil;Venezuela;Guyana; | South America | 6.0,-59.5 | |
1,890 | khp | Kapori | Kapauri | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Isolate | Some question this language’s classification. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.4,139.7 | ||
10,617 | dju | Kapriman | Sare; Mugumute; Wasare | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,339 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.51, 143.24 | |||
4,406 | klo | Kapya | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.050127, 9.866482 | ||||
8,089 | cak, ckk, cke, ckc, cki, ckj, ckd, ckf, ckw, cbm | Kaqchikel | Kakchiquel; Kaqchikel, Central; Cakchiquel; Kaqchiquel; Kachiquel; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 475,889 | Mayan; K’ichean | Akatenango Southwestern Kaqchikel; Central Kaqchikel; Eastern Kaqchikel; Northern Kaqchikel; Santa María de Jesús; Santo Domingo Xenacoj; South Central Kaqchikel; Southern Kaqchikel; Western Kaqchikel; Yepocapa Southwestern Kaqchikel. | Ethnologue (2009) separated Kaqchikel into 10 different entries, which are dialects of a single Kaqchikel language. | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.47, -90.99 | |
7,949 | kah | Kara | Fer; Dam Fer; Fertit; Kara (in Central African Republic); | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,800 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Central African Republic; | Africa | ||||
2,366 | kdr | Karaim | Karaite; Karaïm; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Turkic; Kipchak | Trakay; Galits; Eastern Karaim; Northwestern Karaim; | The Karaim language belongs to the Kipchak-Polovtsy group of Turkic languages. The closest related languages are Kumyk, Karachay-Balkar and Crimean Tatar. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Ukraine;Lithuania; | Europe | 54.6666666667,24.9166666667 | |
1,654 | kpj | Karajá | Karajá-Xambioá; Karaho; Caraja; Karaja; Xambioá; Chamboa; Ynã; Karaja-Shambioá; Javaé; Karajá language area | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3060 | Isolate; South America | Javaé; Xambioá; Southern Karajá; Northern Karajá | Although Javaé is the most divergent dialect, it’s still mutually intelligible with the other three dialects (Southern Karajá, Northern Karajá, and Xambioá). The Javaé tend to be treated differently by speakers of the other dialects (who call them “Ixÿju”, a term generally reserved for non-Karajá speaking tribes), but that seems to be due mostly to historical, rather than linguistic differences. The main linguistic difference is that the distinctions between male and female speech, very ubiquitous in the other dialects, are much less so in Javaé. (Eduardo Ribeiro 2016, p.c.) | Ethnologue, Rodrigues (1999:167), and Ribeiro (2006) all list Karajá as a single language. On the contrary, Campbell (2012:94) distinguishes Karajá and Javaé (Javaje, Javae) as separate languages, and Crevels (2012) distinguishes 3 languages: Javaé (Karajá), Karajá (Carajá, Iny), and Xambioá (Karajá do Norte, Ixybiowa, Iraru Mahãdu). Typically included in the Macro-Je hypothesis. | Brazil; | South America | -9.983486,-50.284753 |
4,191 | gbd | Karajarri | Karrajarri; Garadjiri; Garadyari; Guradjara; Gard’are; Karatjarri; Karadjari; Garadjeri; Karadhari; Garadjara; Laradjeri; Naudu; Nadja; Nadjanadja; Kularupulu; Nawudu; Nawurungainj; Minala;Karadjeri; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Pama-Nyungan; Marrngu | Nawurtu; Nangu; Najanaja; | Australia; | Australia | -18.71361155,122.0338064 | ||
4,476 | kzr | Karang | Kareng; Mbum; Mbum-East; Laka; Lakka; Eastern Mbum; Lakka Mbum; Mbum Bakal; Nzák Kàráng; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Karang; Sakpu; Ngomi; Mbere; | Cameroon;Chad; | Africa | 8.223723, 14.935707 | ||
2,311 | kth | Karanga | Kurunga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Maban | Karanga; Kashmere; Bakha; Koniéré; | Chad; | Africa | 8.3093,15.3588 | ||
2,367 | kpt | Karata | Karatai; каратинский язык; კარატაული ენა; Karatin; КIкIирлIи мацIцIи; Kirdi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | Anchix; Tokita; | Karata belongs to the Andi subgroup of the northwest Dagestan languages (the Avar-Ando-Dido languages) in the Caucasian language family. Two dialects (Karata, Tokita) and four subdialects (Anchikh, Archi, Ratsitl and Rachabalda) are distinguishable. The Karata and Tokita dialects differ both in regard to phonetics and morphology, but they are mutually comprehensible. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.5833333333,46.3333333333 | |
3,231 | xrw | Karawa | Bulawa | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 44 | Sepik; Ram | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.09628868,147.8647003 | |||
10,630 | tzx | Karawari | Tabriak | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,300 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Lower Sepik | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.49, 143.59 | |||
5,640 | mjw | Karbi | Mikir; Arleng; Manchati; Karbi Karbak; Arleng Alam; Nihang; Puta; Naga-Mikir | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >150,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Karbic | Chingthang; Mirlong; Rong Kethang | Thriving in some areas, endangered in others. | India; | South Asia | ||
2,368 | krl | Karelian | karjala; карельский язык; Karelian proper; Karelisch; carélien; karely; Sobstvenno-Karel’skij-Jazyk; Karely; Karelian Proper; Karel’skiy Jazyk; Severno-Karel’skij; karel΄skij jazyk; karjalan kieli; venäjänkarjalaisten kieli; Russisch-Karelisch; Olonetzisch-Lüdisch; Gárjilgiella | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 63,000 | Uralic; Finnic | Southern Karelian; Northern Karelian; Novgorod; Tver; Olonets Karelian; | Karelian belongs to the North group of the Baltic-Finnic language, with the closest related language being Finnish. Some scholars do not regard Karelian as a separate language at all, but classify it as an eastern dialect of the Finnish language. However, it should be considered a separate language because of its geo-political location within the boundaries of another state. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia;Finland; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 64.0,32.0 | |
586 | kbj | Kari | Kare; Li-Kari-Li; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 4.8392,25.5432 | |||
2,114 | car | Kari’nja | Kari’nya; Carib; Galibí; Galibi; Kalinya; Cariña; Caribe; Karínya; Kali’na; Kalihna; Maraworno; Marworno; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~8,600 | Cariban; Guianan | Murato (Myrato, Western Carib), Tabajari. (Eastern dialect primarily in eastern Suriname and in French Guiana and Brazil; western dialect in central and western areas of Suriname and in Guyana and Venezuela.) | Gildea (2012:80) lists Kari’nja among the Cariban languages not yet classified within possible subgroups. Kaufman (2007) places it in his Guianan Branch. | Brazil;Venezuela;Guyana;Suriname;French Guiana; | South America | 5.5,-56.0 | |
2,120 | bql; bila1257 | Karian | Karen; Bilakura; Banks-Inseln | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few dozen speakers or less | Trans-New Guinea; Madang; Northern Adelbert; Numugenan; Karian-Usan-Yaben | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.93,145.56 | |||
4,380 | kgn | Karingani | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,600 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036,48.2519 | ||||
3,107 | kuq | Karipuna | Karipúna do Guaporé; Caripuna; Jau-Navo; Juanauo; Karipuná de Rondônia; Kagwahiva; Karipuna; Karipuna do Guapore; Parintintín/Tenharim/Juma; Kawahib/Paranawat/Pawaté-Wirafed; Tukumanfed; Diahoi [Jiahui; Djahui; Diarroi]; Ah’e; Kagwahiva; Kari; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Kawahib | Jacaria, Pama (Pamana) | Brazil; | South America | -10.0,-65.0 | ||
3,106 | ktn | Karitiana | Karitiâna; Caritiana; Karitiána; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 320 | Tupian; Arikem | Brazil; | South America | -9.5,-64.0 | |||
5,018 | kil | Kariya | Kariyu; Kauyawa; Lipkawa; Vinahe; Wihe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.908788, 9.774494 | |||
5,558 | vka | Kariyarra | Kariera; Karriara; Kariyara; Gariera; Kyreara; Kaierra; Minjiburu:; Minjubururu; Minjirbururu; Kudjunguru; Paljarri; Kariera-Ngaluma; Karriarra; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Australia; | Australia | -21.09237034,117.6641089 | |||
10,680 | yuj | Karkar-Yuri | Karkar; Yuri | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >1,000 | Pauwasi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
5,641 | adi-kar | Karko (India) | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | |||||
1,857 | kko | Karko (Sudan) | Garko; Kithonirishe; Nubian (Hill); Ajang; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8,000 | Nubian | Tabaq | Karko and Wali [wll] speakers often identify themselves as speaking the same language, called Ajang… the term ‘Ajang’ is used among several Nuba Mountain languages of the Nubian group to refer to their common identity. (Krell 2012) | Sudan; | Africa | 11.931389,29.442778 | |
1,368 | arr | Karo (Brazil) | Arara, Urukú, Káro | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Tupian; Ramaraman | Brazil; | South America | -10.3333333333,-62.0 | |||
4,462 | kxh | Karo (Ethiopia) | Kerre; Cherre; Kere; Hamar-Koke; Amar; “etc.”; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; South Omotic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.2003,36.0681 | |||
2,224 | xkx | Karore | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 550 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.1542,149.8205 | ||||
6,689 | 1j3 | Kartujarra | Kartutjara; Kardutjara; Kadaddjara; Kardutjarra; Kiadjara; Gardudjara; Gagudjara; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -23.27912297,121.7321284 | |||
2,297 | kyh | Karuk | Karok; Karuk; Quoratem; Charoc; Quoratean; | Isolate; North American | USA; | North America | 41.7929,-123.3763 | |||||
4,159 | ccj | Kasanga | Cassanga; Kassanga; I-Hadja; Haal; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 12.2702,-16.1553 | |||
1,534 | kju | Kashaya | Southwestern Pomo; Southwest Pomo; Kashayn; Kashia; | Pomoan | USA; | North America | 38.6603,-123.3045 | |||||
3,454 | csb | Kashubian | Cassubian; Kaszubski; Cashubian; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 | Indo-European; Balto-Slavic; Slavic; West Slavic | Kashubian Proper; Slovincian; | Poland; | Europe | 54.356076, 17.893982 | ||
5,885 | 1l3 | Kasong | Song; Chong of Trat | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40 | Austro-Asiatic; Pearic; Central Chong | Distinct language often confused with Chong (cog). Some consider it a dialect of Suoy. Also Song (1l3) of Mon-Khmer is different from Song (soa) of Tai-Kadai though both of them are spoken in Thailand. | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 13.228214,99.852433 | ||
2,032 | bqy | Kata Kolok | Benkala Sign Language; Bengkala Sign Language; Balinese Sign Language | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~175 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
3,103 | xat | Katawixi | Catauisi; Catauichí; Catawixi; Catauixi; Catawishi; Catauichi; Hewadie; Katawishi; Katawishí; Katawishi; Quatausi | Dormant () | 0? | Harakmbut-Katukinan; Katukinan | Brazil; | South America | -8.8416,-66.0937 | |||
5,193 | ykt | Kathu | Gasu | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 24.136,105.249 | |||
3,979 | bsh | Kati | Bashgali; Kativiri; Nuristani; Bašgalī | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,700-5,100 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Nuristani | Western Kativiri; Mumviri; Eastern Kativiri | Afghanistan;Pakistan; | South Asia;Near East | 35.420967, 71.292564 | ||
4,355 | kcr | Katla | Akalak; Kalak; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,200 | Niger-Congo; Katla-Tima | Kiddu; Kirkpong; Karoka; Kateik; Bombori; Julud; Koldrong; | Sudan; | Africa | 11.8333333333,29.3333333333 | ||
4,005 | kav | Katukina | Catuquina; Pidádiapá; Catuquino; Katukína; Katukina do Jutaí | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 550 | Harakmbut-Katukinan; Katukinan | Cutiadapa (Kutia-Dyapa) | The number of distinct languages within Katukinan is not certain, and Katukina and Kanamarí may not be distinct languages. Campbell (2012:91) has Dyapá (dialects or languages) (also known as Southern Katukinan, Tshom-Djapá [Txunhuã-Djapá], Canamarí, Kanamarí) (perhaps the same as Tucundiapa (Tucano Dyapa, Hondiapa/Hon-Dyapá)]). Aikhenvald and Dixon (1999: 343) have for Katukinan: Kanamarí, Katukina do Biá, Txunhuã-Djapá, and Katawixí. Adelaar (2007: 180) has two languages, Katawixi and Katukina Lato, which has three varieties: Kanamarí, Katukina do Biá, and Tyohon Dyapa. | Brazil; | South America | -5.6159,-68.7304 | |
3,102 | knt | Katukina do Acre | Katukina; Katukína, Panoan; Catuquina; Kamanawa; Kamannaua; Katukina do Juruá; Wanninawa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 318 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Brazil; | South America | -6.4899, -69.2578 | |||
3,099 | kbb | Katxúyana | Kashuyana-Warikyana; Kaxuiana; Kaxuiâna; Kashuyana; Kashujana; Kachuana; Kaxuyâna; Kahyana; Kaxúyana; Katxúyana; Warikiana; Warikyana; Werikyana; Ingarïnyana; Ingarüna; Xikuyana; Txikuyana; Xikïyana; Txikïyana; Pauxi; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <150 | Cariban; Parukotoan | Pawiyana; Pawixi; Pauxi; Shikuyana; Warikyana; | “One dialect … is spoken by people under 50 in multiple villages of the Parque do Tumucumaque, plus in at least two villages in their traditional homelands along an easterly tributary of the Trombetas named the Rio Cachorro (in Katxuyana, the /Katxuru/ River, hence the name Katxuu-yana ‘people of the Katxuru’). The other is spoken by the elders (over 50) in these same villages, and by speakers of all ages in the two villages along the Nhamundá River … self-identified speakers of Xikuyana and Katxuyana have both told me that there are differences between them: some members of the subordinate group, the Xikuyana, insist that their language is not mutually intelligible with Katxuyana, whereas the dominant group, the Katxuyana, describe Xikuyana was “the same Katxuyana, just pronounced a little more smoothly”. In my own work with both groups, I was unable to identify any differences at all between the two, so although each labels a clear social construct, I do not consider them to be major dialects.” (Spike Gildea, personal communication, October, 2014.) | Brazil; | South America | 2.043,-55.4589 | |
10,745 | bpp | Kaure | Kaureh, Kaurne | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Kaure | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.347215, 139.812557 | |||
5,871 | Kaurna | Kaura; Coorna; Koornawarra; Nganawara; Kurumidlanta; Milipitingara; Widninga; Winnaynie; Meyu; Winaini; Winnay-nie; Wakanuwan; Adelaide tribe; Warra; Warrah; Karnuwarra; Jaitjawar:a; Padnaindi; Padnayndie; Medaindi; Medain-die; Merildekald; Merelde; Gaurna; Nantuwara; Nantuwaru; Meljurna; Midlanta; | Awakening () | >50 | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Australia; | Australia | -34.34966141,138.4800794 | ||||
4,176 | ckv | Kavalan | Kuwarawan; Kiwarawa; Kuvarawan; Kibalan; Kiwaraw; Kuvalan; Kavarauan; Kvalan; Shekwan; Cabaran; Kabalan; Kabaran; Kamalan; Kavanan; Kbalan; Sprache von Formosa; 噶瑪蘭語 | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ? | Austronesian; East Formosan; Northern East Formosan | Kareovan | Taiwan; | East Asia | 23.978097,121.605898 | ||
2,225 | kcb | Kawacha | Kawatsa; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Trans-New Guinea; Angan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.96, 146.21 | |||
2,295 | xaw | Kawaiisu | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Numic | USA; | North America | 35.0589,-118.4026 | ||||
3,149 | kyz | Kawaiwete | Kayabí; Kajabí; Caiabi; Parua; Maquiri; Caiabí; Paruá; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Tupi-Kawahib | Brazil; | South America | -11.0,-55.5 | ||||
3,101 | alc; qawa1238 | Kawésqar | Kawesqar; Kaweskar; Qawasqar; Kawashkar; Qawashqar; Halakwalup; Pecheré; Southern Alacaluf; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | About 10 | Kawesqaran (Alacalufan) | Kawésqar; Tawóqser; Alakaluf | Chile; | South America | -49.0731, -74.2438 | ||
3,100 | ktx | Kaxararí | Cacharari; Kashararí; Kaxariri; Kaxarari; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Brazil; | South America | -9.5682,-66.1596 | |||
1,132 | gyd | Kayardild | Gayardild; Bentinck Islanders; Gaiardilt; Gajadild; Gajardild; Gajardilt; Gaja dilt; Gayadilt; Gayardilt; Gaya dilt; Kaiadil; Kaiadilt; Madunun; Maldanunda; Malununda; Malununde; Mardunung; Marlanunda; Gajadilt; Southern Tangkic; Yangkaal-Kayardild; South Wellesley; Guyadilt; Ngarrkuwa Kangk; Rarumbanda Kangk; Bandingkawanda Kangk; Bentinck Language; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Tangkic | Australia; | Australia | -17.08808051,139.4873823 | |||
1,892 | kzl; kaye1241 | Kayeli | Kajeli; Cajeli; Caeli; Gaeli; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Seram; Nunusaku | Lumaete (Lumaiti, Lumara, Mumaite); Kayeli; Leliali (Liliali); | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.39,127.1008 | ||
10,553 | wnp | Kayik | Wanap; Menandon; Minendon | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 769 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
4,189 | gbb | Kaytetye | Kaiditj; Kaititj; Gaididj; Kaititja; Kaitije; Katitja; Katitcha; Katitya; Kaitish; Kaddakie; Kadda-kie; Kaitidji; Kaitiji; Kaititje; Katitch-a; Kat-titch-a; Kat-tit-ya; Kaytej; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Australia; | Australia | -20.61525316,134.235744 | |||
1,894 | kzu | Kayupulau | Kajupulau; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 573 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.5464,140.725 | |||
7,252 | 1hl | Kazhuo | 卡卓語 | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,341 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | They are descendants of a Mongol army which probably settled about 700 years ago and married local Nisu women. There are no identfiable vestiges of Mongol in their speech. | China; | East Asia | |||
4,386 | khh | Kehu | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.19, 136.14 | ||||
4,363 | kec | Keiga | Yega; Keiga-Timero; Keiga-Al-Kheil; Demik; Aigang; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,070 | Kadu | Demik; Keiga; | Sudan; | Africa | 11.3184,29.696 | ||
1,895 | kdy; kede1239 | Keijar | Keder | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Tor-Kwerba; Orya-Tor; Coastal Tor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.043,139.0979 | |||
3,257 | xel | Kelo | Tornasi; Kelo-Beni Sheko; Ndu-Faa-Keelo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Eastern Jebel | Beni Sheko; Kelo; | South Sudan; | Africa | 9.4463,34.0219 | ||
2,086 | kyo | Kelon | Kelong; Kalong; Klon | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Probur; Panggar; Halerman; Gendok; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.400314,124.420714 | ||
381 | kem | Kemak | Ema; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 72,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Kemak; Nogo; | Indonesia;East Timor; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -8.933758,125.175292 | ||
1,897 | xkwkemb1250 | Kembra | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 | Lepki-Murkim-Kembra | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.908,140.3942 | ||||
573 | klf | Kendeje | Yaali; Kindeje | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Maban | Yaali; Faranga; | Chad; | Africa | 13.6299,21.5771 | ||
551 | kvm | Kendem | Bokwa-Kendem; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 5.7061,9.6377 | |||
10,775 | Kene | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.495850,166.754963; | |||||
4,463 | kxi | Keningau Murut | Central Murut | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Ambual; Dusun Murut; Nabay | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.366803,116.201303 | ||
1,260 | kns | Kensiu | Mos; Mengo; Tiong; Mawas; Belubn; Kenseu; Kensieu; Kensiw; Moniq; Monik; Mendi; Ngok Pa; Orang Bukit; Orang Liar; Kense; Sakai; Maniq; Moni; Menik; Meni; Jarum; Semang Proper (of Ulu Krian); Semang; Semang-Dialekte | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Maniq | Kensiu Batu; Ulu Selama; Kedah; Kentaq Nakil; Kensiu Siong; Jeher; Plus; Ijoh; Jarum | Thailand;Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 7.1712,99.7915 | ||
7,871 | xnz | Kenuzi | Kenuz; Kunuzi; Kenzi; Nubian (Kunuz); Kenzy; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 | Nubian | Libya;Egypt; | Africa | 24.153025, 32.880436; 24.488818, 32.944988; 24.827344, 28.684071 | |||
9,569 | kuk | Kepo’ | Kepoq; Kepo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; West Flores | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
4,179 | clk; idum1241 | Kera’a | Idu-Mishmi; Idu; Midu; Lho-Pa; “Chulikata”; “Chulikotta”; Ida; Midhi; Yidu Luoba; Chulikatta; Idu Mishmi; Chulikātā Mishmi; Neda; Methun; Bebejiya; 義都語; 珞巴 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Trans-Himalayan/Tibeto-Burman; Digarish; Kera’a-Tawrã | Kera’a (Midu & Mithu); Tawrã (Digaru Mishmi) | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 28.5501,96.0957 | ||
2,429 | krk | Kerek | керекский язык | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Chukotko-Kamchatkan; Chukotkan | Khatyrka; Mainypilgino; | Kerek used to be classified as a dialect of Chukchee, but it has idiosyncratic features suggesting, on the one hand, a non-Chukchee-Koryak (probably Eskimo-Aleut) substrate, and, on the other hand, transitionality towards Koryak; the superficial similarity of Kerek with Chukchee can also be due to secondary Chukchee areal influence on Kerek. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 62.25,175.0 | |
10,724 | Kesha’i | Keša’i; Keši | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest Iranian; Central Plateau | “The speakers of Keša’i call their vernacular ozmun dahâhi ‘village language’, an endonym shared by some kindred dialects.” | Iran; | Near East | 33.23, 51.47 | |||
2,430 | ket | Ket | Imbak; кетский язык; Yenisei Ostyak; Yenisey Ostiak; Imbatski-Ket; Остыганна ӄа’; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Yeniseian; Northern Yeniseian | “The Ket language belongs to the Ket Assan (Yenisey) group of the Paleo-Asiatic languages. Kott (Kot), Arin, Assan (Asan) also belong to this group but these people have been assimilated by either the Khakass, Evenks or Russians. The Kets are the only living people of the western Paleo-Asiatic group. The generic origin of the language is not clear, but it is assumed that it is related to the Sino-Tibetan or North-Caucasian languages. ” – The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 64.0,87.0 | ||
4,451 | ktt | Ketum | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Trans-New Guinea; Awyu | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.35, 140.60 | ||||
1,887 | xkv | Kgalagadi | Khalagari; Khalakadi; Kxhalaxadi; Qhalaxarzi; Shekgalagadi; Sekgalagadi; Kgalagari; Qhalaxadi; Kalahari; Qalaqarzi; Kxalaxari; Kxhxlaxadi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Koma; Kgalagadi; Phaleng; Kenyi; Rhiti; Siwane; Khakhae; Balaongwe; Ngologa; Shaga; Pedi; | Botswana;Namibia; | Africa | |||
2,434 | kjh | Khakas | Khakhas; Abakan Tatar; хакасский язык; Хакас тілі; Xakas tįlį; тадар тілі; Hakasça; Hakas Türkçesi; Yenisei Tatar; Sagaijer; South Siberian Turkic; Abaqan; Khakhass; Xakas; Kamacintzi; ハカス語; 하카스어; 哈卡斯语; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Yenisei Turki | Sagai; Kamassian; Shor; Beltir; Kacha; Kyzyl | “The Khakass language belongs to the Uighur-Oguz group in the eastern Hun branch of the Turkic languages. It has its genetic origin in the ancient Uighur language unity. The Khakass language is an aggregation of different tribal languages, and it has achieved its present form only during the 20th century. More colourful dialectal peculiarities have been levelled by the unified language. Former tribal languages constitute the dialects of the Khakass language. The internal Sagai dialect is spoken in the regions of Askyz and Tashtyp (the Beltyr subdialect forming a special group), the Katshin dialect in the regions of Ust-Abakan, Altai and Shirin, the Kyzyl dialect in the Saralin and Shirin regions, the Shor dialect (NB! not the language) in the Tashtyp region. The Sagai and the Kachin dialects have the greatest number of speakers and are the most widespread. ” – The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 53.0,90.0 | |
4,396 | klj | Khalaj | Turkic Khalaj, Chaladsch, Arghu | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Turkic, Southern | Iran; | Near East | 34.3751, 50.3063 | |||
4,408 | klr | Khaling | Rai; Kaling; Khalinge Rai; Khael Bra; Khael Baat | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 27.5781,86.7163 | |||
4,346 | kbg | Khamba | Khamba Khaadi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,330 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | India; | South Asia | 29.0105,94.7653 | |||
10,482 | Khamnigan Ewenki | Khamnigan Evenki; Khamnigan Tungus; Horse Tungus; Tungus Evenki; 通古斯鄂溫克 | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Tungusic; Northern Tungusic | two different dialectal forms | Khamnigan in the technical sense refers to the Khamnigan ethnic group, and their common community language was Khamnigan Mongol. However, historically a considerable part of the Khamnigan also have spoken dialects of Ewenki, a Tungusic language. (Juha Janhunen, p.c.) | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 49.296, 119.797 | ||
8,234 | 1lj | Khamnigan Mongol | Khamnigan; Kamnigan; Hamunikan; Xamnigan;哈姆尼堪; 汗尼幹蒙古語; хамниганский язык | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Northern Common Mongolic | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 49.296, 119.797 | |||
1,425 | kht; kham1290 | Khamti | Hkamti; Khampti; Khamti Shan; Khampti Shan; Khandi Shan; Kam Ti; Tai Kam Ti; Tai-Khamti; Kamti; Kham(p)ti; Hkampti; Shan; Khampti Sam; Hkampti Shan; Tai Khamti | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000 speakers total: 8,000 in Northwest Myanmar (Burma) and 6,000 in Assam in Northeast India | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Southwestern Tai | North Burma Khamti; Assam Khamti; Sinkaling Hkamti | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 26.0522,97.1739;26.0312,92.5127 | ||
1,424 | ksu | Khamyang | Khamjang; Khamiyang; Shyam; Tai Khamyang | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Southwestern Tai | India; | South Asia | 26.89, 93.99 | |||
4,397 | kjm | Kháng | Khaang; Tayhay; Tay Hay; Xa; Xá Khao; Xa Xua; Xa Don; Xa Dang; Xa Hoc; Xa Ai; Xa Bung; Quang Lam; Hang; Bren; Ksakautenh; Putenh; Pouteng; Teng; Theng; Xa Suak | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,921 | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Bit-Khang | Kháng Clau; Kháng Ai | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 22.0333,102.6666 | ||
5,618 | khr | Kharia | Haria; Kharvi; Khatria; Kheria; Khadia; Khariya; Khaɽia | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Kharia-Juang | Mirdha-Kharia; Dhelki Kharia; Dudh Kharia | Thriving in some areas, endangered in others; the reported numbers of speakers are probably too low. | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 22.5,84.3333333333 | ||
10,911 | kaf | Khatso | Kazhuo; 喀卓; Katso; 卡卓; Gazhuo; 嘎卓; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,432 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Lolo–Burmese; Loloish; | China; | East Asia | 24.148024, 102.664922 | |||
3,814 | kqg | Khe | Kheso; Bambadion-Kheso; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,300 in Burkina Faso | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Burkina Faso;Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 10.004691, -4.240826 | |||
5,643 | xkf | Khengkha | Khenkha; Khen; Keng; Ken; Kyengkha; Kenkha | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~40,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Upper Kheng; Lower Kheng; Middle Kheng | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.0786,91.0272 | ||
5,644 | nkh | Khezha Naga | Kheza; Kezami; Khezhama; Khezha; Kezhama; Keźama; Naga, Khezha | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <23,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Angami-Pochuri | India; | South Asia | 25.6811,94.367 | |||
5,645 | kix | Khiamniungan Naga | Khiamngan; Aoshedd; Khiemnungan; Khiamniungan; Kalyokengnyu; Nokaw; Welam; Naga, Khiamniungan | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 47,800 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India; | South Asia | 26.229961,95.035461 | |||
2,436 | kjj | Khinalugh | Xinalug; Xinaliq; Khinalug; Khinalugi; каьтш мицI; kätš micʼ; хиналугский язык; kaʕtʃ mitsʼ; kätš; kätiš; kättid mic’; Xınalıq dili; kətşi mi; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian | Azerbaijan; | Caucasus | 41.1666666667,48.0833333333 | |||
3,815 | kqm | Khisa | Komono; Khi Khipa; Kumwenu; Khi; Khise; Khi-sɛ; Khi-sa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Burkina Faso;Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | ||||
3,252 | xkc | Kho’ini | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036,48.2519 | |||||
8,249 | naq | Khoekhoe | Khoekhoegowap; Khoekhoegowab; Khoe; Bergdama; Nama; Dama; Naman; Namakwa; Namaqua; Maqua; Tama; Tamma; Tamakwa; Berdama; Bergdamara; Damara; Damaqua; Khoi; Khiri; Grikwa; Griqua; Xrikwa; Xirikwa; Gry; Gri; “Kakuya Bushman Nasie”; “Rooi Nasie”; “Cape Hottentot”; “Hottentot”; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 190,000-210,000 | Khoe; Khoekhoe | ǂAkhoe, Hai||om, Gaub Damara, Sesfontein, Namidama, Central Nama, Gobabis, Bondelswarts | South Africa;Botswana;Namibia; | Africa | -20.313721, 14.968872; -22.654572, 17.017822; -28.352734, 16.864014; -19.414792, 17.896729 | ||
5,647 | khw | Khowar | Khowār; Citālī; Čitarī; Arnyiā; Arniyā; Qāšqarī; Khawar; Chitrali; Citrali; Chitrari; Arniya; Patu; Qashqari; Kashkari; Dardu | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | North Khowar; Swat Khowar; South Khowar; East Khowar | Can be marginally considered threatened, but as a local lingua franca, it should not be considered endangered per se in Pakistan. In India on the other hand, it should be considered to reflect incipient endangerment. | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 36.0,72.0 | |
6,108 | sgh-khu | Khufi | Khuf; Chuf; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,380 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | The Khufi language is one of the Iranian languages of the Indo-European language group, belonging to the northern group of the Pamir languages. The Roshani language is the closest related language to Khufi and some authors consider Khufi to be a dialect of Roshani. The divergences in their vocabularies are rare and inessential; the basic differences lie in the phonetics. Of importance is, however, that the Khufis consider themselves a separate people. | Afghanistan; | Near East | 37.859500, 71.603726 | ||
2,209 | kfm; khun1255 | Khunsari | Kuk; Khwanshari | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwestern Iranian; Nuclear Central Iran; Kermanic; | Khunsari; Judeo-Khunsari | Iran; | Near East | 32.8795,51.6796 | ||
2,505 | khv | Khvarshi | Khwarshi; Xvarshi; хваршинский язык; ხვარშიული ენა; Kedaes hikwa; Khvarshin; Khwarshi; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Tsezic | Inxokvari; Xvarshi; | The Khvarshi language belongs to the Dido subgroup of the northwestern group of the Dagestan languages and is divided into two: the Khvarshi and the Inhokari dialects. The Inhokari dialect has in turn three vernaculars. Loan-words have been absorbed into the Khvarshi vocabulary throughout the centuries, from the Avar, Arab, Turkish and Georgian languages. In the 20th century Russian has exerted the strongest influence particularly in terms of political and technical vocabulary. The Khvarshi do not have a written language of their own, instead, they use that of the Avar. Avar has become the common language for communication and the mother tongue has been reduced to home usage within the Khvarshi community. The Khvarshi language has been little researched. The first records of the language were made by R. Erckert at the end of the 19th century. During the past 50 years it has been studied more seriously by E. Bokareva, D. Lomaishvili and E. Lomadze. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.25,46.1666666667 | |
7,452 | xuu | Khwe | Kxoe; Khoe; Buga; Mbarakwena; Barakwena; Barakwengo; Hukwe; !Hukwe; Xuhwe; Xu; Zama; Vazama; Cazama; Mbarakwengo; Glanda-Khwe; Schekere; Mbara Kwengo; Kxoedam; Khwedam; Xun; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Khoe; Kalahari | ||Xo-Kxoe; Buga-Kxoe; ||Xom-Kxoe; Kxoedam; Buma-Kxoe; | Khwe [xuu] and ||Ani [hnh] form a dialect cluster. | South Africa;Botswana;Namibia;Angola;Zambia; | Africa | -18.010080, 22.434082; -18.890695, 22.966919; -16.156645, 21.780396 | |
4,181 | frt | Kiai | Fortsenal | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.45, 166.93 | |||
2,205 | blv; bolo1261 | Kibala | Bolo; Haka; Ipala; Kibala-Ngoya; Kimbundu de Kwanza Sul; “Ngoya”; Pala; Quibala; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid; Central-Western Bantu; Mbundu; | Bolo (Libolo, Lubolo); Hebó; Mbwĩ; | Related to Haku, Kimbundu [kmb], Kissama, Sende, Ucela (Imbundu) | Angola; | Africa | -10.4355,14.5901 | ||
10,741 | prm | Kibiri-Porome | Kibiri; Gibiri; Polome; Porome | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1180 | Isolate; Pacific | Aird Hills; Porome | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.45, 144.30 | ||
4,390 | kic | Kickapoo | Kikapoo; Kikapú; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,100 | Algic; Algonquian; Fox | USA;Mexico; | North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 39.6972,-95.7089; 35.4245,-97.0713; 28.6147,-100.4386 | |||
3,565 | sjd | Kildin Saami | Kildin Sámi; Eastern Saami; Kola Saami; кильдинский саамский язык; Кӣллт са̄мь кӣлл; Kiillt saam’ kiill; kiltinänsaame; Gielddasámegiella; Kildin Sami; “Kildin Lappish”; “Lapp”; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Uralic; Saami | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 68.004353, 35.001731 | |||
10,473 | Kilen | Sungari Nanay; килен; 赫哲語奇楞方言; Sungari Nanai; Akani; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 in China | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Amur Tungusic | Ethnologue considers Kilen to be part of Nanai [gld], but Prof. Juha Janhunen (2015, p.c.) suggests it should be listed as a separate language. | “The speakers of Kilen on the Chinese side are officially listed as Hezhe (Hedjen, Chinese Nanai). And it is better described as Nanai with Udeghe phonetics.” (Juha Janhunen, p.c.) | Russia;China; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 47.4689, 133.8574 | ||
10,472 | Kili | Kur-Urmi Nanay; Kur-Urmi Nanai; кили | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Amur Tungusic | Ethnologue considers it part of Nanai [gld], but Prof. Juha Janhunen (2015, p.c.) suggests it be listed as a separate language. | Kili is basically Nanai with Ewenki phonetics. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 48.8068, 134.121 | ||
2,293 | klb | Kiliwa | Kiliwi; Quiligua; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8 | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 31.3333333333,-115.666666667 | |||
10,672 | kih | Kilmeri | Kilmera | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,200 | Border; Bewani | Eastern; Western | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.89, 141.19 | ||
4,389 | kia | Kim | Masa; Kosop; Kwasap; Kuasap; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Kosop; Gerep; Garap; Kolop; | Chad; | Africa | 9.91666666667,15.9166666667 | ||
5,147 | sbt | Kimki | Aipki; Kimgi; Sukubatom; Sukubatong | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Isolate | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.27, 140.88 | |||
4,353 | kco | Kinalakna | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 220 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.040325165,147.4664001 | ||||
4,373 | kfk | Kinnauri | Kinnaura Yanuskad; Kanoreunu Skad; Kanorug Skadd; Lower Kinnauri; Kinori; Kinner; Kanauri; Kanawari; Kanawi; Kunawari; Kunawur; Tibas Skad; Kanorin Skad; Kanaury Anuskad; Koonawure; Malhesti; Milchanang; Milchan; Milchang; Kinauri; Kanāwri; Kanāwarī; Kanoreunu Skadd; Kanōrug Skadd; Tibas Skadd; Lower Kanauri; Lower Kănawi; Upper Kanauri; Minchhang; Minchhanäng | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Unknown | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India; | South Asia | 31.58333, 78.41667 | |||
1,262 | knq | Kintaq | Kenta; Kintak; Kintk; Kintaq Bong; Bong | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Maniq | Thailand;Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.75, 101.28 | ||||
4,401 | kkm | Kiong | Akoiyang; Akayon; Okonyong; Okoyong; Iyoniyong; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.2906,8.3523 | |||
867 | kio | Kiowa | Kiowan; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Kiowa-Tanoan | USA; | North America | 35.1016,-98.6197 | |||
653 | apk | Kiowa Apache | Oklahoma Apache; Plains Apache; Kiowa-Apache; Na’isha; Llanero; Na-isha; Apache, Kiowa; | Dormant () | 0 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Apachean | USA; | North America | 35.1018,-98.6033 | |||
9,769 | kyi | Kiput | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Long Tutoh; Long Kiput; Lemiting | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 4, 114.4 | |||
10,652 | geb | Kire | Gire; Giri; Kire-Puire | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,900 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.26, 144.71 | |||
7,931 | okr | Kirike | Okrika; Ịjọ; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 248,000 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Eastern Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
4,395 | kiy | Kirikiri | Kirira; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Lakes Plain | Kirikiri; Faia; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.0,137.166666667 | ||
4,394 | kis | Kis | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 216 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.509520054,142.7848358 | ||||
4,785 | mlk | Kiwilwana | Ilwana; “Malakote”; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Kenya; | Africa | 0.706844,39.802647 | |||
2,292 | clm | Klallam | Clallam; S’klallam; Na’klallam; Nəxʷsƛ’áy’əmucən; Klellam; nəxʷsƛʼáyʼəmʼucən; | Awakening () | Salishan; Central Salish | Becher Bay; Western; Eastern; | USA; | North America | 47.8475,-122.585 | |||
2,291 | kla | Klamath-Modoc | Lutuami; Modoc; Klamath; E-ukshikni; | Awakening () | Plateau | Klamath; Modoc | USA; | North America | 42.5,-121.5 | |||
4,182 | fuj | Ko | Kau; Fungor; Fungur; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,680 | Niger-Congo; Heiban; Eastern Heiban | Kau; Nyaro; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.6714,30.8386 | ||
843 | cku | Koasati | Coushatta; Koasáti; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Muskogean | USA; | North America | 30.083333,-92.116667;30.709444, -94.934444 | |||
4,352 | kcj | Kobiana | Cobiana; Uboi; Buy; Guboy; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 12.4017,-16.3229 | |||
4,359 | kdq | Koch | Koc; Kocch; Koce; Kochboli; Konch | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Tintekiya; Banai; Harigaya; Satpariya; Wanang; Chapra | India;Bangladesh; | South Asia | 25.7603,90.3955 | |||
5,623 | cdz | Koda | Kora; Kōḍā; Kaora; Korali; Korati; Kore; Mudi; Mudikora; Koɖa; Koɽa; Mundari; Mundari-Ho | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | India;Bangladesh; | South Asia | 22.1263,87.0776 | |||
4,365 | kfa | Kodagu | Kodava; Coorge; Kadagi; Khurgi; Kotagu; Kurja; Kurug; Kodava Thak; Koḍagu | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 97,011 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | This may be more than one language. Incipient endangerment. | India; | South Asia | 12.1666666667,76.8333333333 | ||
1,899 | vko; kode1237 | Kodeoha | Kondeha; Kondea | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.4147,120.9155 | |||
2,090 | 1hs | Kodiak Russian Creole | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pidgin or Creole; Russian based | Russia;USA; | Caucasus;Europe;North America;East Asia | 65.700241, -174.149151 | ||||
5,019 | kcs | Koenoem | Kanam; Korenoem; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
1,965 | kso | Kofa | Kota; Gbwata; Batta; Demsa Bata; Gboati; Gbwate; Bete; Birsa; Dunu; Gwate; Dii; Muleng; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Malabu; Ribaw; Zumu; Demsa; Ndeewe; Wadi; Jirai; Garoua; Kobotachi; | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
1,900 | kpi; kofe1239 | Kofei | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | East Geelvink Bay; Barapasi-Sauri-Kofei | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.3833,136.7907 | ||||
5,648 | kkt | Koi | Koyu; Kohi; Koyi; Koi Bo’o; Koyu Bo’ | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-3,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Sungdel; Behere | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.3607,86.8661 | ||
4,867 | nkd | Koireng | Kwoireng; Koirng; Kolren; Koren; Quoireng; Liyang; Liyangmai; Liangmai; Liangmei; Lyengmai | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,410 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 24.2319,93.7463 | |||
2,227 | kqi | Koitabu | Koita; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,700 | Trans-New Guinea; Koiarian | West Koita; East Koita; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.33333333333,147.083333333 | ||
10,612 | kxt | Koiwat | Sawos | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~450 | Sepik; Ndu | Koiwat is included within Laycock’s (1973) “Sawos language”, which he admits may consist of multiple languages, noting that “no real dialect surveys have been undertaken”. The classifications here follow the survey work of Staalsen (1975). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.03, 143.62 | ||
6,692 | gko | Kok-Nar | Gundara; Gog Nar; Kundara; Koko-Nari; Koko-Nar; Koko-Nhang; Kuk-Narr; Kuuk-Nhang; Kok Narr; Kok Nhang; Kundar; Koknar; Gugu Nar; Gugu Nhang; Kuantari; Goondarra; Wangara; Wanggara; Kokowanggara; Kokawan-gar; Kokatabul; Kokodaue; Koko-daua; Oikand; Kok Nar; Kok-Narr; Kwanthar | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -16.17852418,141.5751913 | ||
4,445 | ktd | Kokatha | Aluna; Cocotah; Cookutta; Geebera; Gogada; Gugada; Kakarrura; Keibara; Kokatja; Kokitta; Kokit-ta; Koocatho; Koogatho; Koogurda; Kookata; Kookatha; Kotit-ta; Ku:gurda wongga; Kugurda; Ku-gurda; Kukata; Kukataja; Kukatha; Kukatja; Madun-tara; Madutara; Maduwonga; Madu-wonga; Maiuladjara; Maiulatara; Matuntara; Nganitjiddia; Nganitjidi; Nganitjini; Wanggamadu; Wongamardu; Yallingarra; Gogoda; Kokata | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -29.40268488, 133.4980182 | |||
574 | kou | Koke | Khoke; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Chad; | Africa | 10.8575,18.1315 | |||
10,760 | okg | Koko Babangk | Kok Peponk; Kok-Babonk; Koko Kunaniy; Kok-Papangk; Kok-Paponk | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Koko-Bera; Kok-Wap; Kok-Peponk | Australia; | Australia | -15.826024, 141.480158 | ||
4,402 | kkp | Koko-Bera | Koko Bera; Kukaberra; Kungkara; Konanin; Goona-nin; Gunani; Gunanni; Goonamin; Goonamon; Koko papung; Kokopapun; Ba:bung; Kokobera; Kok Kaber; Gugu Bera; Kok-Kaper; Kok-Per; (Yirrq-) Kongarrlh; Kok-Kapér; Kok-Chel; Koko Pera; Kokopera; Kukubera; Berang; Paperyn;Gugubera; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <15 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -15.46465646,142.0337612 | |||
4,232 | kkk | Kokota | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -7.94, 159.168; -8.1906, 159.222 | ||||
10,809 | kol | Kol | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Isolate; Pacific | “At present. Kol has not been demonstrated to form bona-fide family with any of the other languages of Britain (Dunn et al. 2005a, 2002, 2005b, Stebbins 2009) but there are promising similarities between the noun class systems of Kol and the Baining languages that must be examined as soon as a more extensive description of Kol is published (cf. Stebbins 2009:229, 238)” (Hammarström, forthcoming). | Vanuatu; | Pacific | ||||
6,693 | 0hr | Kolakngat | Kolacgnat; Coligan; Kolijon; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -38.471266,143.422444 | ||
3,801 | klc | Kolbila | Kolbilari; Kolbilla; Kolena; Kolbili; Zoono; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few hundred | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon; | Africa | 8.21149,12.677794 | |||
3,161 | yux | Kolyma Yukaghir | Forest Yukagir; Southern Yukagir; южноюкагирский язык; Forest Yukaghir; Jukagirisch; Odul; Kolyma; Kolym; Southern Yukaghir; Одул; Одун ажуу; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~40 | Yukaghir | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 65.75,150.833333333 | |||
4,416 | kmm | Kom | Kom Rem; Kolhreng | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,467 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Kolhreng | India; | South Asia | 24.0414,93.6639 | ||
10,563 | xbi | Kombio | Anamagi; Endangen | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,970 | Torricelli; Kombian | East Kombio (Wampurun); North Kombio (Mwi); South Kombio (Yanimoi); West-Central Kombio (Wampukuamp) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.48, 142.69 | ||
3,279 | koi | Komi-Permyak | Komi; Permyak; Komi-Perm; коми-пермяцкий язык; Komipermjakki; Permin komi; перем коми кыв; Kama Permyak; Komi-Permyat; komi-permjackij jazyk; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 110,000 | Uralic; Permian | South Permyak; North Permyak; Zyudin; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 59.5,54.5 | ||
10,697 | xoi | Kominimung | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 328 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.69, 144.78 | ||||
10,748 | Komnzo | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Morehead-Upper Maro | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8.702164, 141.587799 | |||||
3,233 | xom | Komo | Koma of Daga; Como; Central Koma; Gokwom; Hayahaya; Madiin; Koma; South Koma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,435 | Koman | Chali; Koma of Begi; Beilla; Koma of Daga; | Ethiopia;South Sudan; | Africa | 8.75,33.75 | ||
4,367 | kfc | Konda-Dora | Porja; Koṇḍa; Konḍa (Kūbi); Konda; Konḍa | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | Kubi; Konda-Dora | India; | South Asia | 19.5,83.0 | ||
1,901 | kdw | Koneraw | Konorau; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Trans-New Guinea; Mombum | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.3854,137.9415 | |||
2,290 | mjd | Konkow | Maidu; Maidu, Northwest; Meidoo; Tsamak; Michopdo; Concow; Holólupai; Konkau; Yuba; Secumne; Maiduan; Nákum; Sekumne; Northwest Maidu; Northwestern Maidu; “Digger”; | Maiduan | Pulga; Feather Falls; Nemsu; Eskewi; Challenge; Otaki; Metsupda; | USA; | North America | 39.467,-121.5155 | ||||
3,317 | kma | Konni | Koma; Koni; Komung; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ghana; | Africa | 10.25,-1.58333333333 | |||
5,020 | klk | Kono | Konu; Kwono; Kowono; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,520 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
4,423 | koa | Konomala | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Laket; Konomala; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.169494,152.889711 | |||
5,650 | nbe | Konyak Naga | Konyak; Tableng; Kanyak; Naga, Konyak | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~70,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Sang; Tabu; Tamkhungnyuo; Sima; Shanlang; Hopao; Chinglang; Jakphang; Mohung; Totok; Tableng; Mon; Tolamleinyua; Shamnyuyanga; Shengha; Longching; Ngangching; Tang; Angphang; Mulung; Shunyuo; Gelekidoria; Choha; Chingkao; Kongon; Changnyu; Longmein; Longkhai; Chen; Sowa; Longwa; Tobunyuo; | India; | South Asia | 26.9367,95.1745 | ||
3,232 | xop | Kopar | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 229 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Lower Sepik | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.86342597, 144.5258484 | ||||
10,686 | opk | Kopkaka | Kopka | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.91, 139.93 | |||
1,306 | kqz | Korana | Kora; Korana Hottentot; !Ora; Koranna; !Kora; Koraqua; Gorachouqua; !Gora | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Khoe; Khoekhoe | South Africa; | Africa | -29.5,20.5 | |||
5,621 | kfq | Korku | Kurku; Muwasi; Muasi; Kuri; Bondeya; Bopchi; Korki; Ramekhera; Kurku-Ruma | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Korku | Bondoy; Bouriya; Mawasi; Ruma | Thriving in some areas, endangered in others; the overall number of speakers recorded is likely to be too low. | India; | South Asia | 22.5,78.5 | |
4,375 | kfo | Koro (Cote d’Ivoire) | Koro Jula; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40,000 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | ||||
7,649 | jkr | Koro (India) | Aka; Hrusso; Angka; Angkae; Tenae; Gusso | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800-1,200 | Unclassified; Sino-Tibetan? | Hruso; Levai (Bangru) | India; | South Asia | 27.1667, 92.6312 | ||
4,226 | krf | Koro (Vanuatu) | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Not to be confused with Koro [jkr] spoken in India, or Koro [kfo] spoken in Côte d’Ivoire. | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.3242,167.4728 | |||
1,902 | xkq; koro1311 | Koroni | Oengsongi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki; East Coast | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.6412,121.9894 | |||
5,999 | krp | Korop | Ododop; Durop; Kurop; Dyurop; Erorup; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,640 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 5.101887, 8.711952;5.094364, 8.783175 | |||
4,449 | ktl | Koroshi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 27.190693, 56.300726; 29.601117, 52.542973; | ||||
4,385 | khe | Korowai | Kolufaup; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Trans-New Guinea; Awyu | North Korowai; South Korowai; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.25,140.0 | ||
4,368 | kfd | Korra Koraga | Koragar; Koragara; Korangi; Korra; Koraga; Koraga, Korra | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000 | Dravidian; South-Central Dravidian | Ande; Tappu; Mudu; Onti | India; | South Asia | 11.6952,75.6738 | ||
3,090 | xor | Korubo | Caceteiros; Chankuëshbo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 26 | Pano-Tacanan; Mayoruna | Chankuëshbo | Brazil; | South America | -5.8346,-70.9277 | ||
5,624 | kfp | Korwa | Ernga; Singli; Erngga; Mundari; Mundari-Ho; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >35,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | Majhi-Korwa; | India; | South Asia | 22.4922,84.1552 | ||
2,506 | kpy | Koryak | Nymylan; Korak; корякский язык; нымылан; Korjakische; Koræiki; Koriak; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Chukotko-Kamchatkan; Chukotkan | Apokinskij; Cavcuvenskij; Gin; Itkan; Kamenskij; Palan; Paren; Xatyrskij; | Like the speakers of Chukchee, the Koryak population is divided into two ecological groups known as the Coastal Koryak and the Reindeer or Chavchuven Koryak; in this case, dialectal differences are also involved. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 61.0,167.0 | |
4,393 | kiq | Kosadle | Kosare | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Isolate | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.79, 140.20 | |||
8,869 | kid | Koshin | Kosin; Kaw; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000-3,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
4,428 | kos | Kosraean | Kusaie; Kosrae; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,570 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Lelu-Tafunsak; Malen-Utwe; | Nauru;Micronesia; | Pacific | 5.3,163.0 | ||
4,427 | koq | Kota (Gabon) | Ikota; Ikuta; Kotu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 43,460 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon;Congo; | Africa | 0.207366, 13.721718; 0.255431, 13.974506 | |||
4,369 | kfe | Kota (India) | Kotta; Kowe-Adiwasi; Kother-Tamil; Kôta; Kōta | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | Ko Bashai; Each village that speaks Kota has their own form of the language which they call mānt. Mānt also refers to differences in dialect, usage, vocabulary, or region or age of speaker. For example, Kanmar Mānt refers to when one group of speakers attempt to exclude others. Kolmel Mānt has been the one that has been the standard for linguistic work on Kota language. | India; | South Asia | 11.5,77.1666666667 | ||
2,094 | kvc; kove1237 | Kove | Kaliai-Kove; “Kombe” | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Fewer than 9,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Western Melanesian Oceanic; North New Guinea; Ngero/Vitiaz; Ngero | East Kove; Central Kove (“standard”); West Kove; Kove on Tamunia & Arumigi Islands | Sometimes listed as Kaliai-Kove, but Kaliai (now called Lusi) is a separate language spoken next Kove. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.33,149.30 | |
2,228 | xow | Kowaki | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.63, 145.41 | ||||
2,279 | kwh | Kowiai | Koiwai; Kaiwai; Kuiwai; Aiduma; Kayumerah; Kajumerah; Adi; Namatota; Namatote; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian | Waikala; Namatota; Keroi; Adijaya; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.9437,134.0881 | ||
1,939 | koy | Koyukon | Denaakk’e, Ten’a | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Dene (Athabaskan) | Upper; Central; Lower | “The name Koyukon is not Koyukon in origin or Athabaskan at all; it comes through a Russian spelling for an Eskimo term that a Russian trader decided for no clear reason to apply to the Koyukuk River.” (Krauss 2000) | USA; | North America | 64.881667, -157.704444 | |
5,042 | kpk | Kpan | Eregba; Yorda; Ibukwo; Kpwate; Hwaye; Hwaso; Nyatso; Kpanten; Ikpan; Abakan; Nyonyo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukonoid | Apa; Eregba; Donga; Bissaula; Takum; Kumbo; Kente; | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.58333333333,10.1666666667 | ||
6,000 | kym | Kpatili | Kpatiri; Kpatere; Ngindere; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Central African Republic; | Africa | 5.301989, 21.889473 | |||
5,078 | kef | Kpessi | Kpesi; Kpétsi; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,358-3,100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Togo; | Africa | 7.987795,1.191023; 8.122877, 1.133811 | |||
3,087 | xra | Krahô | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,184 | Jean; Northern Je | Timbíra (Canela [Kanela], Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê). Ethnologue has Krinkati-Timbira (with dialects Krinkati [Karakati] and Timbira). It gives Canela as a separate language, with dialects: Apanjekra (Apanhecra, Apaniekra), Ramkokamekra. It also lists as separate Gavião of Pará (Parakatêjê, Pukobjê), said to be related to Krikati-Timbira, Canela, Krahô; it also has Krahô and Kreye (Krem-Ye, Crenge, Crange, Creye, Crenye, Taze, Tage) as distinct languages. | Brazil; | South America | -8.4071, -47.2851 | |||
5,337 | rka | Kraol | Southern-Central Mnong; Chrau; Crau; Trao | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1960 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Central Bahnaric; South Bahnaric; Mnong | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 13.588,106.9438 | |||
4,440 | krv | Kravet | Kowet; Khvek; Kavet | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,380 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; West Bahnaric; Brao-Kravet | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 14.0175,107.0136 | |||
2,961 | kre | Kreen-Akarore | Kren Akarore; Panará; Ipewí; Kren-Akarore; Creen-Acarore; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250 | Jean; Northern Je | Brazil; | South America | -10.0,-55.0 | |||
3,086 | kqq | Krenak | Botocudo; Aimoré; Nakrehé; Nakpié; Naknyanúk; Etwet; Minyãyirún; Yiporók; Pojitxá; Potén; Krekmún; Bakuén; Aranã; Batachoa; Crenaque; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10 | Krenakan | Brazil; | South America | -15.5,-41.0 | |||
2,670 | xre | Kreye | Crengez; Krenjé; Crenge; Bacabal; Kremye; Kreye; Krem-Ye; Crange; Creye; Crenye; Taze; Tage; Canela; Kanela; Krahó; Pukobyé; | Jean; Northern Je | Kanela; | Timbíra (Canela [Kanela], Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê). Ethnologue has Krahô and Kreye (Krem-Ye, Crenge, Crange, Creye, Crenye, Taze, Tage) as distinct languages from “Canela”. | Brazil; | South America | -2.5644,-46.6589 | |||
5,884 | 1fn | Kri | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Phoongq | Closely related to Maleng/Pakatan and the Vietic Phong. | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.25, 105 | ||
2,671 | xri | Krikatí | Krinkati; Krikati-Timbira; Canela; Kanela; Krenjé; Krahó; Pukobyé; Krikati-Timbita; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 682 | Jean; Northern Je | Timbíra (Canela [Kanela], Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê). Ethnologue has Krinkati-Timbira (with dialects Krinkati [Karakati] and Timbira). It gives Canela as a separate language, with dialects: Apanjekra (Apanhecra, Apaniekra), Ramkokamekra. It also lists as separate Gavião of Pará (Parakatêjê, Pukobjê), said to be related to Krikati-Timbira, Canela, Krahô; it also has Krahô and Kreye (Krem-Ye, Crenge, Crange, Creye, Crenye, Taze, Tage) as distinct languages. | Brazil; | South America | |||
365 | krm | Krim | Kim; Kittim; Kirim; Kimi; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few hundred | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Krim is linguistically the same language as Bom, though their speakers may consider them distinct (Childs 2012). | Sierra Leone; | Africa | 7.2425,-11.9476 | ||
4,381 | kgo | Krongo | Korongo; Kurungu; Kadumodi; Tabanya; Dimodongo; Nuba; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 21,700 | Kadu | Fama-Teis-Kua; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.5,30.0 | ||
4,439 | krr | Kru’ng 2 | Krueng; Kru’ng; Krung; Krɯɱ | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,400 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; West Bahnaric; Brao-Kravet | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 13.57, 106.76 | |||
1,739 | jct | Krymchak | Judeo-Crimean Tatar; Krimchak, крымчакский язык; кърымчах тыльы; Kırımçakça; кримчацька мова; кырымчак тележ Judeo-Crimean Turkish; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Turkic; Kipchak | Closely related to Crimean Tatar. | Georgia;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania; | Caucasus;Europe | 45.0,34.0833333333 | ||
2,508 | kry | Kryts | Kryz; Kryc; Dzek; кърыцIаь мез; qryc’ä mez; цIека meз; c’eka mez; Qrız dili; крызский язык; джекский язык; Kryzy; Katsy; Dzhek; Dzheki; Kjruaj mez; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Yergyudzh; Xaput; Dzhek; Kryz; Alyk; | The Kryz language belongs to the Shahdag subgroup of Southeast or Lezgian-Samur group of the Dagestan languages, together with Budukh and Khinalug, but it has linguistic similarities only with Budukh. ( The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Azerbaijan; | Caucasus | 41.0833333333,48.0 | |
1,937 | kut | Ktunaxa | Kootenai; Kutenai; Kootenay | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 31 | Isolate; North American | USA;Canada; | North America | 50.0500000, -116.0500000 | |||
5,765 | xnh | Kuanhua | 寬話; 寬語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Khmuic | China; | East Asia | ||||
1,066 | cub | Kubeo | Cubeo; Hahänana; Hehenawa; Cuveo; Kobeua; Kubwa; Kobewa; Pamiwa; Kubewa; Pamié; Cubeu; Kobéwa; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,900 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 1.33333333333,-70.5 | |||
5,021 | kof | Kubi | Deno; Denawa; Denwa; Be; Kuba; Kubawa; | Dormant () | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.897368, 10.383350 | |||
4,510 | lkc | Kucong | Cosung; Lahlu; Lahu; 苦聰話 | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~45,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 22.6166,102.75 | |||
4,429 | kov | Kudu-Camo | Kudawa; Kuda-Chamo; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Kudu; Camo; | Nigeria; | Africa | 11.0166,8.8879 | ||
5,022 | kes | Kugbo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.746150, 6.651764 | ||||
2,587 | wua | Kugu-Nganhcara | Wik Nganychara; Wik Ngencherr; Wik-Ngencherra; Wik-Natjerra; Ngandjara; Wik-nantjara; Wik Ngantjera; Wiknantyara; Kugu Nganychara; Nantjara; Ngantjeri; Wik-Nantjara; Wik Njinturawik-Nganhcara; Wikngenchera;Kugu Nganchara; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.167,141.842 | |||
10,073 | 3oz | Kuhpayi | Kuhpāʾi | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | There is substantial dialectal variation across the Kuhpāya district. Kuhpāʾi proper is spoken in Jabal (Kuki). As one travels northwest, through Fešārk, the speech gradually approaches that of Zefra. Sagzi on the west and Qehi on the south have distinct dialects, though not radically different from that of Jabal. On the other hand, Mošgenān, Tudešk, and Ješuqān, in the east of the Kuhpāya district, possess transitional varieties closely related to those of Nāʾin (q.v.). These dialects are all endangered, being overrun by Persian. | Iran; | Near East | 32.70, 52.45 | |||
5,652 | kxu | Kui (India) | Kui (in India); Kandh; Khondi; Khond; Khondo; Kanda; Kodu; Kodulu; Kuinga; Kuy; Ku | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | Khondi; Gumsai | Thriving in some areas, severely endangered in others. The total number given for speakers is probably too low. | India; | South Asia | 20.0,83.5 | |
4,453 | kvd | Kui (Indonesia) | Lerabain; Masin-Lak; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,240 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Kui; Batulolong; Kiramang; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.43333333333,124.55 | ||
1,852 | kui, mzo | Kuikuro | Língua Karib do Alto Xingu; Kuikúro-Kalapálo; Kuikuru; Guicurú; Kurkuro; Cuicutl; Apalakiri; Apalaquiri; Kuikúru; Kalapalo; Calapalu; Amonap; Matipu; Kuikuro; Southern Xingu Language | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,106 | Cariban; Nahukwa | Kuikuru; Kalapalo; Matipú; Nahukua | Ethnologue (2016) list Matipuhy (a.k.a. Mariape-Nahuqua, Matipu) [mzo] and Kuikúro-Kalapálo (Kuikuru, Guicurú, Kurkuro, Cuicutl, Kalapalo, Apalakiri, Apalaquiri) [kui] as separate languages. Kaufman (2007) has Amonap (Kuikuro, Kalapalo, Matipú, Nahukuá), a member of his Bakairí group of his South Amazonian Cariban subgroup of Cariban. | Brazil; | South America | -12.4166666667,-53.0833333333 | |
575 | vkj | Kujarge | Kujarke; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Unclassified; Afro-Asiatic? | Chad; | Africa | 11.749,22.2431 | |||
4,374 | kfn | Kuk | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.461755, 10.131270 | ||||
4,204 | ggd | Kukatj | Kukatji; Konggada; Kalibamu; Gugadj | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -18.04972881,141.088921 | ||
5,886 | kux | Kukatja | Nambulatji ; Panara; Pardoo; Peedona; Peedong; Pidung; Pidunga; Wanaeka; Wangatjunga; Wangatunga; Wangkadjungga; Wangkatjunga; Wangkatunga; Wangu; Wankutjunga; Bedengo; Bidong; Bidungo; Boonara; Bunara; Gogada; Gogadja; Gogoda; Gugada; Gugadja; Gugudja; Ilbaridja; Julbaritja; Julbre; Kokatja; Kukaja; Ku-kuruba; Manggai; Nambulatji; Kukacha; Luritja; Luritcha; Loritja; Loritcha; Lurritji; Aluridja; Loorudgie; Loorudgee; Juluridja; Maduntara; Maiulatara; Jumu; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -20.242549,127.534736 | |||
3,240 | xmq | Kuku-Mangk | Kugu-Mangk; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.464675,142.400131 | ||
3,241 | xmp | Kuku-Mu’inh | Kugu-Mu’inh; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.574539,141.631086 | ||
3,243 | xmh | Kuku-Muminh | Kugu-Muminh; Wik Muminh; Wik-Mumin; Kugu; Gugu Muminh; Kugu-Mumihn; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <31 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.305372,142.273786 | |||
3,436 | ugb | Kuku-Ugbanh | Kugu-Ugbanh; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.431717,141.713483 | ||
3,404 | uwa | Kuku-Uwanh | Kugu-Uwanh; Kugu Nganhcara | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <40 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.261428,142.757186 | |||
4,250 | gvn | Kuku-Yalanji | Guguyalanji; Koko-Yalanji; Kuku-Yalangi; Gugu-Yalandyi; Booroorar; Cangoora; Chokonara; Cuegudira; Djiling; Gugu-Jalandji; Gugu-Yalandji; Gugu-Yalanji; Gumbo; Gumbu; Jal:a; Jelanji Jiling; Juliacara; Junkara; Kokalungie; Koko Yerlandji; Koko-yalanji; Kuku Yalandji; Kokoyellanji; Koko-Yerlandji; Kokoyerlantji; Kokolerlantchi; Gugu Yalandyi; Koko Jelandji; Koko Walandja; Koko-Katji;Kuku Yalanji | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Pama-Nyungan; Yalandyic | Kuku-Biraji; Kuku-Nyungkul; | Australia; | Australia | -16.118117,145.047836 | ||
8,330 | tpg | Kula | Lantoka; Lamtoka; Kola; “Tanglapui”; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Arumaka; Watena; Sumang; Kula; Kulatela; Larena; Kula Watena; Iramang; | While Sawila [swt] and Kula [tpg] are both sometimes called ‘Tanglapui,’ they are separate languages which are not mutually intelligible. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.2, 125.0 | |
101 | fni; fani1244 | Kulaale | Fagnia; Fanya; Fanyan; Fana; Fania; Fanian; Mana; Kobe; Fulfulde (Nigerian); Eywe | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 (Eberhard et al., 1997), and ‘severely endangered’ (Moseley, 2010) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa; Bua | Northern Fania; Southern Fania | Chad; | Africa | 10.176552,18.566710 | ||
2,312 | kxj | Kulfa | Kulfe; Kurmi; Kurumi; “Kaba So”; Koulfa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,200 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | So; Kurmi; | Chad; | Africa | 9.9742,19.1848 | ||
1,734 | xpk | Kulina | Culina, Culino, Kulino | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Pano-Tacanan; Mayoruna | Not to be confused with Culina [cul] (aan Arawan language). | Brazil; | South America | -5.6597,-71.5429 | ||
5,653 | kle | Kulung (Nepal) | Rai; Khulunge Rai; Kulu Ring; Khulung; Kholung; Khambu; Jindā | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 33,200 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Pidisoi; Tamachhang; Chhapkoa; Mahakulung; Pelmung; Sotang; Khambu; Namlung | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 27.5,87.0 | ||
3,888 | bbu | Kulung (Nigeria) | Bambur; Kuluno; Bakulung; Bakulu; Bakuli; Kulu; Kukulung; Wo; Wurkum; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 12.516358,8.833839 | |||
10,475 | Kumandin | Qumanda; Northern Altai; Куванды; куванта; кувандык; кувандыг; кувандых; къуманды; къубанды; къуўанды; къувандыг; кумандинский язык; северно-алтайский язык; Qumandy; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1044 | Turkic; South Siberian | Many scholars consider Kumandin a dialect of Northern Altai. The Kumandin are recognized as a separate ethnic group, which is included as a minority indigenous people of the North and on the United list of minority indigenous people of Russia. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 52.884889, 86.323299 | |||
4,415 | kmj | Kumarbhag Paharia | Malto; Malti; Maltu; Maler; Mal; Mad; Paharia; Pahariya; Kumar | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,200 | Dravidian; North Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 25.0,87.3333333333 | |||
3,246 | xks | Kumbewaha | Umbewaha; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Muna-Buton | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.34, 123.15 | |||
847 | dih | Kumeyaay | Campo, Comeya, Cuchimí, Kamia, Kamiai, Kamiyahi, Kamiyai, Ki-Miai, Ko’al, Ku’ahl, Kumeyaai, Kumiai, Kumia, Kw’aal, Quemayá, Tipái, Tipai’, Tipéi | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | Mesa Grande; Barona; Imperial; San Pasqual; Santa Ysabel; | Kumeyaay is a member of the Diegueño dialect complex, spoken in 16 communities in San Diego County and in Baja California. The Ipai and Tipai dialect clusters have sometimes been considered distinct languages, though they are to some extent mutually intelligible. Some add Kumeyaay as a third dialect cluster intermediate between these two others. (Golla 2011: 120.) | USA;Mexico; | North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 32.9359,-116.868 | |||
4,438 | kra | Kumhali | Kumhale; Kumbale; Kumkale; Kumali | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,200 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan | Arghakhanchi; Gorkha; Nawalparasi; Palpa | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.788,84.548 | ||
3,093 | zum | Kumzari | Kumzāri; Komzāri; Komzari; Kamzáree; شاریَْکُ ;شاريَْکُ | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Musandam; Laraki; | Oman; | Near East | 26.1936,56.2431 | ||
1,369 | cuk, kvn | Kuna | Cuna; San Blas Cuna; Cueva; Paya-Pocuro; Caimán; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 44,100 | Chibchan; Isthmic | Border Cuna, San Blas Cuna | Ethnologue distinguishes 2 Kuna languages, which others do not. They are: Kuna, Border [kvn], Kuna, San Blas [cuk]. | Colombia;Panama; | South America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.4,-78.316667 | |
3,340 | wlg | Kunbarlang | Gunbalang; Walang; Warlang; Gungalang; Gunbarlang; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50-100 | Gunwinyguan; Gunwinggic | Gungluwala; Djimbilirri; Gurrigurri; | Australia; | Australia | -12.020217,133.836286 | ||
10,944 | kdn | Kunda | Cikunda; Chikunda; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,760 | Niger–Congo; Atlantic–Congo; Benue–Congo; Bantu; Eastern Bantu; Sena-Nyanja; | Zimbabwe;Zambia;Mozambique; | Africa | -13.015901, 30.583386 | |||
2,210 | kfl | Kung | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600-800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.5227,10.1074 | ||||
6,660 | ggk | Kungarakany | Gungaragan; Gunerakan; Kangarraga; Kungarakan; Gungarakanj; Gungaragany; Kungarakayn; | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate | Australia; | Australia | -12.976028,130.946883 | |||
4,456 | kvs | Kunggara | Koonkurri; Ungorri; Gunggara; Kunggera; Goom-Gharra; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | ||||
6,787 | lku | Kungkari | Gunggari; Kuungkari; Koonkerri; Kunggari; Kungeri; Koongerri; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -24.75108713, 143.5365228 | ||
3,765 | kjn | Kunjen | Guguminjen; Kukumindjen; Kun’djan; ‘Kundjan; Gundjun; Koko Kuntjan; Kundjin; Kokoyan; Koonjan; Kunjin; Okundjain; Oggonjin; Koka-Koonjin; Ogh-Undyan; Ngundjan; Ogondyan; Oykangand; Kukuminjen; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20-25 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Ulkulu; Oykangand; Ogh Awarrangg; | Australia; | Australia | -16.54391507,143.0454776 | ||
2,229 | kto | Kuot | Panaras; Kuat; Neu-Pommern; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,400 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.05,151.5 | |||
5,023 | kpa | Kupto | Kutto; Kúttò; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
4,370 | kfh | Kurichiya | Kurichia; Kurichchia; Kowohans; Kurichiyars; Kuruchans | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 29,400 | Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.82, 75.52 | |||
6,694 | unn | Kurnai | Gunnai; Gunai; Ganai; Gaanay; Kurnay; Cunni; Gooni; Gunna; Kunnai | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Gippsland | Gunnai; Tatungalung; Brabralung; Braiakaulung; Brataulung; Krauatungulung; Bidawal; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -37.62635582,147.8838803 | ||
3,396 | vku | Kurrama | Gurama; Jana:ri; Jawunmara; Karama; Kerama; Korama; Kurama; Karima; Karlamay; Kurama-Jindjibandi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Australia; | Australia | -22.86592473,116.6221125 | |||
2,215 | faj | Kursav | Faita; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.657,145.5001 | |||
4,201 | gdj | Kurtjar | Kurtjjar; Kurrtyar; Gurdyar; Gunggara; Kuritjari; Kutjar; Koonkurri; Ungorri; Gilbert River tribe;Gurdjar;Ikarranggal; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1-2 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -17.31160269,141.6480703 | |||
5,655 | xkz | Kurtokha | Gurtü; Kurtopakha; Kürthöpka; Kurteopkha; Kurthopkha; Kurtöp; Kurtöbikha; Zhâke; Kurtöpkha; Au Gemale | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.664, 91.176 | |||
3,085 | kyr | Kuruaya | Kuruáya; Caravare; Curuaia; Kuruaia; | Dormant () | Ø | Tupian; Mundurukun | Brazil; | South America | -5.0033,-53.9208 | |||
5,873 | kgg | Kusunda | Kusanda; Kusūndu | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Isolate; South Asian | According to a report by OnlineKhabar the last remaining speaker of Kusunda, Rajamama Kusunda, passed away in April 2018. However, there are conflicting reports from 2012 which list Gyani Maiya Sen as the last speaker of Kusunda. | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.0,84.6666666667 | ||
10,441 | kub | Kuteb | Ati, Kutep, Kutev, Mbarike, Zumper | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >100,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukunoid | Bika-Kpambai (Abyika and Atsaenskun); Lissam-Lumbu (Askaen and Arumbu); Jenuwa-Fikyu-Kpambo (Arubur and Atsaensi and Aticwo); Rufun (Kunabe) | Dialect varieties are taken from Robert Koops “A grammar of Kuteb: a Jukunoid language of east-central Nigeria”, 2009. | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 7.000000,10.000000; | |
3,222 | xut | Kuthant | Gudhand; Gudanda; Gudhanda; Karundi; Karunti; Kurandi; Ka-rantee; Karrandi; Karrandee; Gar-und-yih; Gooran; Kotanda; Kutanda; Goothanto; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -17.62807482,140.8636671 | |||
5,024 | khj | Kuturmi | Ada; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
2,573 | thd | Kuuk Thaayorre | Thayore; Thaayorre; Taiol; Thaayorre; Tayore; Koko-Taiyor; Da:jor; Koko-Daiyuri; Kokkotaijari; Kokotaiyari; Gugujak; Daiyuri; Taiol; Kuuk Thayorre; Koko Daiyuri; Koko Taiyor; Kuuk Thaayoore; Thaayore; Thayorre; Taior; Gugudayor; Kuktayor; Kukudayore; Behran; Thaayorr; Koko Thayorr; Thayore; Ku-k Thayori; Dha:yore; Ku·k Thayori;Kuuk-Thaayorre; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.818,141.847 | |||
10,761 | uky | Kuuk-Yak | Kuuk Yak; Koko Yak; Kuku Yak | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers. | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.876415, 141.729616 | |||
3,785 | kuy | Kuuku-Ya’u | Ya’o; Koko-Ja’o; Kokoyao; Bagadji; Pakadji; Gugu Yau; Yao; Koko Ya’:o; Koka-yao; Makadama; Kuuku Ya’u; Kuku-Ya’u | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -12.610572, 143.136956 | |||
4,468 | kxv | Kuvi | Kuwi; Kuvinga; Kuvi Kond; Kond; Khondi; Khondh; Jatapu | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 246,513 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | Thriving in some areas, endangered in others. | India; | South Asia | 18.75,82.6666666667 | ||
4,062 | cwt | Kuwaataay | Kwatay; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,210 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | 12.4204,-16.7596 | |||
3,329 | woa | Kuwema | Tyaraity; Dyeraidy; Daktjerat; Tjerait; Djeradj; Djerag; Tyeraity; Djeraity; Djerait; Cherites; Sherait; Tjiras; Daktyeraty; Daktyerat; Djeraidj; Scherits; Cherait; Cherite; Dek Tjerratj; Dek Tjirratj; Djiratj; Guwe; Guwema; Jeerite; Nguluk Angguwe; Paperbark natives; Ponga-ponga; Tjerratj; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Northern Daly | Australia; | Australia | -12.481775,130.670058 | |||
6,664 | gvy | Kuyani | Guyani; Kijani; Kwiani; Gujani; Kujani; Kuyanni; Kwiana; Kooyiannie; Cooyiannie; Kooyeeunna; Kooteeuna; Koonarie; Owinia; Kooteeunna; Nganitjidi; Ngannityiddi; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -30.50201585, 138.1018386 | ||
4,147 | fkv | Kven Finnish | North Fennic; North Finnish; Kven; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500-10,000 (estimated) | Uralic; Finnic | Disputed whether a separate language or a dialect of Finnish. | “There have been some controversies and official debates about the Kven minority, its status and their language in Norway since the 1980s. The main questions have concerned the status of the Kven language as an independent language and the language used in schools and higher education (Anttonen 1999)… When the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages came into force in Norway in 1998, the language of the Kvens was defined as Kven/Finnish, but in 2005 the denomination was changed to ‘the Kven language’.” (Räisänen & Kunnas 2012) | Norway; | Europe | 69.38, 29.54 | |
6,006 | wka | Kw’adza | Qwadza; Kwadza; Ng’omvia; Ngomvya | Dormant () | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; East Cushitic | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.3753,35.8621 | |||
1,936 | kwk | Kwak̓wala | Kwakiutl; Kwakwaka’wakw; Kwak’wala; Kwakiutl; Kwagiutl; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 139 | Wakashan; Northern Wakashan | Southern; Northern; | Canada; | North America | 51.2000000, -126.9400000 | ||
2,676 | kmq | Kwama | Takwama; Gwama; Goma; Gogwama; Qewama; Koma of Asosa; North Koma; Nokanoka; Afan Mao; Amam; T’wa Kwama; Mao; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Koman | Ethiopia; | Africa | 9.5465,34.2059 | ||||
10,604 | kwj | Kwanga | Gawanga; Kawanga; Mende; Nihamber Sambu; Seim; Womsak | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,520 | Sepik; Nukuma | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.74, 142.71 | |||
3,803 | kcy | Kwarandzyey | Korandje; Belbali; lbəlbaliyya; Tabelbala; البلبالية; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3000 | Songhay | Algeria; | Africa | 29.520891, -3.268433 | |||
10,613 | sdk, keh | Kwaruwi Kwundi | Sos Kundi; Agbane; Agbanekundi; Akbana; Soskundi; Keak; Kwaruwikwundi; Sepik Plains; Tshuosh; Tshwosh; Sawos | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,300 | Sepik; Ndu | Kwaruwi Kwundi is included within Laycock’s (1973) “Sawos language”, which he admits may consist of multiple languages, noting that “no real dialect surveys have been undertaken”. The classifications here follow the survey work of Staalsen (1975). Ethnologue (18th edition) further splits the language into “Sos Kundi” and “Keak” (cf. Richardson and Tupper 2013), but a more conservative classification is followed here. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.99, 143.40 | ||
3,033 | xwa | Kwaza | Koiyá; Koaiá; Quaiá; Arara; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | -12.651,-60.4138 | |||
2,677 | xwg | Kwegu | Koegu; Kwegi; Koyego; Menja; Nidi; Bacha; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Surmic; Southeast Surmic | Yidinich; Muguji; | Ethiopia; | Africa | 7.0,36.0833333333 | ||
4,461 | kwr | Kwer | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.02, 140.01 | ||||
2,281 | kkb | Kwerisa | Taogwe; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.9759,138.153 | |||
10,603 | kmo | Kwoma | Kuome; Washkuk | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,925 | Sepik; Nukuma | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.09, 142.66 | |||
10,660 | kwo | Kwomtari | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <800 | Kwomtari-Nai | Central; Eastern; Western | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.51, 141.49 | |||
576 | gdm | Laal | Gori; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Isolate | Laal; Laabe; | Chad; | Africa | 10.0,17.6666666667 | ||
4,482 | lbb | Label | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.459022,152.682222 | ||||
4,332 | jku | Labir | Jaku; Jakun; Jakanci; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
9,950 | lmy | Laboya | Lamboya | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >23,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Laboya; Gaura (AKA Nggaro or Nggaura) | The term Laboya (rather than Lamboya) is used by the people themselves to designate a territory, a language, and ethnic group. (I Wayan Arka, personal communication, November 2013) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -9.70, 119.34 | |
4,485 | lbu | Labu | Labu’; Labo; Hapa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.75,146.916666667 | |||
1,442 | lac | Lacandon | Lacandón; Lakantún; Lacandon Maya | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 563 | Mayan; Yucatecan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.055931,-89.58252 | |||
1,506 | lbt | Lachi | Lipulio; Y To; Y Pí; Y Póng; Y Mia; Cù Te; Cu-Tê; I To; Y Poong; Ku Te; La Chi; Laji; Lati; Tai Lati | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi; Lachi | Lipupi; Liputiõ | Closely related to, but distinct from the Laji of China. | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 22.6666666667,104.833333333 | |
5,656 | lbj | Ladakhi | Ladaphi; Ladhakhi; Ladak; Ladwags; Ladakhī; Budhī; Bod Buṭun; Mar-yul; Ladakse skat | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Shamma; Nubra Ladakhi; Leh | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 34.0,78.0 | ||
3,392 | lld | Ladin | Ladino; Dolomite; Rhaeto-Romance; Rhaeto-Romanic; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~20,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Livinallese; Nones; Marebbano; Badiotto; Gardenese; Cadorino; Ampezzano; Fassano; Atesino; | Italy; | Europe | 46.5833333333,11.9166666667 | ||
3,444 | lad | Ladino | Judeo-Spanish; Sephardic; Hakitia; Haketia; Judeo Spanish; Sefardi; Dzhudezmo; Judezmo; Spanyol; Haquetiya; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Ladino; Judezmo; Haquetiya; | The name Ladino refers most commonly to the written/literary form of the language. Most speakers refer to the spoken language as Judeo-Spanish. | Turkey;USA;Israel;Bulgaria;Romania;Puerto Rico;Greece;Macedonia;Croatia;Albania;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Serbia;Morocco;Algeria; | Europe;North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean;Near East;Africa | 40.0,33.0 | |
5,555 | llj | Ladji Ladji | Latjilatji; Laitchi-Laitchi; Litchy-Litchy; Leitch-Leitchi; Latjoo-Latjoo; Lutchye-Lutchye; Latyoo-Latyoo; Litchoo-Litchoo; Laci-Laci; Laitu-Laitu; Laitu; Acaxee; Latje Latje; Latjilatji; Laitchi-Laitchi; Litchy-Litchy; Leitch-Leitchi; Latjoo-Latjoo; Lutchye-Lutchye; Latyoo-Latyoo; Litchoo-Litchoo; Laci-Laci; Laitu-Laitu; Laitu; Acaxee; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Australia; | Australia | ||||
10,560 | lkl | Laeko-Libuat | Laeko; Laeko-Limbuat; Watalu; Waitalu | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <538 | Torricelli; Maimai | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.70, 142.24 | |||
4,478 | laf | Lafofa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Niger-Congo | Jebel El Amira; Jebel Tekeim; Lafofa; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.25,31.25 | |||
3,576 | lgb | Laghu | Lagu; Katova; | Dormant | 0 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian;Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -7.6157,158.7359 | |||
4,498 | lgh | Laghuu | Yi; Laopa; Xá Phó; Lolo; Laghuu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 23.6166,105.6833 | |||
10,169 | kot | Lagwan | Logone; Lagwan Kotoko; Kotoko-Logone; Logone-Birni Kotoko; Lagwane; Lagouane; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Logone-Gana; Logone-Birni; Affade | Nigeria;Cameroon;Chad; | Africa | |||
4,500 | lhh | Laha (Indonesia) | Central Ambon; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,890 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.71, 128.07 | |||
1,507 | lha | Laha (Vietnam) | Xá Khao; Khlá Phlao; Klá Dong; Khlá Don; Khlá Dung; Khlá Liik; La Ha Ung; La Ha; Xá Chien; Xá Lay | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Laqua-Laha | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 21.5833333333,103.916666667 | ||||
2,282 | lji | Laiyolo | Da’ang; Barang-Barang; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Wotu-Wolio | Laiyolo; Barang-Barang; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -6.3862,120.4733 | ||
1,505 | 1l4 | Laji | Lachi; Lipulio; Y To; Y Pí; Y Póng; Y Mia; Cù Te; Cu-Tê; I To; Y Poong; Ku Te; La Chi; Laji; Lati; Tai Lati | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi; Lachi | Closely related to the Lachi (lbt) who are a recognized ethnic group in Vietnam. Note: Ethnologue and other sources do not distinguish Laji from Lachi. | China; | East Asia | |||
1,147 | lmw | Lake Miwok | Miwok (Lake); Miwok, Lake; | Utian; Miwokan | USA; | North America | 38.6426,-122.3849 | |||||
4,511 | lkh | Lakha | Tshangkha | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.488, 89.899 | |||
1,434 | lbc | Lakkia | Lakkja; Lakja; Lakia; Lajia; Tai Laka; Laka; Chashan Yao; Tea Mountain Yao; Lak(k)ia; 茶山瑤 | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Lakkia-Kam-Sui; Lakkia | China; | East Asia | 24.0833333333,110.166666667 | |||
1,743 | lkn | Lakon | Lakona; Gaua; Gog; Vure; Vurē; Banks-Inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.251,167.422 | |||
2,052 | lkt | Lakota | Lakhota; Lakȟótiyapi; Teton | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2000 | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dakota | Lakota (Teton) is one of 3 major dialects of Sioux, a cover term for the varieties of the Dakotan dialect complex other than Assiniboine and Stoney. | USA;Canada; | North America | 43.8333333333,-101.833333333 | ||
10,939 | laku1238 | Lakurumau | Laxudamau; Lakuramau; Loxodumau; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~800 | Austronesian; Western Oceanic; Meso-Melanesian; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.883; 151.250 | |||
5,606 | bfc | Lama | Bijang Bai; Bai; Northern Bai; Laemae | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Baic | Lanping; Nujiang; | China; | East Asia | 29.159356,99.881936 | ||
4,486 | lby | Lamalama | Lamulamul; Lamu-Lamu; Mba Rumbathama; Bakanambia; Barum Bathama; Korko Lama Lama; Mba Rrumbathama; Mbarrumbathama;Lama-Lama; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.62330833,143.8556152 | ||
5,307 | quf | Lambayeque Quechua | Ferreñafe Quechua; Cañaris-Incahuasi; Cañaris Quechua | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Quechuan; Quechua II | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Peru; | South America | -7.1772,-78.673 | ||
10,820 | lmu | Lamen | Lamenu; Varmali | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 850 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.583371,168.133733; | |||
849 | lmk | Lamkang | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,894 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 24.2569,94.0759 | ||||
5,131 | llh | Lamu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Closely related to Lisu. | China; | East Asia | 26.2434, 100.8654 | |||
7,716 | ldm | Landoma | Landouman; Landuma; Tyapi; Tyopi; Tiapi; Cocoli; Temne; Tyop | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Tiapi; | Guinea; | Africa | 11, -13 | ||
552 | mcu-lan | Langa | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | |||||
10,517 | lnm | Langam | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 254 | Mongol-Langam-Ulwa | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.30, 143.88 | ||||
10,463 | Langas | Laŋas, Nyamzak, Nyamzax, Nyámzax, Lundur | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||||
1,512 | yln | Langnian Buyang | Buyang Zhuang; Eastern Buyang; Funing Buyang; Buozaang; Buyang, Langnian; 郎念布央 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Buyang | China; | East Asia | 23.4146,105.7632 | |||
3,391 | oci-lnc | Languedocien | Languedocien Occitan; Languedocian; Lengadoucian; Languedoc; Langadoc; Occitan; Occitani; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >1,000,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Guyennais; Languedocien Moyen; Bas-Languedocien; Haut-Languedocien; | A variety of Occitan. | France; | Europe | 43.8899, 2.5378 | |
1,261 | lnh | Lanoh | Lanoh Jengjeng; Jengjeng | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~350 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; Central Aslian | Jengjeng; Kobak; Sabüm; Semnam; Yir | Lanoh’ is the official Malaysian label for a number of Central Aslian varieties in the Perak valley, but only speakers of some of these refer to themselves as Lanoh. There is no other label for this group as a whole. Varieties/dialects include Jengjeng, Kobak, Sabüm, Semnam, and Yir. Of these, only Semnam is still spoken on a daily basis (c. 300 speakers). | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | ||
4,543 | lwm | Laomian | Bisu; Guba; Lawmeh; 老緬語 | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China;Myanmar; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 19.75,100.0 | ||||
1,574 | qa6 | Lapachu | Apolista; Lapacho; Aguachile; | Dormant () | 0? | Arawakan | This language is extremely poorly attested. The last information was a list of 45 words collected in 1972 by Montaño (cited in David L. Payne 2005). | Bolivia; | South America | 3.606694,-67.909347 | ||
1,436 | laq | Laqua | Bubiao; Pu Peo; Ka Beo; Ka Bao; Ka Biao; Pubiao; Pupeo; Pu Péo; Pen Ti Lolo; Bendi Lolo; KaBeo; Pubiao; Qabiao; 普標語 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 432 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Laqua-Lachi | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 23.1666,105.1 | |||
8,116 | qux-lar | Laraos Quechua | Quechuan; Quechua IIA | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Willem Adelaar (personal communication): “Laraos is part of Yauyos Quechua”, but is a separate variety from Southern Yauyos Quechua and from Northern Yauyos Quechua. | Peru; | South America | ||||||
3,787 | lbz | Lardil | Engarilla; Eugoola; Ganggalida; Iukala; Jakula; Jogula; Jokal; Jokala; Jokul; Jokula; Jokulta; Jugul; Jugulda; Jungulda; Kanggaleida; Yangarella; Yookala; Yugulda; Yukula; Yukulta; Laierdila; Ladil; Lardill; Kunana; Kuna’na; Gunana; Mornington Island tribe; Leerdil; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Tangkic | Australia; | Australia | -16.53360037,139.4069131 | |||
4,536 | lrv | Larëvat | Larevat; Laravat; Mallicolo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 750 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.153903,167.357442 | |||
4,531 | lrl | Lari | Larestani; *Achomi; Fars; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Khonj; Gerash; Evaz; Lari; Bastak; Bikha; | Iran; | Near East | 27.8585,54.8547 | ||
4,533 | lro | Laro | Laru; Aaleira; Yillaro; Ngwullaro; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40,000 | Niger-Congo; Heiban; West-Central Heiban | Tunduli; Laro; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.7685,29.902 | ||
4,530 | lrg | Larrakiya | Laragiya; Larakia; Larakiya; Gulumirrgin; Larrakia; Larrakeah; Larrakeeyah; Larrakiha; Larragea; Larrekiya; Larreekeeyah; Larikia; Larrikia; Larrikiya; Larriquia; Larragia; Larekia; Ngandalagarak; Larrekiy; Larrakeeha; Larakeeyah; Larrak-eah; Binnimiginda; Gunmajerrumba; Marri; Larrakia;Laragia; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Unclassified; Darwin Region? | Australia; | Australia | -12.70664484,130.7862123 | |||
4,535 | lsa | Lasgerdi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 34.8679,53.4924 | ||||
2,265 | luf | Laua | Labu; Lauwa; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Trans-New Guinea; Mailuan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.1824,149.2053 | |||
1,332 | law | Lauje | Laudje; Tinombo; Ampibabo-Lauje; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 38,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Ampibabo; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.5,120.0 | ||
3,968 | brb | Lave | Brao; Braou; Brau; Proue; Brou; Love; Laveh; Rawe; Veh; Prou; Lue | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32,230 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; West Bahnaric; Brao-Kravet | Palau | Vietnam;Laos;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 14.1666666667,107.5 | ||
10,269 | lvk | Lavukaleve | Laumbe; Laube; Russell Island; Lakukaleve; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,700 | Isolate | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -9.079, 159.22 | |||
1,242 | lcp | Lawa | Wa; Wa Proper; Lava; Luwa; Lua; L’wa; Lavua; Lavüa; Mountain Lawa; Lawa; Western Lawa; Mae Sariang; La’wa | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic;Wa-Lawa; Waic | La-Oor | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 18.4483,98.1848 | |||
2,246 | lzz | Laz | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 22,000-33,000 | South Caucasian | Ardaşen-Atina (Ardeşen-Pazar); Vits’e-Arkabe (Fındıklı-Arhavi); Khopa (Hopa- Borçka) | It is important to note that South Caucasian is not genetically related in any demonstrable way to other language families of the Caucasus. | Turkey;Georgia; | Europe;Caucasus | 41.5,41.5 | ||
10,814 | Lebo’ Vo’ Kenyah | Kenyah; Long San Kenyah | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Sarawak; Kenyah | Often referred to simply as “Kenyah”. Many also use the name of the villages where this language is spoken as identifiers. The name “Kenyah” refers to a larger group of communities who are ethnically Kenyah and speak languages belonging to the Kenyah subgroup, but Kenyah itself contains 4-5 individual languages with internal dialect diversity. The Lebo’ Vo’ variety of Kenyah described here is not mutually intelligible with other Kenyah varieties, and speakers of Lebo’ Vo’ must use either Malay or “Lepo” type Kenyah Dialects when speaking with the wider Kenyah community. | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 3.2974, 114.7831 | ||||
2,915 | lec | Leco | Leko; Lapalapa; Chuncho Aleniano; Leko; Rik’a; Ateniano; | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate; South American | Bolivia; | South America | -15.0,-67.9166666667 | |||
2,283 | lcc | Legenyem | Laganyan; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -.3186,130.7345 | |||
7,371 | tql | Lehali | Teqel; Tekel; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.50, 167.33 | |||
7,709 | cae | Lehar | Lala; Laalaa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000-10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | 14.951791, -16.818728 | |||
4,512 | llk | Lelak | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 220 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Dali; Lelak; | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 4.11426,114.029 | |||
10,802 | lpa | Lelepa | Havannah Harbour | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -17.597085,168.209240; | |||
7,373 | lrz | Lemerig | Sasar; Banks-Inseln; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | ||||
2,284 | ley | Lemolang | Baebunta; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Sulawesi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.6303,120.1849 | |||
10,751 | nms | Lendamboi | Small Nambas; Letemboi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.43, 167.57 | |||
2,285 | lgi | Lengilu | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 3.7327,115.8728 | ||||
4,496 | ler | Lenkau | Admiralitäts-inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Admiralty Islands | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.33, 147.74 | |||
4,495 | lep | Lepcha | Lapche; Lapcha; Rong; Rongke; Rongpa; Nünpa; Leptśa; Róng; Rongpa; Lepoha; Nümpa | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few thousand | Sino-Tibetan | Tamsangmu; Ilammu; Rengjongmu | India;Nepal;Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.1666666667,88.5 | ||
4,528 | lpe | Lepki | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 530 | Unclassified; Lepki-Murkim-Kembra? | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.11, 140.46 | ||||
4,231 | gnh | Lere | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | few | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Gana; Si; Takaya | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
5,657 | hru-lev | Levai | Bangru | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Unclassified; Sino-Tibetan? | Language appears more similar to Miji/Sajalong. Some consider it a dialect of Hruso. | India; | South Asia | |||
4,503 | lhp | Lhokpu | Lhobikha; Taba-Damey-Bikha | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Sino-Tibetan | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.045, 89.053 | |||
5,642 | lhm | Lhomi | Lhoket; Shing Saapa; Kath Bhote; Kar Bhote | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,130 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | India;Nepal;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 27.6666666667, 87.4166666667 | |||
4,509 | lix | Liabuku | Liabuka; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 75 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Muna-Buton | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.32, 122.70 | |||
5,658 | njn | Liangmai Naga | Liangmai; Kwoireng; Kacha; Liyang; Lyengmai; Liangmei; Lyangmay; Naga, Liangmai | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 34,232 | Sino-Tibetan; Zemeic | India; | South Asia | 25.2794,93.6694 | |||
2,287 | lio | Liki | Moar; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.6202,138.738 | |||
2,266 | lib | Likum | Admiralitäts-inseln; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Admiralty Islands | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.1651,146.6921 | |||
10,578 | lll | Lilau | Ngaimbom | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 410 | Torricelli; Bogia | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.35, 144.99 | |||
1,621 | lif | Limbu | Yakthung Pan; Limbo; Lumbu; Tsong; Chang; Monpa; Subah; Suffah. Yakthūngbā | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Panthare; Taplejunge; Chattare; Phedappe; Chaubise | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 27.1666666667,87.75 | ||
4,515 | lmc | Limilngan | Limil; Minitjja; Manadja; Minitji; Baneidja; Bani:dja; Banidja; Buneidja; Buneidya; Buneitja; Lemil; Manasi; Manidja; Manitja; Menassie; Minidja; Minitja; Minitjaa; Minityi; Minnitji; Punaka; Puneitja; Punuurlu; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Limilngan | Australia; | Australia | -12.47762877,131.8581747 | |||
10,461 | oci-lim | Limousin | Limousin Occitan; Lemosin; Occitan Limousin | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Bas-Limousin; Haut-Limousin | A variety of Occitan. | France; | Europe | 46.0579, 1.8017 | |
8,118 | qux-lin | Lincha Quechua | Lincha; Lincha-Tana; Southern Yauyos Quechua | Quechuan; | Lincha is part of Southern Yauyos Quechua | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Lincha-Tana is one of the five dialects that are documented in Shimelman (2017). (Willem Adelaar personal communication) | Peru; | South America | ||||
6,666 | lnj | Linngithigh | Linngithig; Leningitij; Linngidhigh; Cabati; Ladamngid; Latangeti; Latarngit; Leiningidi; Leningiti; Lenngeti; Lenngidgh; Lingitir; Linngiti; Onnatangnit; Umngnity; Winda Winda; Laini-ngitti; Linŋit̯iγ; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -12.99121804, 141.7166807 | ||
654 | apl | Lipan | Apache, Lipan; Eastern Apache; Lipan Apache | Awakening () | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Apachean | Golla et al. (2008): Lipan was an emergent language within the Southern Athabaskan dialect complex. There were 2 or three elderly speakers living as late as 1981, but the language is now dormant. It is very poorly documented. | USA; | North America | 33.1513,-105.799 | |||
2,288 | lcl | Lisela | Buru; North Buru; Li Enyorot; Liet Enjorot; Wayapo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; West Central Maluku | Tagalisa; Lisela; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.2392,127.0239 | ||
4,537 | lsd | Lishana Deni | Judeo-Aramaic; Lishan Hudaye; Lishan Hozaye; Kurdit; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Betanure, Čālla, Gzira, (Jewish) Amәdya (ʿAmidya), (Jewish) Dohuk, (Jewish) Nerwa, (Jewish) Zaxo | Israel;Iraq; | Near East | 37.083700, 42.405488 | ||
4,545 | lzl | Litzlitz | Naman; Litzlitz-Visele; Mallicolo | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15-20 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.114, 167.439 | |||
3,388 | liv | Livonian | rānda kēļ; Liv; Liivõ Keelj; liiv; Livisch; kurländisch-livisch; live; rändalis-; livy; Livian; rānda kēl΄; libiesu valoda; livskij jazyk; | Awakening () | “The 30 people mentioned above (Livones) who speak Livonian well include scientists and other interested individuals from research insti-tutions around the world but who are not Livonians themselves; Livo-nian descendants who did not learn Livonian from their parents but from their grandparents; also those who learned Livonian from a fluent older speaker (not a family member) and through self-study. It may be that 30 is too large of a number if we evaluate these speakers using, for example, the language proficiency levels as defined by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (using their general principles, as a description of Livonian language proficiency levels is not, of course, currently available and for the time being is not even pos-sible to generate).” | Uralic; Finnic | Eastern Livonian; Western Livonian; | “Livonian is an autochthonous language of Latvia, which is mentioned in the Latvian Official Language Law. There are very few speakers, researchers, or teachers of Livonian and it is listed in the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger as one of the most critically endangered languages in Europe.” (Druviete & Klava, 2018) | Latvia; | Europe | 56.8333333333,24.0 | |
3,281 | olo | Livvi | Livvi Karelian; Olonets; Aunus; ливвиковский язык; liygi; livvin kieli; Aunuksenkarjalan kieli; Livvikovian; Southern Olonetsian;Olonec; Südwest-Karelisch; Olonetzisch; aunuksen kieli; livviki; livvikovskij jazyk; Southern Karelian; Lívõnkél; Livvikovian; Olonecian; Livvisch; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~27,000 | Uralic; Finnic | Russia;Finland; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 61.1273,32.8765 | |||
5,562 | duj-lil | Liyagalawumirr | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Australia; | Australia | |||||
5,549 | duj-liy | Liyagawumirr | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Australia; | Australia | |||||
10,624 | Lizu | 里汝語; Lüzu; 吕蘇; 傈蘇 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Qiangic | The Ethnologue Ersu [ers] contains three mutually unintelligible languages, i.e. Duoxu /do³³-ɕu³³-na³¹/ (central Ersu), Ersu /ə́˞súxò/ (eastern Ersu), and Lisu /lîzûhû/ or /lŷzûhû/ (western Ersu). | Note that not to be confused with Lisu [lis] which is a Loloish language. Documentation project “Ersu and Xumi: Comparative and Cross-Varietal Documentation of Highly Endangered Languages of South-West China” by CNRS-CRLAO (France), Sichuan Minorities Institute, and Xichang College, supported by the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (grant number MPD0257), 2013-2016. | China; | East Asia | 28.330373, 101.36055 | ||
10,822 | lht | Lo-Toga | Loh; Toga | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 580 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.348755,166.641462; | |||
6,030 | lgq | Logba | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ghana; | Africa | 6.952328, 0.472206 | ||||
4,523 | lof | Logol | Lukha | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,600 | Niger-Congo; Heiban; West-Central Heiban | Sudan; | Africa | 10.8521, 30.6463 | |||
4,508 | liu | Logorik | Liguri; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Daju; Eastern Daju | Liguri; Tallau; Saburi; | Sudan; | Africa | 11.1433,29.8306 | ||
3,387 | src | Logudorese Sardinian | Sardinian; Logudorese; Sardinian, Logudorese; Logodurese Sardinian; Sard; Sardarese; Central Sardinian; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance | Northern Logudorese; Nuorese; Southwestern Logudorese; Barbaricino; | Italy; | Europe | 40.1116,9.1845 | ||
1,708 | arw | Lokono | Arawak; Arawák; Aruak; Arowak; Locono; Arwuak; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Maritime | Western (Guyanese) Lokono; Eastern (Surinamese) Lokono | Lokono has two mutually intelligible dialects. Western Lokono (or Guyanese Lokono) is spoken in Guyana, and Eastern Lokono (or Surinamese Lokono) in Suriname and French Guiana. (Rybka 2015) | Venezuela;Guyana;Suriname;French Guiana; | South America | 5.455394, -55.187788; 4.914673, -52.301360; 7.511970, -59.335657 | |
2,289 | lcd | Lola | Aru; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 830 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Aru | Lola; Warabal; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -6.3316,134.8818 | ||
2,703 | llq | Lolak | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Gorontalo-Mongondow | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | .8569,124.0081 | |||||
8,451 | llg | Lole | Rote; Roti; Rotinese; Rote Tengah; Central Rote; Loleh; Ba’a; Baä; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Ba’a; North Lole; South Lole; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||
2,056 | lgu | Longgu | Logu; Südliche Salomons-Inseln; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Southeast Solomonic | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -9.684, 160.656 | |||
10,481 | Lopnor Uighur | Lopluk; 維吾爾語羅布話 | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <24,000 | Turkic; Central Asian Turkic | “The Lopnor dialect is considered one of the three regional varieties of Uyghur in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is spoken by approximately less than 0.5% of the Uyghur population. Nevertheless, it occupies a special position not only among the regional varieties of Uyghur, but also in comparative research on Turkic languages. It also provides a crucial data for language contact in this area. The Lopnor dialect displays a set of unique phonological, morphological and syntactic features alien to other varieties of Uyghur. Its lexicon contains exceptional items relating to fishing and some rare Old Turkic words and copies (loan words) from Mongolian. Thus, some scholar consider it as an independent language rather than a variety of Uyghur.” (Abdurehim 2014: 26) | China; | East Asia | 40.983,84.224 | |||
3,574 | lnn | Lorediakarkar | Shark Bay; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.1967,167.0498 | ||||
5,659 | njh | Lotha Naga | Lotha; Lhota; Chizima; Choimi; Hlota; Kyong; Miklai; Tsindir; Lutha; Tsontsii; Naga (Lotha); Kyõ; Kyon; Kyontsü; Tsōntsü; Kantsii; Naga, Lotha | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 170,001 | Sino-Tibetan; Aoic | Kyou; Kyon; Live; Kyo; Kyong; Tsontsu; Ndreng | India; | South Asia | 26.5,94.25 | ||
10,561 | tei | Lou | Anamagi; Torricelli | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 953 | Torricelli; Kombian | East Torricelli; West Torricelli | Not to be confused with the Austronesian language Lou spoken in Manus Province. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.45, 142.62 | |
10,417 | lou | Louisiana Creole | Louisiana Creole French, Kreyòl, Franse, Kourí-viní | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 7,000 | Pidgin or Creole; French lexified | USA; | North America | 30.652, -91.422; 30.01, -90.795; 30.587, -92.076 | |||
2,708 | lox | Loun | Dormant () | 0 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.8717, 128.8366 | ||||
4,061 | cvn | Lower Central Chinantec | Chinanteco central bajo; Chinantec; Chinanteko; Chinanteco; Valle Nacional Chinantec; j+g dsa k+; j+g ki tsomän; jumi dsa iin+n | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | j+g dsa k+; j+g ki tsomän; jumi dsa iin+n | Some sources refer to this language as “Valle Nacional Chinantec,” probably because it is spoken in San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional. However, other Chinantec languages are also spoken in San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional. In order to distinguish between them, the most recent data from the Mexican federal government refers to this variety as “Chinanteco central bajo.” The primary name provided here is an English translation of the language’s most current name in Spanish. | Chinantecan is a subfamily with several languages; Ethnologue has 14 Chinantec languages; INALI has 11 Chinantec “variantes.” [cvn] is Ethnologue’s Valle Nacional Chinantec. Other Chinantec languages, Central Chinantec and Sierra Chinantec, are also spoken in San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional, so the same ISO code corresponds to all three languages (Sierra and Central each correspond to several ISO codes). | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.7747,-96.3034 |
5,386 | sli | Lower Silesian | Silesian; Lower Schlesisch; Silesian, Lower | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 22,900 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; High German | Sycow; Namyslow; Chwalim | Germany;Poland;Czech Republic; | Europe | 50.256688, 18.500977 | ||
4,109 | dsb | Lower Sorbian | Sorbian; Sorbian (Lower); Lusatian; Wendish; Lower Lusatian; Low Sorbian; Lower Wendish; Dolna Lužica; Southern Lusatian; Saxon Lusatian; Lower Sorbian; Niedersorbisch; Bas Sorabe; Dolnoserbski; Delnoserbski; Wendisch; Sorbian, Lower | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,240 | Indo-European; Balto-Slavic; Slavic; West Slavic | Germany; | Europe | 51.75,14.3333333333 | |||
9,869 | cnl | Lower Southeastern Chinantec | jujmi dsa m+ta’o; jujmi dsa maji’i; Chinanteco del sureste bajo; Lalana Chinantec; Chinantec; Chinanteco; Chinanteko; Chinanteco de San Juan Lalana | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,700 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jujmi dsa m+ta’o; jujmi dsa maji’i | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. According to the most recent and accurate sources available, there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||
6,788 | axl | Lower Southern Aranda | Aldolanga; Aldolinga; Alitera; Aranda; Aranta; Arinta; Arranda; Arrinda; Arrundta; Arrunta; Arunda; Arunndta; Arunta; Arunta Bu; Arunta Ulpma; Eastern Aranda; Lower Aranda; Southern Aranda; Western Aranda | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Australia; | Australia | -25.63325931,135.4326846 | |||
9,872 | cuc, cnt | Lower West-Central Chinantec | jajmi dzä kï ï ‘; jejmei; jejmi; Chinanteco del oeste central bajo; Usila Chinantec; Tepetotutla Chinantec; Chinantec; Chinanteco; Chinanteko | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,260 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jajmi dzä kï ï ‘; jejmei; jejmi | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. According to the most recent and accurate sources available, there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.904915, -96.527359; 17.734953, -96.594651 | |
1,441 | clo | Lowland Chontal | Huamelultec; Chontal, Lowland Oaxaca Chontal; Huamelula Chontal; Chontal de la Costa de Oaxaca; Huamelulteco; Chontal (Huamelultec Oaxaca); Chontal de Oaxaca (Costa); Lowland Oaxaca Chontal; Coastal Tequistlatec; Tluamelula | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Tequistlatecan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.0,-95.75 | |||
3,274 | qvo | Lowland Ecuadorian Quichua | Napo; Napo Quichua; Lowland Napo Quichua; Runa Shimi; Santa Rosa Quechua; Santarrosino; Quijo; Quixo; Kicho; Yumbo; Napo Kichua; Napo Lowland Quechua; Lowland Kichua; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~17,855? | Quechuan; Quechua IIB | Napo Quichua; Tena Quichua; Northern Pastaza Quichua; South Pastaza Quichua; | Sources differ greatly with respect to Quechuan languages and varieties, both with respect to which may be separate languages vs. which just dialects of the same language, and with respect to how to classify them. The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in Quechuan, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Peru;Colombia;Ecuador; | South America | -0.996959, -77.814102 | |
4,630 | mco, mir, mzl, pxm | Lowland Mixe | Isthmus Mixe, Eastern Mixe, Guichicovi Mixe, Mixe del Istmo | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,900 | Mixe-Zoquean; Mixean | Southern Highland Mixe; Midland Mixe; Lowland Mixe; Coatlán; San José el Paraíso; Mazatlán; Guichicovi; Camotlán | An “emergent language” belonging to Oaxaca Mixe. Ethnologue distinguishes Coatlán Mixe [mco], Mazatlán Mixe [mzl], Isthmus Mixe [mir], and Quetzaltepec Mixe [pxm], which others do not distinguish as separate languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.9166666667,-95.6666666667 | |
3,575 | urr | Löyöp | Lehalurup; Ureparapara; East Ureparapara; Banks-Inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.5311,167.3368 | |||
8,452 | lex | Luang | Letri Lgona; Literi Lagona; Lgona | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Lakor; Wetan; Moa; Luang | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.18, 127.94 | ||
3,385 | lud | Ludian | Ludic; Ludic Karelian; людиковский язык; lüüdin kiel’; lüüdikiel’; Lyydin kieli; lyydin kiel’; l’yyd’ikiel’; lyydiäismurteet; Luudi; Lude; Lud; Südost-Karelisch; lüdisch; l’udikovskij dialekt; Lüdisch; lüd’köi; ljudy; Lyudikovian; Lyudic; Lüdic; Südostdialekt des Karelischen | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Uralic; Finnic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 61.5867,33.6813 | |||
4,489 | ldq | Lufu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 7.041226,9.768341 | ||||
1,932 | lui | Luiseño | Luiseño-Juaneño | Awakening () | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Takic | San Luís Rey; San Juan Capistrano; Juaneño; | USA; | North America | 33.4622,-117.1269 | |||
3,384 | smj | Lule Saami | Lulesamisk; Lulesamiska; luulajansaame; julevsámegiella; луле-саамский язык; “Lule Lapp”; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000-2,000 | Uralic; Saami | Sweden;Norway; | Europe | 67.272,17.7978 | |||
4,516 | lmd | Lumun | Lomon; Kuku-Lumun; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Niger-Congo; Talodi | Sudan; | Africa | 10.8387,30.0338 | |||
4,541 | luw | Luo | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Not to be confused with Acholi [ach], sometimes called Luo or Lwo. Luo [luw] is spoken in Cameroon, while Acholi is spoken in Sudan and Uganda. | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.085,11.486 | |||
4,488 | ldd | Luri | Lúr, Lur | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.171127, 9.726795 | |||
10,462 | Lushi | Lukshi, Dokshi | Dormant () | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Lushi, Dokshi | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.059639, 9.070630 | |||
5,396 | lut, sno, ska | Lushootseed | Snohomish, Skagit, Swinomish, Skaǰət | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Salishan; Central Salish | Lushootseed is a complex of closely related Central Salish dialects spoken in the Puget Sound area of Washington (older sources refer to it as Puget Sound Salish). The principal modern communities in which Lushootseed is the heritage language include the Upper Skagit, Swinomish, Suquamish, Muckleshoot, Puyallup, and Nisqually Reservations, and especially the Tulalip Reservation near Marysville. Lushootseed is now spoken as a first language by fewer than 5 elderly people out of a total population of over 18,000. | Ethnologue (2016) distinguishes 4 Lushootseed languages: Lushootseed [lut], Southern Puget Sound [slh], Skagit [ska], Snohomish [sno]. | USA; | North America | 47.93, -122.14 | |
4,540 | luv | Luwati | Lawatiyya; Lawatiya; Khojki; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Oman; | Near East | 23.6193,58.5653 | |||
5,925 | mfz | Mabaan | Maaban; Meban; Southern Burun; Gura; Tungan; Barga; Tonko; Ulu; Maban; Süd-Burun; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Nilotic; Western Nilotic | South Sudan; | Africa | 9.786503,33.633736 | |||
3,626 | muj | Mabire | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 12.1682,18.7275 | ||||
5,159 | mcl | Macaguaje | Dormant () | 0 | Tucanoan; Western Tucanoan | Some consider Macaguaje and Secoya (Siona-Secoya [snn, sey]) to be varieties of the same language. | Colombia; | South America | 0.491972,-76.244411 | |||
3,025 | mbn | Macaguán | Macaguane; Agualinda Guahibo; Hitnü; Jitnu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 441 | Guajiboan | Colombia; | South America | 6.5,-71.3333333333 | |||
3,022 | mcb | Machiguenga | Machaguenga; Amachengue; Macheyenga; Matsiguenga; Matsiganga; Matsigenka; Mañaries; Matsigenga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Campa | Nomatsiguenga; Caquinte; Machiguenga | There is some confusion in the sources regarding the names Machiguenga (Matsiguenga) and Nomatsiguenga and the languages or varieties to which they refer. | Peru; | South America | -12.0,-72.6666666667 | |
3,017 | myy | Macuna | Erulia; Yeba; Buhagana; Makuna; Roea; Emoa; Ide; Suroa; Tabotiro Jejea; Umua; Wuhána; Paneroa; Jepa-Matsi; Yepá-Mahsá; Yebamasã; Yehpá Majsá; Baigana; Wahana; Makuna-Erulia; Buhágana; Yepá Maxsã; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,041 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | -0.333333333333,-70.1666666667 | |||
4,241 | grg | Madi | Gira; Girara; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 380 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.5,144.6 | |||
5,025 | gmd | Mághdì | Tala; Widala; Maghdi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
2,267 | zgr | Magori | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.0337,149.2272 | ||||
1,267 | mhe | Mah Meri | Besisi; Cellate; Southern Sakai; Betise’; Betisek; Belandas; Süd-Sakai; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2896 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; South Aslian | Sisi; Kuala Langot Besisi; Selangor Sakai; Betise’; Malakka Besisi; Ulu Langat Orang Bukit; | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | |||
3,019 | mew | Maha | Maaka; Maka; Maga; Magha; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.934661,11.682242 | |||
5,660 | bfz | Mahasu Pahari | Baghati; Western Pahari; Mahasui; Pahari, Mahasu | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | Upper Mahasu Pahari; Sodochi; Rohruri; Rampuri; Shimla Siraji; Lower Mahasu Pahari; Baghliani; Baghati; Kiunthali | India; | South Asia | 31.2738,77.1295 | ||
528 | mhb | Mahongwe | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | 1.0216,13.9031 | ||||
4,567 | mcw | Mahwa | Mawa; Mahoua; Mahoura | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,560 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 11.740913,18.280973 | |||
4,884 | nmu | Maidu | Northeastern Maidu; Mountain Maidu; Northeast Maidu; | Dormant () | 0 | Maiduan | Chico Maidu, Northeastern Maidu (Mountain Maidu) | Chico Maidu is sometimes considered a separate language, sometimes a divergent dialect; Kroeber grouped Valley Konkow and Chico Maidu together as “Valley Maidu” (Golla 2011:138). | USA; | North America | 40.4134,-120.6738 | |
4,668 | mjz | Majhi | Manjhi | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24422 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Eastern Zone | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 27.9208, 83.5082 | |||
1,433 | mkg | Mak (China) | Mo; Mohua; Mo-Hua; Ching; Mojiahua; Mochiahua; 莫語; 莫話; 錦話; 吳家話 | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Lakkia-Kam-Sui; Kam-Sui | Lyo; Mak; Chi; Ching; Hwa | According to Yang (200), /ai3 ma:k8/ and /ai3 ȶam1/ are not two different languages, but dialects of Mak. | China; | East Asia | 25.5532,107.3809 | |
4,948 | pbl | Mak (Nigeria) | Panyam; Panya; Leemak; Lemak; Zo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,690 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Panya; Zo; | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.312003, 11.191010 | ||
3,020 | mca | Maká | Macca; Towothli; Enimaga; Maca; Towolhi; Maka; Mak’á; Enimaca; Nynaka; Toothle; Macá; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,042 | Matacoan | Paraguay; | South America | -25.2122222, -57.5330556; -25.0,-57.5 | |||
1,930 | myh | Makah | Kwe-Nee-Chee-Aht; Kweedishchaaht; Macaw; | Awakening () | Wakashan; Southern Wakashan | USA; | North America | 48.3658,-124.6118 | ||||
4,646 | mgf | Maklew | Makleu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Bulaka River | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -7.7561, 139.5049 | |||
3,018 | wpc | Mako | Maku; Macu; Maco; Itoto; Wotuja; Jojod; Piaroa-Maco; Kuakua; Guagua; Quaqua; Ature; Adole; Piaroa-Mako; Piaroa; Wothüha; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,078 | Saliban | Not to be confused with the language isolate Maco (Maku, Makú) nor with languages of the Makúan family. | Venezuela; | South America | 4.232227, -66.403103 | ||
2,268 | zmh | Makolkol | Neu-Pommern; | Dormant () | 0 | East New Britain; Baining | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.8994,151.6827 | |||
2,710 | lva | Maku’a | Lovaea; Lovaia; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | East Timor; | Pacific | -8.4017,127.2271 | |||
3,016 | mpu | Makurap | Makuráp; Makurápi; Macuráp; Macurapi; Massaka; Kurateg; Makurape; Macurap; Macurape | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 45 | Tupian; Tuparian | Brazil; | South America | -12.1682, -63.0285 | |||
3,015 | mbc | Makushi | Makushí; Macuxi; Teweya; Teueia; Macushi; Macusi; Makuxí; Macuxí; Makuxi; Macussi; Makusi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <7,830 | Cariban; Venezuelan | Brazil;Venezuela;Guyana; | South America | 4.0,-60.0 | |||
5,070 | ymk | Makwe | Kimakwe; Palma; Macue; Makwe; Maraba; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Coastal Makwe; Interior Makwe; | Tanzania;Mozambique; | Africa | -10.614748, 40.382975 | ||
4,670 | mkb | Mal Paharia | Mal Pahoria; Malto; Malti; Maltu; Maler; Malpaharia; Marpaharia; Mal Pahariya; Mal; Manlati; Mar; Maw; Mawdo; Mawer; Mawer Nondi; Mad; Mader; Dehri; Paharia; Parsi | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 51,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Eastern Zone | India; | South Asia | 24.09, 87.35 | |||
5,026 | ruy | Mala | Rumaya; Rumaiya; Amala; Tumala; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,630 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.579561,8.096494 | |||
10,860 | mal | Malabar Indo-Portuguese Creole | Kerala Portuguese Creole | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Pidgin or Creole; Portuguese based | Cannanore, Calicut, Cochin | India; | South Asia | 11.864854, 75.369846 | ||
1,459 | mcm | Malaccan Creole Portuguese | Malaysian Creole Portuguese; Malaccan; Papia Kristang; Kristang; Portuguese Patois; Serani; Bahasa Serani; Bahasa Geragau; Malaqueiro; Malaquense; Malaquês; Malaquenho; Português de Malaca; Malayo-Portuguese; Moluccas Pidgin | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,150 | Pidgin or Creole; Portuguese based | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 2.2, 102.25 | |||
5,945 | mpb | Malak Malak | MalakMalak; MullukMulluk; Ngolok-Wangar; Ngolak-Wonga; Nguluwongga; Mullukmulluk; Malagmalag; Malakmalak; Mullikmullik; Mollakmollak; Mallackmallack; Mullik-Mullik; Mollak-mollak; Malack-malack; Mulluc-Mulluc; Ngolok-Wangar; Ngululwanga; Ngulugwanga; Akana; Djiramo; Djiramö; Malag-Malag; Malak-malak; Mallak-mallak; Mollak Mollak; Mollok Mollok; Mullik-mullik; Mulluck Mulluck; Mulluk Mulluk; Mulluk-Mulluk; Mullu-Mulluc; Mulukmuluk; Ngolak-Wanggar; Ngolokwangga; Ngulugwongga; Nguluk Wangkar; Ngulukwongga; Valli-valli; Malak-Malak; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11 | Northern Daly | Australia; | Australia | -13.691648, 130.677778;-14.146896, 130.074077;-12.90556,131.17583;-12.830556, 131.075833;-16.08389,130.80472; | |||
2,269 | mmt | Malalamai | Bonga; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~150 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.763899803,146.6495056 | |||
7,870 | mdy | Malé | Maale; Male; Maalé; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 53,800 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.386336,36.885738 | |||
5,879 | pkt | Maleng | Malieng; Malang; Kri; Krìì; Sô Salang; Hareme; Mã Liềng; Kha | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Malang; Pakatan; Kha Phong; Hareme; Maleng; Malieng | Closely related to Kri and the Vietic Phong. | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 17.920839,105.400831 | |
6,991 | bog | Malian Sign Language | Mali Sign Language; Langue des Signes Malienne; LaSiMa; Bamako Sign Language; LSM; Langue des signes bambara | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; African | Mali; | Africa | 12.65, -8; 14.5,-4.2; 15,-2.95 | ||||
1,748 | pqm | Maliseet-Passamaquoddy | Passamaquoddy-Maliseet; Malecite-Passamaquoddy; Pennacook; Maliseet; Malecite Cluster; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Algic; Algonquian; Eastern Algonquian | Maliseet, Passamaquoddy | USA;Canada; | North America | 44.9572,-67.0496; 46.8023,-67.6686 | ||
6,672 | vml | Malkana | Maljanna; Maldjana; Malgana; Majanna; Malyana; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Kartu | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -26.369725,114.207945 | ||
2,700 | mfx | Malo | Melo; Mello; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,151 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Ethiopia; | Africa | 6.950294,37.025083 | |||
10,752 | malu1245 | Malua Bay | Malakula; Middle Nambas | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Austronesian; Oceanic; Southern Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.00, 167.18 | |||
6,695 | yga | Malyangapa | Maljangaba; Malya-napa; Mulya-napa; Mulya-nappa; Milya-uppa; Mullia-arpa; Muliaarpa; Malynapa; Malja:pa; Malyapa; Nalyanapa; Malgangara; Karikari; Bulalli; Bulali; Runta; Runda; Maljangapa; Malyanapa; Mulyanapa; Mulyanappa; Milyauppa; Multyerra; Malgaaljangaba;Malyangaba; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Yarli | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -30.5745762,140.7023202 | ||
8,091 | mam | Mam | Qyo:l; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 519,664 | Mayan; Mamean | Central Mam (Comitancillo, San Marcos, Western Mam), Southern Mam (Quetzaltenango Mam, San Juan Ostuncalco Mam), Tacaneco (Tacaná Mam, Tiló), Tajumulco Mam, Todos Santos. | Guatemala;Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.80, -91.72 | ||
4,654 | mhf | Mamaa | Mama; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.508642197,146.5274963 | |||
3,990 | wmd | Mamaindé | Northern Nambikwara; Mamainde; Northern Nambikuára; Northern Nambikuaran; Kithāulhú; Northern Nambiquara; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Nambikwaran | Mamaindé, Negarotê, Tawanxte, Taxmainite, Taxwensite, Yalapmunxte (Lacondê and Latundê), Negaroté, Tawende | There is uncertainty in the literature about the classification of Nambikwaran languages and which varieties may be separate languages or are only dialects of a single language. It is also difficult to determine how language variety names match similar names among the sources. Campbell (2012:99) has 5 Nambikwaran languages. Lowe (1999:269): “Nambiquara family consists of three languages”: Southern Nambiquara dialect complex, Mamainde/Nakarothe, and Sabanes. Price (1978) has three branches, Northern Nambikwaran, Southern Nambikwaran, and Sabané. The Northern Nambikwaran members are: Mamaindê, Negarotê, Tawandê, Latundê, and Lakondê. The Southern branch is divided in four dialect groups: Manduca (with the variants Siwaisu, Hunkutesu, Niyahlosu); Campo (with Kithãulhu, Wakalitesu, Halotesu, Sawentesu); Guaporé (with Hahãintesu, Waikisu, Alãntesu, Wasusu); and Sararé (also called Katitãulhu). Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2016) has 6 languages: Sabanê [sae], Lakondê [lkd], Latundê [ltn], Mamaindé [wmd], Tawandê [xtw], and Nambikuára, Southern [nab]. Note that Negarotê has sometimes been considered an independent Nambikwaran language; however, Anonby and Eberhard (2008) found 90% intelligibility between Negarotê and Mamaindê, showing Negarotê is not a distinct language, but a variant of Mamaindê. (Anonby, Stan and David Eberhard. 2008. “A Survey of Three Northern Nambiquara Groups: The Mamaindê, Negarotê, and Latundê.” SIL Electronic Survey Report 2008-21.) | Brazil; | South America | -11.8028,-59.8095 | |
4,648 | mgm | Mambae | Mambai; Manbae; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 131,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Manua; Lolei; Damata; Mambai; | East Timor; | Pacific | -9.20, 125.47 | ||
2,345 | mcs | Mambai | Mangbei; Mangbai; Manbai; Mambay; Mamgbay; Mamgbei; Mongbay; Mangbaï de Biparé; Momboi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~15,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon;Chad; | Africa | 9.66666666667,14.0 | |||
9,929 | mvd | Mamboru | Mamboro; Memboro | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >13,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -9.392161, 119.533997 | |||
4,686 | mml | Man Met | Manmit; Manmi; Angku; Āng-kú; 克蔑語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1000 | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Angkuic | The Man Met are included in the Bulang National Minority of China; however, they don’t speak the Bulang language. | China; | East Asia | 22.07, 100.84 | ||
10,526 | mva | Manam | Manum | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Wanami | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.07, 145.03 | ||
10,609 | mle | Manambu | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,800 | Sepik; Ndu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.19, 142.86 | ||||
7,290 | nmm | Manange | Manang; Manangba; Ngyeshang | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Bodic; Bodish; Tamangic | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.665, 84.023 | |||
4,979 | pmr | Manat | Paynamar; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~50 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.94, 144.88 | |||
1,205 | mnc | Manchu | Man; Mandschurisch; Mandschu; Mantischeou; Chinesische Tatarn; 滿語 | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Jurchenic | Lalin; Alechuxa; Bala; Jing | China; | East Asia | 49.5,127.5 | ||
3,383 | kjh-fyk | Manchurian Kirghiz | Kirghiz (Fu-Yu); Fuyü Gïrgïs; Fu-Yu Kirgiz; 富裕吉爾吉斯語; 滿洲柯爾克孜語 | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Yenisei Turkic | China; | East Asia | 47.8, 124.2 | |||
2,049 | ate | Mand | Atemble; Atemple-Apris; Atemple; Apris; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.1292,144.7421 | |||
1,913 | zma | Manda (Australia) | Manhthe; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <25 | Western Daly | Australia; | Australia | ||||
4,653 | mha | Manda (India) | Manḍa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,040 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 20.1384,84.0289 | |||
4,650 | mgs | Manda (Tanzania) | Kimanda; Kinyasa; Nyasa; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 22,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Matumba; | Tanzania; | Africa | -10.930405, 34.738564 | ||
3,014 | mht | Mandahuaca | Mitua; Mandauaca; Mandawaka; Ihini; Arihini; Maldavaca; Cunipusana; Yavita; Mandawáka; Mitua; | Dormant () | 0? | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 1.428,-66.9287 | |||
10,965 | mand1477 | Mandalay Sign Language | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language, Southeast Asia | Considered by some to be a dialect of “Myanmar Sign Language” (ysm) | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 21.96,96.09 | ||||
865 | mhq | Mandan | Dormant () | 0 | Siouan | Edwin Benson, the last fluent speaker of Mandan, passed away on Dec. 9th, 2016. | USA; | North America | 47.5165,-102.2461 | |||
3,136 | zmk | Mandandanyi | Mandandanjnjdji; Mandandanji; Mundaeinbura; Mundainbara; Kogai; Cogai; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -27.019333,148.776722 | |||
2,712 | mqr | Mander | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 | Orya-Tor; Tor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.4341,138.7284 | ||||
5,563 | djb-man | Mandjalpingu | Manydjalpingu; Manydjalpuyŋu; Mandalpuy; Mandalpingu; Manjdjalpuyngu; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Australia; | Australia | ||||
10,666 | jet | Manem | Manam; Jeti; Skofro; Wembi; Yeti | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Border; Waris | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -2.99, 141.02 | |||
1,236 | zng | Mang | Mang U; Xá Mang; Xá Ó; Nieng Ó; Chaman; Manbu; Ba’e; Xá Lá Vàng; Xamang; 莽語; tiếng Mảng | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,750 | Austro-Asiatic; Mangic | Not to be confused with [mtq] Muong (芒) which also spoken in Vietnam. | China;Vietnam;Thailand; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 22.35,102.9666 | ||
5,934 | mem | Mangala | Mangalaa; Mangarla; Manala; Maŋala; Minala; Mangal; Mangula; Mangai; Djawali; Djuwali; Jiwali; Jiwarli; Koalgurdi; Yalmbau; Mangala; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Pama-Nyungan; Marrngu | Australia; | Australia | -19.492,123.84 | |||
3,572 | mrv | Mangareva | Mangarevan; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Less than 900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | French Polynesia; | Pacific | -23.1226,-134.978 | |||
1,914 | mpc | Mangarrayi | Mangarayi; Mungerry; Mangarai; Manggarai; Mungarai; Ngarrabadji; Mangarei; Mungari; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Gunwinyguan; Maran | Australia; | Australia | -14.34354907,133.3128743 | |||
3,130 | zns | Mangas | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.105134, 9.821771 | ||||
4,742 | myj | Mangayat | Mangaya; Mongaiyat; Bug; Buga; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | South Sudan; | Africa | 8.2495,25.7574 | |||
3,138 | zme | Mangerr | Mangerri; Mangerei; Mennagi; Mangeri; Giimbiyu; Mengerrdji; Berrigurruk; Erei; Eri; Mangarr; Mangarryu; Manger; Mangerdji; Mangeryu; Mengerdji; Mengerei; Mengerr; Mengerri; Menngarr; Rereri; Reveri; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Giimbiyu | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -12.23445,133.017806 | ||
364 | buy | Mani | Bullom So; Northern Bullom; Bolom; Bulem; Bullun; Bullin; Mmani; Mandingi; Mandenyi; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mel | Mmani; Kafu; | Guinea;Sierra Leone; | Africa | 9.1129,-13.2165 | ||
3,522 | tnz | Maniq | Mos; Tonga; Tonga’; Ten’en | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Maniq | Satun | Thailand;Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 7.35,99.9333 | ||
6,696 | 1j4 | Manjiljarra | Mantjiltjara; Mandijildjara; Manyjilyjara; Manyjilyjarra; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -22.517631,123.840208 | |||
8,989 | msk | Mansaka | Mandaya Mansaka | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 57,800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Mansakan | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 6.79, 126.18 | |||
7,715 | msw | Mansoanka | Sua; Mansoanca; Maswanka; Kunant; Kunante; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-25,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mansoanka-Fore-Mboteni | Gambia;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | ||||
8,601 | glv | Manx | Manx Gaelic; Manks; Gaelg; Gailck | Awakening () | Indo-European; Celtic; Goidelic | Manx is a “revived” language; it once had no surviving native speakers, but has been learned by many in more recent times. | United Kingdom; | Europe | 54.163387, -4.498093 | |||
5,666 | nbi | Mao Naga | Mao; Sopvoma; Spowama; Maikel; Memi; Sopfomo; Emela; Naga (Mao); Māo Naga; Naga, Mao | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 77,810 | Sino-Tibetan; Angami-Pochuri | Paomata | India; | South Asia | 25.5,94.3333333333 | ||
4,741 | myf | Mao of Bambeshi | Bambassi; Bambeshi; Siggoyo; Amam; Fadiro; Northern Mao; Didessa; Mao of Diddesa; Bambessi Mao; Didessa Mao; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Mao | Kere; Bambassi; | “Northern Mao, also known by the toponyms Bambassi and Diddesa, is one of the least documented Omotic languages (Bender 2000:180). A Mao language of the Omotic family, a subclass of the Afroasiatic phylum (Bender 1985; 2000; 2003; Hayward 2000), the language is spoken by an estimated 5,000 speakers (Siebert et al. 1993)” | Ethiopia; | Africa | 9.7469,34.7662 | |
1,432 | mmd | Maonan | Ai Nan; 毛南話; 毛難語 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Lakkia-Kam-Sui; Kam-Sui | Not to be confused with the Yanghuang group in Guizhou province administratively recognized as Maonan. This language is related to, but distinct from Maonan (Tian 2008). | China; | East Asia | 24.825664, 108.258028 | ||
4,592 | swb | Maore Comorian | Comorian; Comores Swahili; Komoro; Comoro; Shimaore; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Maore; Shindzwani; | Comoros;Mayotte;Réunion;Madagascar; | Africa | -12.0,44.0 | |||
3,571 | mri | Māori | Maori | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 127,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | South Island; Taranaki; Rotorua-Taupo; Wanganui; North Auckland; Bay of Plenty; | Increasingly New Zealand is referred to by the Māori name Aotearoa ‘the long white cloud’, though originally this referred only to the North Island of New Zealand. | New Zealand; | Pacific | -40.0,176.0 | |
4,677 | mlh | Mape | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,120 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Naga; Mape; Nigac; Fukac; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.619209766,147.6359863 | |||
2,714 | mpy | Mapia | Mapian | Dormant () | 0 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 0.8321, 134.3023 | |||
3,012 | mcg | Mapoyo | Mapoyo-Yavarana; Mapoyo; Mapayo; Mapoye; Mopoi; Nepoye; Wanai; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3? | Cariban; Venezuelan | Pémono | Ethnologue (2016) lists 4 languages in its Mapoyo-Yavarana subgroup of Cariban: Mapoyo [mcg] , Pémono [pev], Tamanaku [tmz], Yabarana [yar]. Other sources differ by considering some of these to be dialects of a single Mapoyo-Yawarana language. Gildea (personal communication 2014) reports that until we get some more reliable data, it appears that there are/were 3 languages: †Tamanaku, Mapoyo (ethnonym Wanai, dialect †Pémono), and Yawarana (with alternate names Orechicano, Curachicano, Woquiare). (See also Gildea 2013.) Tamanaku is long extinct, with no attested speakers for at least a century, and therefore does not have an entry of its only in this Catalogue. Mapoyo and Yawarana are often considered separate languages, each with its own entry in this Catalogue. However, there were just some old wordlists for Yawarana and almost nothing for Mapoyo. Marie-Claude Mattéi Muller went to the Mapoyo area in the 1970s and collected some data, from which she extracted a Mapoyo wordlist (Mattéi Muller1977a, 1977b). Mattéi-Muller and Henley (1990) published Mattéi-Muller’s comparative wordlists, comparing her Mapoyo data to the published Yawarana words; they found 80% cognacy between the two and suggested maybe they were dialects of a single language. In 1998, Mattéi-Muller did fieldwork with the Yawarana, where she played a 1970s tape of Mapoyo speakers, and the Yawarana speakers (i) had difficulty understanding, but recognized Mapoyo as very closely related, and (ii) recognized the manner of speech as that of an old woman living in an isolated village far upstream. She went to this old speaker, who turned out to be the last speaker of Pémono, which seems to have been a dialect of Mapoyo (Mattéi Muller 2003). | Venezuela; | South America | 6.0,-67.0 | |
7,849 | arn | Mapudungun | Mapudungu; Mapuzugun; Araucano; Maputongo; Mapuche; Araucanian; “Auca”; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 258,413 | Araucanian | Pehuenche; Cautín; Río Negro; Rucachoroy; Huilliche; Mapocho; Chubut; Ranquel; Picunche; Neuquén; Ngoluche (Moluche, Manzanero) | Argentina;Chile; | South America | -40.0791, -71.0156 | ||
4,708 | mrh | Mara Chin | Mara; Lakher; Maram; Zao; Mira; Chin (Mara); Tlongsai; Hawthai; Sabeu; Chin, Mara | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 42000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Hlawthai; Tlongsai | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 23.0,93.1666666667 | ||
3,376 | vmh | Maraghei | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Dikini | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036, 48.2519 | ||||
5,667 | nma | Maram Naga | Maram; Naga, Maram | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 37,340 | Sino-Tibetan; Zemeic | Ngatan; T. Khullen; Maram Khullen Circle; Willong Circle; | India; | South Asia | 25.185,93.9715 | ||
2,053 | 1kz | Mardin Sign Language | Dilsizce; Eski Işaretler; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~40 | Sign Language; Near Eastern | Turkey; | Europe | ||||
2,715 | mrx | Maremgi | Marengge; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 55 | Orya-Tor; Tor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.2571,139.5455 | |||
3,139 | zmc | Margany | Marrganj; Maranganji; Mardigan; Marukanji; Marganj; Marnganji; Murngain; Murgoin; Murgoan; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -27.21067033,144.7191154 | ||
4,627 | mbx | Mari | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.0478, 141.8994 | ||||
1,929 | mrc | Maricopa | Piipaash; Pee Posh; Cocomaricopa; Piipash | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | Maricopa; Lehi; Laveen; Kavelchadom; Halchidhoma; | USA; | North America | 33.3772,-112.1676 | ||
1,907 | zmd | Maridan | Marridan; Meradan; Maredan; Nordanimin; Murindan; Marrisyefin; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Western Daly | Australia; | Australia | -14.184522,130.056992 | |||
1,908 | zmj | Maridjabin | Marrityabin; Maretyabin; Maridyerbin; Maredyerbin; Marityabin; Maretyaben; Murintjabin; Ngangityaben; Tangural; Tanggural; Marisyabin; Marri Jabin; Marri Tjevin; Marrijebin; Marrisjefin; Marritjevin; Murindjabin; Murindzabin; Murintja-bin; Murintjaran; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Western Daly | Australia; | Australia | -13.866472,129.831508 | |||
1,909 | zmm | Marimanindji | Marrimanindji; Maramarandji; Maramanandji; Marimanindu; Murinmanindji; Marramaninjsji; Maramanindji; Marekaganda; Marramananjsji; Marramanenjsji; Marramaninyshi; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <15 | Western Daly | Australia; | Australia | -14.296972,130.184075 | |||
4,626 | mbw | Maring | Mareng; Yoadabe-Watoare; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Chimbu-Wahgi | Eastern Maring; Kambegl; Karamba; Timbunki; Central Maring; Tsuwenki; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.5,144.666666667 | ||
5,668 | nng | Maring Naga | Maring; Naga, Maring | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 22,326 | Sino-Tibetan; Tangkhul | India; | South Asia | 24.6769,94.3835 | |||
4,704 | mrb | Marino | Naone; North Maewo; Sunwadia; Suñwadia | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.976036,168.121192 | |||
4,896 | nsr | Maritime Sign Language | Nova Scotian Sign Language; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Sign Language; North American | Canada; | North America | 45.04, -63.88 | |||
2,327 | zmy | Mariyedi | Marijedi; Murijadi; Marijadi; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Western Daly | Australia; | Australia | ||||
2,719 | mok | Marori | Morori; Moraori; Moaraeri; Morari; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 150 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.519, 140.501 | |||
1,915 | mec | Marra | Leelalwarra; Leelawarra; Mala; Maarra; Mara; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Gunwinyguan; Maran | Australia; | Australia | -14.90794876,135.1224023 | |||
4,655 | mhg | Marrgu | Maraura; Maroura; Marowera; Jakajako; Yaakoyaako; Waimbo; Margu; Ajokoot; Jaako; Terutong; Terrutong; Raffles Bay; Croker Island; Yaako; Yako; Ma:go; Marg; Margo; Marlgu;Marrku; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Unclassified; Iwaidjan? | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -11.147622,132.560164 | ||
2,329 | xru | Marriammu | Marri Ammu; MareAmmu; Mareammu; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6-7 | Western Daly | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | |||
1,910 | zmt | Marringarr | Marenggar; Maringa; Marengar; Maringar; Merringar; Muringa; Mari’ngar; Ngangikadre; Marri Ngarr; Moil; Moyle; Muringar; Murrinnga; Yaghanin;Maringarr; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30-40 | Western Daly | Maranunggu; | Australia; | Australia | -14.377208,130.262539 | ||
2,325 | mfr | Marrithiyel | Berinken; Berringen; Berringin; Bringen; Brinken; Brinkin; Marathiel; Maridhiel; Maridhiyel; Marithiyel; Muritijel; “Brinken”; “Bringen”; Maridiyal; Marithid; Maridiyel;Marithiel; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <25 | Western Daly | Marithiel; Marri Yedi; Mare-Ammu; Marridan; Marrisjabin; | Australia; | Australia | -13.83887457,130.0009396 | ||
7,209 | mre | Martha’s Vineyard Sign Language | MVSL | Dormant () | Sign Language; North American | USA; | North America | |||||
6,270 | mpj | Martu Wangka | Mardo; Targudi; Jigalong; Martuwangka; Targoodi; Mardujara; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800-1,000 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Kartujarra; Manyjilyjara; Yulparitja; Wangkajunga; Puditara; | Australia; | Australia | -29.854456,122.324919 | ||
3,380 | vma | Martuthunira | Martuyhunira; Mardudjungara; Mardudhunera; Mardudhunira; Mardudhoonera; Mardathoonera; Mardutunira; Mardutunera; Marduduna; Mardathoni; Mardatuna; Maratunia; Marduthunira; Mardadhunira; Mardudjungara; Mardatunera; Jawunmala; Mardudunera; Mardidhoonera; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Australia; | Australia | -21.91408273,115.8212481 | |||
3,008 | mzr | Marubo | Marobo; Marúbo; Maruba; Marova; Kaniuá; Katukína; Marubo of the Javari Basin | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1043 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Brazil; | South America | -6.0968,-70.2246 | |||
2,716 | mvs | Masep | Massep; Wotaf; Potafa | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.7575,138.3178 | |||
3,006 | cuj | Mashco Piro | Mashco; Mashco Piro; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200-600 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Crevels (2012) lists Mashco (Mashco-Piro) as an unclassified language spoken by an uncontacted group who reportedly speak a language related to Piro (Arawakan). Aikhevald (1999a:68) gives Mashko-Piro as a separate language in her Piro-Apuriná group of South-Western Arawak[an], but indicates it may be a dialect of Iñapari. | Peru; | South America | -12.0822,-69.7412 | ||
4,309 | ism | Masimasi | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.01, 139.04 | ||||
2,306 | msv | Maslam | Mandage; Mendage; Mandagué; Maltam; Kotoko-Maltam; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000-6,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Sao; Maslam; | Cameroon;Chad; | Africa | 12.136,14.6914 | ||
577 | mdg | Massalat | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Maban | Chad; | Africa | 12.7635,20.5993 | ||||
6,789 | dmd | Mathi-Mathi | Madhi Madhi; Madhimadhi; Madi Madi; Muti muti; Mutte Mutte; Matimati; Madi-madi; Mataua; Moorta Moorta; Matthee-matthee; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -34.13829932,143.6694397 | |||
2,330 | zmg | Mati Ke | Madige; Magati-Ge; Magadige; Magati Gair; Magatige; Marrige; Marri-ge; Matige; Muringair; Murrinh Ke; Murrinh-ge; Magati Ke;Marti Ke; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2-3 | Western Daly | Australia; | Australia | -14.004314,129.855606 | |||
1,731 | mpq | Matís | Matis; Mayoruna-Matsés | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >280 | Pano-Tacanan; Mayoruna | Brazil; | South America | -4.41666666667,-70.25 | |||
6,150 | mat | Matlatzinca | Bot’una | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,134 | Otomanguean; Otopamean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.39, -99.92; 19.36, -100.06 | |||
1,911 | zml | Matngele | Madngele; Matngala; Warat; Madngela; Maangella; Mandella; Muttangulla; Hermit Hill; Amadil; Muttangella; Matngelli; Madngella; Ngengiwerat; Madngala; Dakayu; Nginma; Weret; Werat; Malak Malak; Matngela; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15-20 | Eastern Daly | Australia; | Australia | -13.940756,130.611972 | |||
1,732 | mcf, pig | Matsés | Mayoruna; Matse; Matís; Majoruna; Matsés; Maxuruna; Majuruna; Mayiruna; Maxirona; Magirona; Mayuzuna; Majoruna-Matsés; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2200 | Pano-Tacanan; Mayoruna | Peruvian Matses; Brazilian Matses; Paud Usunkid (the last extinct) | Names involving many Panoan languages (branch of Pano-Tacanan) are confused and conflict with one another in the sources. Some were mentioned long ago and repeated though without precise information about to which group they refer and whether one group may be known by several names or whether a single name may be applied to different groups. Some of these imprecise names include: Mayoruna, Mayo, Maya, Pisabo (Pisagua, Pisahua), etc. For Fleck (2013), ‘Mayoruna’ names a branch of Panoan; ‘Mayo’ names a subgroup in that branch, which contains the real languages Matsés, Kulina of the Curuçá River, and extinct Demushbo. The names ‘Mayo’ and ‘Maya’ in the literature were homonymous with ‘Mayoruna’, and ‘Pisabo’ was said to be a ‘Mayoruna’ sub-tribe. A;lso, the name ‘Quixito’ was a homonym with ‘Mayo’. Ethnologue’s Pisabo [pig] (600 speakers in Peru in 2006), and Crevels’ (2012: 186) Maya (Quixito) (400 speakers, 400 ethnic population in Brazil) are subsumed here under Matsés as the primary representative of the Mayo subgroup. | Brazil;Peru; | South America | -5.283333,-73.15 | |
1,310 | mkv | Mavea | Mafea; Mav̋ea; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.384, 167.230 | |||
2,270 | mjj | Mawak | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.5819,145.3079 | ||||
4,633 | mcz | Mawan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 470 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.164199829,145.6166992 | ||||
5,162 | mzx, mpw | Mawayana | Mahuayana; Madipian, Maiopitian, Maopityan | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Maritime | Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2016) has two codes for two “languages” which are apparently a single language, Madipian [mpw] in Brazil (with alternate name Mawayana), and Mawayana [mzx] in Guyana — both said to be among the Waiwai. | Brazil;Guyana;Suriname; | South America | 1.5159,-58.4143 | ||
1,851 | mav | Mawé | Sateré-Mawé; Maué; Mabue; Maragua; Sataré; Andira; Arapium; Maue; Andirá; Sateré; Mawé-Sateré | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,219 | Tupian | Brazil; | South America | -3.8642,-56.7773 | |||
4,647 | mgk | Mawes | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 693 | Isolate | Some consider this language an isolate. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.37, 139.75 | |||
2,546 | mph | Mawng | Gunmarung; Mawung; Gun-Marung; Maw; Managari; Goulburn Islands; Gunmarang; Kunmarung; Manangari; Mau; Mauung;Maung; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Iwaidjan | Australia; | Australia | -12.06446118,133.060671 | |||
2,997 | mbl | Maxakalí | Caposho, Cumanasho, Macuni, Monaxo, Monocho | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,271 | Maxakalian | Brazil; | South America | -18.0,-40.0 | |||
2,907 | mpd | Maxineri | Manitenere; Mashineri; Machinere; Manchinere; Manchineri; Manitenerí; Manitenére; Maxinéri; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 950 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | For many, this is a dialect of Piro; Ethnologue considers it a separate language. | Brazil;Bolivia; | South America | -10.5742,-70.4882 | ||
5,883 | scb-may | May | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Some consider it a dialect of Sach. | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 17.981492,105.622181 | |||
10,580 | iwm | May River Iwam | Iwam; May River | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Sepik; Iwam | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.27, 141.82 | |||
4,009 | 0qb | Maya | Maia; Miah; Majanna; Maja | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Kartu | Australia; | Australia | -24.136728, 113.41095; -24.668234, 113.687668; -24.021379, 114.130554; -23.758953, 114.442978 | |||
6,698 | xyk | Mayi-Kulan | Maykulan; Wunamara; Mayi-Thakurti; Mayi-Yapi; Maikulung; Mygoolan; Mykoolan; Micoolan; Mikkoolan; Maikulan; Maikolon; Makulu; Mayi-kulan; Miccoolin; Mikoolun; Mycoolon; Mykoo-lan; Mykulau; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Mayabic | Australia; | Australia | -18.785081,141.229114 | |||
3,237 | xmy | Mayi-Kutuna | Maigudina; Maigudung; Maikudun; Maikudung; Maikudunu; Mayagoondoon; Mika-doon; Mikoodoono; Mikoolun; Mygoodan; Mygoodano;Mayi-KutanaMayaguduna; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Mayabic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -18.64602942,139.6972619 | ||
6,699 | xyt | Mayi-Thakurti | Maidhagudi; Maitakudi; Mayatagoorri; Mythugadi; Majadhagudi; Mythuggadi; Mythaguddi; Mittagurdi; Mitagurdi; Mitakoodi; Mittakoodi; Mitroogoordi; Mitrogoordi; Mitakudi; Mittaka; Maithakari; Maidakadi; Maytagoori; Maithakui; Maithakuri; Maitakari; Maidhagari; Maidhaggaria; Maioakuri; Maitakeidi; Maithagudi; Maithakudi; Mayadhagurdifagurdi; Mayatagoori; Maydhagurdi | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Mayabic | Australia; | Australia | -20.00585156, 140.6753482 | |||
10,763 | xyj | Mayi-Yapi | Majabi, Miappe, Miappi, Miubbi, Myabi, Myappe | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -19.194796, 140.468383 | |||
4,644 | mfy | Mayo | Cahita; Yaqui-Mayo; Kahita; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32,702 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Cahitan | Teweko; | 90%% intelligibility with Yaqui. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 26.45, -108.98 | |
3,379 | vmb | Mbabaram | Mbara; Barbarem; Bar-barum; Mogmbabarum; Wumbabaram; Oombarbarum; Woombarbarram; Boobu-ram; Balbarum; Woombarrmbarra; Barbaram; Barbarum; Booburam; Gugu-Mbabaram; Illagona; Koko-Beberam; Kwearriburra; Morruburra; Queeariburra; Umbarbaram; Warrialgona; Woombarrmbar; Mitjamba; Kumbulmara; Mogmnanarim; Oombarrmbarum; Umbarbarem | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.21059785,144.6573105 | ||
578 | mpk | Mbara (Chad) | Massa de Guelengdeng; Guelengdeng; G’kelendeng; G’kelendeg; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Chad; | Africa | 11.0,15.4166666667 | |||
3,132 | zmv | Mbariman-Gudhinma | Rimang-Gudinhma; Port Stewart Lamalama; Parimankutinma; Bariman Gutinhma; Bariman Gudinhma; Rimanggudinhma; Rima-nggudininhma; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.629469,143.850325 | ||
6,700 | 0gx | Mbiywom | Mbeiwum; Kok Mbewan; Kok Mbewam; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -12.89620501,142.2710997 | ||
6,031 | xmb | Mbonga | Mboa; Mboŋa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,490 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 5.6, 13.8 | |||
5,027 | bgu | Mbongno | Bungnu; Bunu; Bungun; Gbunhu; Kakaba; Kamkam; Mbogno; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 6.766898,11.060379 | ||||
1,134 | mxo | Mbowe | Esimbowe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,690 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Zambia; | Africa | -14.154511, 22.017453 | |||
4,669 | mka | Mbre | Bre; Bere; Pre; Pre Pisia; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | 8.20929,-5.72944 | |||
9,049 | mhd | Mbugu | Ma’a; Mbougou; Wama’a; Wa Maathi; Kibwyo; Mixed Ma’a/Mbugu; Ma’á; Inner Ma’á; Mbugu Inner Mbugu | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7,000 | Mixed Language; Bantu-Cushitic | Cha kawaida; Cha ndani | Tanzania; | Africa | -4.704289, 38.378472; -4.866254, 38.465140; | ||
7,714 | mbv | Mbulungish | Baga Foré; Baga Monson; Monshon; Monchon; Bulunits; Longich; Black Baga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Mansoanka-Fore-Mboteni | Guinea;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | ||||
10,792 | Mbwenelang | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.348447,167.737211; | |||||
2,992 | gun | Mbyá | Mbua; Mbiá; Bugre; Mbyá Guaraní; Mbü’a Guaraní; Guaraní language area; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 19,924 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guarani | Brazil;Argentina;Paraguay;Uruguay; | South America | -26.5099, -55.2832 | |||
3,569 | meg | Mea | Ha Mea; Hameha; Neukaledonien; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.6141,165.7836 | |||
10,641 | afd | Meakambut | Andai; Arafundi; Pundungum; Wangkai; Imboin | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Arafundi | The Arafundi languages are closely related, possibly forming a dialect chain. In the Catalogue they are classified as three languages, but this is not the only possible categorization. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.96, 143.64 | ||
10,967 | fit | Meänkieli | Tornionlaakson Suomi; Torne Valley Finnish; Meän Suomi; Tornedalen Finnish | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Uralic, Finno-Ugric | Torne Valley; Kiruna-‐Jukkasjärvi; Gällivare; Pajala | Ausbau-language on the far end of the Finnish dialect continuum, closest to Far-Northern Finnish but heavily influenced by Swedish loanwords, syntax, and phonetics | Sweden;Finland; | Europe | 66.53,24.41 | |
3,098 | txu | Mebengokre | Kayapó; Cayapo; Kokraimoro; Cayapó; Gorotire; Southern Cayapo; Mebêngokrê; Xikrin; Put Karot | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,266 | Jean; Northern Je | Kayapó-Kradaú; Xikrin; Kararaó; | Known also as Kayapó or Xikrin. | Brazil; | South America | -9.0,-52.0 | |
673 | medn1235 | Mednyj Aleut | Copper Island Attuan; алеутско-медновский язык; Creolized Attuan; Copper Island Aleut Creole; медновский язык; Medny; Copper; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Mixed Language; Russian-Aleut | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 55.20, 166.00 | |||
3,382 | ruq | Megleno-Romanian | Megleno-Rumanian; Meglenitic; Meglenite; Other Roumanian Lects; Romanian, Megleno | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Eastern Romance | Greece;Macedonia; | Europe | 41.1042,22.2025 | |||
10,597 | nux | Mehek | Driafleisuma; Indinogosima; Me’ek; Nuku | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <4,027 | Sepik; Tama | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.71, 142.50 | |||
3,218 | mmh | Mehináku | Mehinacú; Minaco; Mehinacu; Mehináku; Mehinaco; Mahinaku; Mahinacu; Meinaku; Uara; Aura; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 227 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Central | Waurá-Mehinaku (Uara, Aura, Mahinacu): Ethnologue has Mehináku (Mehinaco, Mahinaku, Minaco) as a separate language, but said to be “somewhat intelligible with Waurá”, and Waurá is reportedly “partially intelligible with Mehináku”. Aikhenvald (1999a: 67) also has Waurá and Mehinaku as separate languages. ELCat would prefer to have a single entry for Mehinku and Waurá, but given the difference of opinion, both languages have separate entries. | Brazil; | South America | -12.5423,-53.2403 | ||
4,202 | gdq | Mehri | Mehrī; Mahri; Meḥri; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Modern South Arabian | Nagdi; Western Mehri; Eastern Mehri; | Yemen;Oman;Kuwait; | Near East | 16.5993,52.8057 | ||
2,988 | skf | Mekéns | Sakirabiát; Sakirabiá; Sakirabiáp; Sakiriabar; Sakirabiák; Sakirap; Amniapa; Sakurabiat; Mekens; Mekém; Mequens; Mekem; Mequem Amniapé; Waratégaya; Amiapé | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 22 | Tupian; Tuparian | Brazil; | South America | -12.5, -61.5 | |||
10,634 | mvk | Mekmek | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,036 | Yuat | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.47, 143.75 | ||||
10,605 | sim | Mende | Seim; Nihamber; Sambu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5,057 | Sepik; Nukuma | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.75, 142.75 | |||
1,384 | tnr | Ménik | Budik; Bedik; Tandanke; Tendanke; Tenda; Bande; Basari du Bandemba; Menik; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Preferred name for language may actually be Menik (Sall, Documentation of Bedik Project) | Senegal; | Africa | 12.7528,-12.2717 | |||
6,329 | mea | Menka | Wando Bando; Mamwoh; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 5.885162, 9.833596 | |||
1,926 | mez | Menominee | Menomini; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35 | Algic; Algonquian | USA; | North America | 44.9356,-88.6144 | |||
4,732 | mvx | Meoswar | War; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 2.08, 134.38 | |||
4,693 | mnu | Mer (Indonesia) | Muri; Miere; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 85 | Trans-New Guinea; Mairasi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.38, 134.73 | |||
10,780 | lmb | Merei | Tiale; Lametin; Malmariv | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.2656,166.9104 | |||
2,548 | ulk | Meriam | Miriam; Meryam Mir; Miriam-Mir; Mer; Mir; East Torres; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 320 | Eastern Trans-Fly | Tagota; Buglial; Bulgai; Boigu; | Australia; | Australia | -9.91666666667,144.083333333 | ||
1,925 | apm | Mescalero-Chiricahua | Chiricahua; Mescalero; Chiricahua-Mescalero; Mescalero Cluster; Mescalero-Chiricahua; Apache (Chiricahua); Apache (Mescalero-Chiricahua); Apache; Apache, Mescalero-Chiricahua; Eastern Apache; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >1,500 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Apachean | Chiricahau; Mescalero; | An emergent language within the Southern Athabaskan dialect complex, spoken with very little dialectal variation by people whose tribal identity is either Mescalero or Chiricahua. | USA; | North America | 33.1514,-105.7942; 34.8986,-98.3589 | |
10,861 | mys | Mesmes | Mäsmäs; | Dormant () | Afro-Asiatic; West Semitic; Ethiosemitic; South Ethiopic; | Ethiopia; | Africa | |||||
6,996 | mfs | Mexican Sign Language | Lenguaje de Signos Mexicano; Lenguaje Manual Mexicana; Lenguaje de las Manos LSM; LSM; Lenguaje de las Manos; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 87,000-100,000 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.433333, -99.133333 | |||
10,071 | 98s | Meymai | Meyma’i | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Northwest; Central Plateau | Iran; | Near East | 35.34, 53.24 | |||
4,934 | ote | Mezquital Otomí | Othomí; Otomí (Mezquital); Otomi (Mezquital); Otomi, Mezquital; Hñahñu; Otomí del Valle del Mezquital; Otomi | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Otomanguean; Otopamean | Ethnologue has 9 Otomí languages: Otomi, Eastern Highland [otm] Otomi, Estado de México [ots] Otomi, Ixtenco [otz] Otomi, Mezquital [ote] Otomi, Querétaro [otq] Otomi, Temoaya [ott] Otomi, Tenango [otn] Otomi, Texcatepec [otx Otomi, Tilapa [otl]. INALI also has 9 “variantes” of Otomí. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.1666666667, -99.1666666667 | ||
1,923 | mic | Mi’kmaq | Micmac; Mi’gmaq; Mi’gmaw; Mi’kmaw; Miigmao; Mi’kmaq; Restigouche; Mi’kmag; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,145 | Algic; Algonquian; Eastern Algonquian | Northern; Southern | USA;Canada; | North America | 44.995883,-63.658081; 46.24825,-60.876068; 46.339343,-63.402924; 48.727209,-65.69989; 46.354511,-64.755066; 46.769968,-67.834499; 42.357529,-71.065166 | ||
1,924 | mia | Miami-Illinois | Myaamia; Miami; Illinois; Miami-Myaamia; Peoria; Piankishaw; Miami Cluster; Wea | Awakening () | No first-language (L1) speakers | Algic; Algonquian; Miami-Illinois | Peoria-Kaskaskia, Piankashaw-Wea, Miami | Dialect complex | USA; | North America | 36.874400, -94.877200; 40.753600, -86.068900; | |
10,681 | mpt | Mian | Mianmin; Miyanmin | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,750 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Mountain Ok | West Mian (Wagarabai or Skonga); East Mian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.9, 141.6 | ||
1,755 | crg | Michif | French Cree; Mitchif; aan krii; Métchif; Mitif; Cree; Turtle Mountain Chippewa Cree | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200-2,000 | Mixed Language; French-Cree | USA;Canada; | North America | 52.0,-100.166666667 | |||
2,305 | xmj | Midah | Majera; Mida’a; Da’a; Mazera; Daa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Kajire-‘dulo; Jina; Sarassara; Mae; Tchide; Jina; Muxule; Hwalem; Majera; | Cameroon;Chad; | Africa | 11.3231,14.9839 | ||
1,751 | clw-mid | Middle Chulym | Melets Tatar; Chulim; Ös til; Küerik | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Turkic; South Siberian | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | ||||
3,465 | cte | Middle Southeastern Chinantec | jujmi (del sureste medio); Chinanteco del sureste medio; Tepinapa; Chinantec; Chinanteco; Chinanteko; Tepinapa Chinantec | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 77,087 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jujmi (del sureste medio) | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. The most recent and accurate sources claim that there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) Classifications are based Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||
7,591 | mxq, neq | Midland Mixe | South Central Mixe, Atitlán Mixe, Mixe de Atitlán, Northeastern Mixe | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8000-13,000 | Mixe-Zoquean; Mixean | Juquila, Ocotepec; San Juan Cotzocón, Zacatepec, Puxmetecán, Olotepec, Mixistlan, Cotzocón, Atitlán | Midland Mixe is an “emergent language” in Oaxacan Mixe. Ethnologue distinguishes North Central Mixe [neq] and Juquila Mixe [mxq], not recognized as distinct by others. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.947020, -96.014028 | |
5,639 | mxj | Miju-Mishmi | Miju; Kaman; Mishmi; Miji; Geman Deng; Mījū Mishmi; Kaman Mishmi; Keman; 格曼語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~9,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Midzu | Blench & Post (2011) argue that Miju Mishmi may be a language isolate within Sino-Tibetan. | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 29.0,96.0 | ||
1,666 | mik | Mikasuki | Hitchiti; Mikasuki Seminole; Miccosukee; Hitchiti-Mikasuki; Mikasuki Cluster; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500? | Muskogean | Mikasuki; Hitchiti; | USA; | North America | 26.3202,-80.9877 | ||
1,378 | adi-mil | Milang | Holon | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,150 | Unclassified | Traditionally considered the most divergent of the Tani languages, Mark Post and colleagues have recently argued for the removal of Milang from the Tani subgroup. Post and Blench (2011) hypothesize that Milang and Koro form a genetic unit, either viewed as a Tibeto-Burman subgroup with a non-Tibeto-Burman substrate, or as a non-Tibeto-Burman language group which has been influenced by Tibeto-Burman languages during its history. | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India; | South Asia | 28.431389,95.041667 | |
579 | mlj | Miltu | Miltou; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <300 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 10.2149,17.3913 | |||
10,869 | drc | Minderico | Piação do Ninhou; Minde | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Ibero-Romance; Indo-European | Minderico is the language of Minde village, located in a geographically isolated region of Portugal. | Portugal; | Europe | 39.517, -8.683 | ||
2,271 | mpn | Mindiri | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~90 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.5517,146.1538 | ||||
5,028 | mko | Mingang Doso | Munga Doso; Ngwai Mungàn; Doso; Munga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
10,906 | xmf | Mingrelian | Megrelian; Margali; Margaluri; Megrel; Megruli | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 344,000 | South Caucasian | Senaki; Samurzakan-Zugdidi | Georgia; | Caucasus | 42.014440, 43.566671 | ||
10,471 | Minhe Monguor | Minhe Mangghuer; Mangghuer; Monguor de Minhe; минхэ-монгорский; 民和土家語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25000 | Mongolic; Shirongolic; Northern Shirongolic | “Mongghul, or Huzhu Mongghul, is, together with (Minhe) Mangghuer, generally referred to as “Monguor’ in the specialist literature. The Chinese nomenclature subsumes the two populations and their languages under the designation Tu or Turen ‘Local People’, and assigns only dialect status to the two varieties. Linguistically it is, however, clearly a question of two separate languages.” (Stefan Georg 2003:286) | Minhe Monguor is listed as a dialect of Tu [mjg] in Ethnologue. | China; | East Asia | 36.4919, 102.6452 | ||
4,282 | hto | Minica Huitoto | Minica; Mɨnɨca; Mɨnɨka; Uitoto; Meneca; Huitoto Meneca; Witoto Meneca; Meneka; Meneka-Witoto; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,343 | Witotoan | “De los cuatro dialectos del Witoto, el dialecto Mɨnɨka es el que tiene mas hablantes (en la cuenca del río Igaraparaná), le sigue el dialecto Bue (cuenca del Caraparaná, río Putumayo, rio Ampiyacu y Trapecio Amazónico), luego el Nɨpode, en el Medio Caquetá, y por último el Mɨka, en el Alto Caquetá y río Orteguaza (afluente del Caquetá).” (Juan Alvaro Echeverri Restrepo, personal communication, 2014.) [Of the four dialects of Witoto, the Mɨnɨka dialect is the one that has the most speakers (in Igaraparaná River basin), followed Bue dialect (Caraparana basin, Putumayo River, Ampiyacu River, and Amazon rain forest), then Nɨpode on the Middle Caquetá, and finally Mɨka on the Upper Caquetá and Orteguaza (tributary of the Caquetá).(Juan Alvaro Echeverri Restrepo, personal communication, 2014.)] | Peru;Colombia; | South America | -1.0,-74.0 | ||
6,790 | xjb | Minjungbal | Minyangbal; Minyung; Minyowa; Gendo; Gando Minjang; Gan-dowal; Ngandowul; Cood-jingburra; Cudgingberry; Minjangbal; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Bandjalangic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.71099279,153.5701791 | ||
1,258 | mnq | Minriq | Menriq; Menrik; Mendriq; Menraq; Menri’ | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~145 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Menraq-Batek | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.01, 102.05 | |||
4,745 | mzt | Mintil | Mitil | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; North Aslian; Menraq-Batek | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 4.59, 101.99 | |||
7,172 | adi-min | Minyong | Padam-Minyong Adi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~20,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India; | South Asia | 28.2632, 95.0537 | ||
3,191 | yiq | Miqie Yi | Yi; Micha; Minqi; Lolo; Yi, Miqie; 密岔 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 25.385286, 102.454376; 25.453369, 102.423347; 25.581697, 102.570808; 25.620361, 102.346939; 25.586885, 102.247009 | |||
4,734 | mwl | Miranda do Douro | Mirandês; Mirandesa; Mirandese; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Spain;Portugal; | Europe | 41.4958535, -6.2738577 | |||
4,029 | mmv | Mirití | Miriti-Tapuyo; Neenoá | Dormant | 0? | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Extinct? | Brazil; | South America | |||
2,549 | mep | Miriwoong | Mirung; Merong; Miriwun; Miriwong; Mirriwong; Miriwu; Moreng; Mirong; Miriwung; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Jarrakan | Australia; | Australia | -16.01698315,128.7965195 | ||||
6,272 | 0ql | Mirniny | Mirning-Ngadjunma-Kalarko; Mirning; Mirniny; East Mirniny; Mirniñ; Mining; Meening; Wanbiri; Warnabirrie; Warnabinnie; Wanmaraing; Yirkla; Ikala; Ikula; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Mirning | Australia; | Australia | -31.4815611,127.8200044 | |||
3,538 | tlc | Misantla Totonac | Southeastern Totonac; Yecuatla Totonac; Laakanaachiwiin; Totonac (Misantla); Totonaca (Yecuatla); Misantla Totonako; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Totonacan; Totonac | Yecuatla, San Marcos Atexquilapan, Jilotepec | Ethnologue distinguishes 9 Totonac languages: Totonac, Coyutla [toc] Totonac, Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán [tlp] Totonac, Highland [tos] Totonac, Papantla [top] Totonac, Tecpatlán [tcw] Totonac, Upper Necaxa [tku] Totonac, Ozumatlán [tqt] Totonac, Xicotepec de Juárez [too] Totonac, Yecuatla [tlc] The categorization adopted here is that of Carolyn MacKay and Frank Trechsel. However, all acknowledge that there is no real consensus on the linguistic categorization of this area. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.298178,-97.536594 | |
4,707 | mrg | Mising | Mishing; Takam; Plains Miri; Miri | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 551,224 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | 28.5,94.8333333333 | |||
4,660 | miq | Mískito | Mosquito; Mísquito; Mískitu; Marquito; Miskito; Misquito; Mosco; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150,000 | Misumalpan | Honduran Mískito (Mam), Tawira (Tauira), Baymuna (Baymunana, Baldam), Wanki (Wangki), Cabo (Kabo). | Honduras;Nicaragua; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.16, -84.29 | ||
6,704 | 0h4 | Mithaka | Mithaka; Midhaga; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -25.13606725,139.598447 | ||
10,961 | mitl1236, sant1449 | Mitla Zapotec | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | San Pablo Villa de Mitla, Santiago Matatlán, San Pedro Totolapa, San Baltazar Guelavila, Santo Tomás de Arriba, San Luis del Río, San Juan del Río | One of approximately 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||||
2,064 | gac | Mixed Great Andamanese | Present Great Andamanese; Jeru; Andamanese; Great Andamanese | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Great Andamanese | Sare, Jero | Mixed Great Andamanese is not technically a “mixed” language in the traditional technical sense. However, “mixed” is included in its name as it is the result of the amalgamation of features from several different varieties. | India; | South Asia | 12.240707,92.892052 | |
10,531 | mix | Mixtepec Mixtec | Eastern Juxtlahuaca Mixtec; Mixteco de Oeste Central; Mixteco de San Juan Mixtepec | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,170 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco de Oeste Central | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.31, -97.89 | |
3,124 | zpm | Mixtepec Zapotec | Mixtepec Zapotec; Zapotec (Mixtepec); Zapoteco (Mixtepec); Southern Mountain Zapotec; Miahuatec; Miahuatlan; Zapotec; Eastern Zapoteco; Zapotec, Mixtepec; Zapoteco de San Juan Mixtepec; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. For most linguists the number is much lower, between 4 and 10. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.3333333333,-96.3333333333 | ||
10,633 | kql | Miyak | Kyenele; Bulang; Keñele; Kenen Birang; Kenying; Keyele; Kyenying-Barang | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 548 | Yuat | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.67, 143.85 | |||
4,730 | mvi; miya1259 | Miyako | Ikimatsu; Ryukyuan; Southern Ryukyuan; Saskisima; Saskishima; 宮古語; 宮古方言; ミャークフツ | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Less than 2,000 | Japonic; Ryukyuan; Southern Ryukyuan | Mainland Miyako, Ōgami, Ikema, Irabu, Tarama | Dialect names are from Aoi (2015). | Japan; | East Asia | 24.930462, 125.244197 | |
5,077 | soy | Miyobe | Soruba; Mi yɔbɛ; Bijobe; Biyobe; Sorouba; Solla; Uyobe; Meyobe; Kayobe; Kuyobe; Sola; Solamba; Kyobe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,700 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Togo;Benin; | Africa | ||||
4,687 | mmm | Mkir | Maii; Mae-Morae; Mafilau; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.743822,168.165108 | |||
1,240 | mra | Mlabri | Mlabri (Minor); Mla; Mla Bri; Mla-Bri; Mabri; Mrabri; Yumbri; Ma Ku; Yellow Leaf; Phi Thong Luang (“Spirits of yellow leaves”); มละบริ; เผ่าตองหลือง; ผีตองหลือง | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <400 | Austro-Asiatic; Khmuic; Pray-Pram | Mrabri (α Mlabri); Minor Mlabri (β Mlabri); Yumbri (γ Mlabri) | “Spirits of the yellow leaves” is derogatory. The dialectal varieties are not mutually intelligible. | Thailand;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.5,101.0 | |
9,229 | lhs | Mlaḥsô | Mlahsö; Mlaḥso; Suryoyo; Mlahso | Dormant | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | It is thought to be recently dormant, as the last known speaker died in 1998. Closely related to the Turoyo language, which is still in use by some speakers in Turkey and in diaspora communities. | Turkey;Syria; | Europe;Near East | 38.27, 40.39 | ||
2,280 | kja | Mlap | Kwansu; Kwansu-Bonggrang; Kuangsu-Bonggrang; Kwangsu-Bonggrang; Kuangsu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Nimboran | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.5383,140.2061 | |||
4,679 | mlo | Mlomp | Mlomp North; Gulompaay; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Central Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | 12.7421,-16.4904 | |||
5,194 | 1hn | Mo’ang | Maang; 麼昂語; 末昂話; 麼昂話 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Lolo | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 23.8421, 103.9116; 22.7833, 105.3666 | ||
4,194 | gbn | Mo’da | Gberi; Gweri; Gbara; Muda; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | South Sudan; | Africa | 6.5008,29.9377 | |||
4,658 | mhn | Mócheno | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,900 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; High German | Palú; Fierozzo; Frassilongo; | Italy; | Europe | 46.1194,11.3258 | |||
141 | mhc | Mocho’ | Motozintlec, Motozintleco; Mochó, Cotoque | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <30 | Mayan; Q’anjob’alan-Chujean | Mocho'(Motozintleco), Tuzantec, Tuzanteco | Tuzantec (Tuzanteco) may be a separate language, closely related to Mocho’. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.3709,-92.2484 | |
1,847 | moc | Mocoví | Mocovi; Mocobí; Mbocobí; Mokoví; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,780 | Guaicuruan | Argentina; | South America | -28.0, -60.5 | |||
2,272 | mvq | Moere | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.6038,145.437 | ||||
4,657 | mhj | Mogholi | Moghol; Mogul; Mogol; Mongul; Mongolen; | Dormant () | 0 | Mongolic | Karez-I-Mulla; Kundur; | Afghanistan; | Near East | 35.0,62.0 | ||
1,668 | moh; moha1258 | Mohawk | Kanienʼkéha; Kanien’kehaka | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | about 3,800 | Iroquoian; Northern Iroquoian; Lake Iroquoian; Mohawk-Oneida | Ohsweken; Kahnawake (Caughnawaga); Kanehsatake (Oka); Thayendinaga; Wahta; Ahkwesahsne (St. Regis); Wahta (Gibson) | USA;Canada; | North America | 42.5929, -74.3249; 47.4010, -69.3544 | ||
10,725 | mqs | Moi (Maluku, Indonesia) | West Makian, Makian Luar | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~12,000 | North Halmahera | Moi (West Makian) is a rather divergent North Halmaheran language of Indonesia. A sketch can be found in Voorhoeve 1982. | Not to be confused with Taba (East Makian), an Austronesian language spoken on the eastern half of Makian Island. Distinct from Moi spoken in Papua. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 0.3891447,127.3244647 | |
10,774 | Moiso | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.442909,166.859333; | |||||
1,667 | mov | Mojave | Mohave; Amaquaqua; Jamajab; | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | The Fort Mojave Tribe, near Needles, CA, prefer the spelling “Mojave”; the Mohave members of the Colorado River Indian Tribes, near Parker, AZ, prefer the spelling “Mohave” (Golla 2011: 307). | USA; | North America | 34.0231,-114.5045 | ||||
3,179 | ymi | Moji | Flathead Phulai; Muji; Phula; Phulawa; Pingtou Phula | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >400 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Luchaichong | China; | East Asia | 23.6,102.7333 | ||
2,985 | mqt | Mok | Amok; Hsen-Hsum; Yā-āng Lawa; i-Mok; Angku; Āng-kú; Tai Loi | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Angkuic | Mok and Man Met [mml] are closely related, but they are not the same language. | China;Myanmar;Thailand;Laos; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 18.91, 99.58 | ||||
1,987 | mwt | Moken | Selung; Mawken; Basing; Selong; Salong; Salon; Chau Ko’; Moklen | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Moken-Moklen | Dung; Ja-It; L’be; | Myanmar;Thailand; | Southeast Asia | ||||
4,643 | mft | Mokerang | Mokareng; Mokoreng; Admiralitäts-inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Admiralty Islands | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.02, 147.42 | |||
4,672 | mkj | Mokilese | Mokil; Mwoakilese; Mwoakiloa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,230 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Micronesia; | Pacific | 6.66666666667,159.75 | |||
4,673 | mkm | Moklen | Chau Pok | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Moken-Moklen | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 9.722, 98.415 | ||||
4,636 | mdf | Moksha | Mokša; Mordvin; мокшанский язык; мокшень кяль; mokšəń käĺ; Mordwin; Mordva; Moksha-Mordva; Mordwinisch; Mokscha-Mordwinisch; Mordvinisch; Mokscha-Mundart; Mokshan; Mordoff; Mordov; Mordvin-Moksha; Mordvinian; Mokša-Mordvinisch; mokšen΄ kjal΄; mokšanskij jazyk; Morduini; Mordua; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200,000 | Uralic; Mordvin | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 54.0,44.0 | |||
3,134 | zmo | Molo | Malkan; Tura-Ka-Molo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Eastern Jebel | Sudan; | Africa | 10.898,34.2773 | |||
10,519 | msz | Momare | Momale; Momole; Mumare | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 374 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.34, 147.79 | |||
8,739 | dmb | Mombo | Kolu So; Kolu; Kolum So; Kolum-so; Kolu-so; Pignari; Mombo Dogon | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 19,000 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; West Dogon | Mali; | Africa | 14.376155, -3.664799 | |||
4,715 | mso | Mombum | Komelom; Kemelom; Kemelomsch; Komolom; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Trans-New Guinea; Mombum | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.25,138.75 | |||
4,682 | mmb | Momina | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Trans-New Guinea; Somahai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.81, 139.82 | ||||
2,717 | mqf | Momuna | Somahai; Somage; Sumohai; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Somahai | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.83333333333,139.25 | |||
2,753 | mnd | Mondé | Sanamaiká; Sanamaykã; Sanamaica; Salamãi; Salamaikã; Sanamaikã; Sanamaika; Monde; Sanamaí; | Dormant () | Ø | Tupian; Mondean | Brazil; | South America | -8.7602,-63.9074 | |||
10,518 | mgt | Mongol-Kaimba | Mongol | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 338 | Mongol-Langam-Ulwa | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.26, 143.92; -4.28, 143.96 | |||
553 | mru | Mono (Cameroon) | Mon-Non; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <300 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon; | Africa | 8.758477,14.178105 | |||
4,689 | mnh | Mono (Democratic Republic of the Congo) | Amono; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 62102 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Galaba; Kaga; Bubanda; Bili; Mpaka; | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 4.562393, 19.937169 | ||
4,719 | mte | Mono (Solomon Islands) | Alu; Mono-Alu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,340 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Mono; Fauro; Alu; | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -7.05,155.75 | ||
4,692 | mnr | Mono (United States) | Monachi; Saidyuka; Mono (in United States); Monache; | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Numic | Eastern Mono (Owens Valley Paiute); Western Mono (Monachi); Northeastern Mono; Southeastern Mono; | USA; | North America | 37.0943,-119.4999 | ||||
10,577 | mxk | Monumbo | Mambuwan | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Torricelli; Bogia | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.27, 144.95 | |||
4,599 | moj | Monzombo | Monjombo; Mondjembo; Munzombo; Mono-Jembo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Congo;Central African Republic; | Africa | 3.0,18.4166666667 | |||
4,694 | mop | Mopán | Mopan; Mopan Maya; Maya, Mopán; Mopane; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-15,000 | Mayan; Yucatecan | Guatemala;Belize; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.5833333333,-88.6666666667 | |||
2,718 | moq | Mor (Bomberai Peninsula, Indonesia) | Mor2; Mor (of Bomberai); | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60 | Isolate; Pacific | Some consider any link to Trans-New Guinea premature. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.8607,132.7697 | ||
1,460 | mhz; morm1235 | Mor (Mor Islands, Indonesia) | Austronesian Mor; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
4,711 | mrp | Mores | Ko; Morouas; Moruas; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.358567,166.935236 | |||
4,717 | msx | Moresada | Murisapa; Murusapa-Sarewa; Murusapa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.5017,144.9559 | |||
4,695 | mor | Moro | Dhimorong; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Niger-Congo; Heiban; West-Central Heiban | Umm Gabralla; Umm Dorein; Nderre; Werria; Nubwa; Ulba; Laiyen; | Sudan; | Africa | 11.0,30.1666666667 | ||
4,645 | mgc | Morokodo | Ma’di; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,400 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Ma’du; Biti; Morokodo; | South Sudan; | Africa | 6.0313,29.7949 | ||
4,709 | mrl | Mortlockese | Mortlock; Nomoi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Upper Mortlock; Mid Mortlock; Lower Mortlock; | Micronesia; | Pacific | 5.5811,153.5668 | ||
2,428 | cas | Mosetén | Chimané; Chimane; Chiman; Tsimane’; Tsimane; Tsinun; Tsimané; Chumano; Moseten; Tsinun; Tsimané; Nawazi-Moñtji; Rache; Muchan; Tucupi; Aparono; Mosetén language area; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >4,800 | Isolate; Mosetenan | Tsimane’ (Chimane); Mosetén de Covenjado; Mosetén de Santa Ana | Mosetén and Tsimané and are often classified as separate languages belonging to the small linguistic family Mosetenan, although they are mutually intelligible. There are some dialects with considerable lexical and grammatical differences. | Bolivia; | South America | -15.2629,-66.8518 | |
2,273 | mqv | Mosimo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.9473,145.5551 | ||||
7,372 | mtt | Mota | Banks-Inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.82, 167.69 | |||
4,680 | mlv | Motlav | Motalava; Mwotlap; Mwotlav; Banks-Inseln; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Volow; | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.5833333333,167.583333333 | ||
2,832 | atl | Mount Iraya Agta | Mt. Iraya Agta; Bikol; Inagta of Mt. Iraya; Rugnot of Lake Buhi East; Lake Buhi East; Itbeg Rugnot; Agta, Mt. Iraya | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few, if any | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Bikol | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 13.46, 123.57 | |||
1,853 | mzp | Movima | Mobima; Móvima; Móbima; Moyma; Movime; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,173 | Isolate; South American | Bolivia; | South America | -13.8333333333,-65.6666666667 | |||
4,699 | mpz | Mpi | Mpi-Mi; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 18.2554,100.2227 | |||
3,725 | 1ix | Mpra | Mpre; | Dormant () | No known fluent speakers | Unclassified; Niger-Congo? | Mpra is a language of Ghana. It has lexical items with cognates in Atlantic-Congo, as well as lexical items without plausible cognates. Its classification is thus unclear. | Ghana; | Africa | |||
10,731 | akc | Mpur | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7000 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.75, 133.17 | ||||
4,710 | mro | Mru | Murung; Mro; Mrung; Maru; Niopreng; Mro-Mru; Mroo; မရူ | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 (population total, all countries) | Sino-Tibetan; Mruic | India;Myanmar;Bangladesh; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 21.7748,92.2741 | |||
6,032 | kqx | Mser | Kotoko-Kuseri; Kuseri; Kouseri; Kousseri; Mandage; Klesem; Mandague; Mendage; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Kalo; Kabe; Houlouf; Mser; Gawi; | Cameroon;Chad; | Africa | |||
5,185 | ymd | Muda | Muta | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Closely related to Akha but distinct (Bradley 2007). | China; | East Asia | 21.8421, 100.6851 | ||
2,550 | dmw | Mudburra | Madbara; Moodburra; Mootburra; Mudbara; Mudbera; Mudbra; Mulpira; Mutpura; Pinkangama; Karranga;Mudbura; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~50 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Karranga; Eastern Mudburra; Western Mudburra; | Australia; | Australia | -17.37280975,132.0454005 | ||
4,188 | gau | Mudhili Gadaba | Kondekor Gadaba; Kondekor; Gadaba, Mudhili; Gadaba; Gol Gadaba; Salur Ollar Gadaba; Kondekar; Kondkor; Salur Gadba; Salur | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Dravidian; Central Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 18.3858,82.7819 | |||
5,651 | vmd | Mudu Koraga | Mu:du; Koraga; Koraga, Mudu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Dravidian; South-Central Dravidian | Though sometimes treated as a dialect of Korra Koraga, Mudu Koraga is divergent enough to not be mutually intelligible with the other Koraga dialects for the most part. | India; | South Asia | 12.62, 75.11 | ||
10,567 | aoj | Mufian | Mufwian; Muhian; Muhiang; Southern Arapesh | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,646 | Torricelli; Arapeshan | Balif; Filifita (Ilahita); Supari | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.58, 142.96 | ||
2,984 | bmr | Muinane | Muinana; Muinani; Muename; Muinane Bora; Bora-Muinane; Feenemɨna; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 78? | Boran | El término “Muinane” es ambiguo. Por una parte, es una palabra de la lengua uitoto que significa “gente de abajo”. Con esa palabra fue designado, en tiempos de la cauchería, un grupo hablante de una lengua de la familia lingüística Bora, cuya auto-designación es Feenemɨna (“Gente del centro”). En un segundo sentido, ha sido empleado por Eugene y Dorothy Minor (Diccionario Huitoto Muinane, SIL, 1971) para nombrar el dialecto Nɨpode del uitoto, del río Ampiyacu (Perú). Sin embargo, hoy en día nadie utiliza la palabra “muinane” para referirse a ese dialecto. En algunos textos se trató de introducir la expresión “Murui-Muinane” como una mejor auto-designación, en lugar de “Huitoto” o sus variantes, sin embargo en la actualidad son los hablantes del dialecto Bue quienes se refieren a si mismos como “Murui” y el término “Muinane” se refiere a los hablantes de la lengua Muinane-Bora. (Juan Alvaro Echeverri Restrepo, personal communication, 2014.) [The term “Muinane” is ambiguous. On the one hand, it is a word of the Witoto language meaning “people below”. By this word, in times of the rubber trade, speakers of a language of the Boran family were designated, whose self-designation is Feenemɨna (“People of the center”). In a second sense, the term was employed by Eugene and Dorothy Minor (Huitoto Dictionary Muinane, SIL, 1971) to name the Nɨpode dialect of Witoto, of the Ampiyacu River (Peru). However, nowadays nobody uses the word “muinane” to refer to that dialect. Some texts tried to introduce the term “Murui-Muinane” as a better self-designation, instead of “Huitoto” or its variants; however, currenlty it is the speakers of the Bue dialect who refer to themselves as “Murui”, and the term “Muinane” refers to speakers of the Muinane-Bora language.] | Colombia; | South America | -1.0,-72.5 | ||
1,431 | mlm | Mulam | Mulao; Molao; Mulou; Muliao; Mulao Miao; Abo; 仫佬語 | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Lakkia-Kam-Sui; Kam-Sui | Do not confuse Mulam 仫佬語 [mlm] with Mulao 木佬語 [giu]. | China; | East Asia | 25.0,108.0 | ||
10,586 | giu | Mulao | Ayo; 木佬語 | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | only a few elderly speakers | Tai-Kadai; Kra | Not to be confused with Mulam [mlm]. | China; | East Asia | 26.519, 106.984; 26.525, 107.590 | ||
3,373 | vmu | Muluridyi | Binjara; Kokomoloroij; Kokomoloroitji; Kookanoona; Molloroidyi; Mooloroiji; Mularitchee; Mullridgey; Mulurutji; Waluridji; Muluridji; Molloroiji;Muluriji | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Yalandyic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.084411,145.123767 | ||
8,829 | boe | Mundabli-Mufu | Ji; Bu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 430-600 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Mundabli; Mufu; | Cameroon; | Africa | |||
2,981 | myu | Mundurukú | Mundurucu; Monjoroku; Weidyenye; Paiquize; Pari; Caras-Pretas; Mundurucú; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Tupian; Mundurukun | Brazil; | South America | -7.0,-58.0 | |||
8,809 | mij | Mungbam | Mijong; Missong; Abar; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,850-2,150 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
2,980 | myr | Munichi | Muniche; Paranapura; Otonabe; Otanave; Munichino; | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate; South American | Peru; | South America | -5.8182,-76.1846 | |||
10,574 | mwb | Muniwara | Juwal; Mambe; Muniwara; Tumara; Tumaru | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 826 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.79, 143.68 | |||
4,690 | mnj | Munji | Munjani; Munjhan; Munjiwar; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,770 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Central Munji; Southern Munji; Mamalgha Munji; Northern Munji; | Munji is closely related to Yidgha; sometimes Munji-Yidgha is treated as one language ~Habib Borjian | Afghanistan; | Near East | 36.0379,70.6723 | |
4,698 | mpv | Munkip | Mungkip | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.45366,146.7479 | |||
3,423 | umu | Munsee | Delaware; Ontario Delaware; Munsee Delaware; Canadian Delaware; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | few | Algic; Algonquian; Eastern Algonquian | Wappinger; Munsee; | Munsee, originally the language of the lower Hudson River, including the New York City metropolitan area, is the heritage language of the Delaware First Nation, on the Moraviantown Reserve, near Thamesville, Ontario. | USA;Canada; | North America | 40.8969,-76.3769; 42.57,-81.879 | |
2,274 | mtf | Murik | Nor; Nor-Murik Lakes | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,256 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Lower Sepik | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.83333333333, 144.25 | |||
4,613 | mur | Murle | Murelei; Merule; Mourle; Murule; Beir; Ajibba; Agiba; Adkibba; Murele; Omo-Murle | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60,200 | Surmic; Southwest Surmic | Boma; Olam; Lotilla; Omo-Murle; | Ethiopia;South Sudan; | Africa | 6.5,33.5 | ||
2,551 | mwf | Murrinh-patha | Garama; Garrama; Murrinh-Patha; Murinbada; Murinbata; Murinypata; Murinjpata; Murinjbada; Marri-wutha; Garramung; Murriny Patha; Karama; Karaman; Murinkura; Nagor; Nangu; Mariwada; Mariwuda; Murrinpatha; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Southern Daly | Murrinh-kura; Murrinh-patha; Murrinh-rdiminin; | Australia; | Australia | -14.64409151,129.7406449 | |||
2,679 | muz | Mursi | Murzi; Murzu; Merdu; Meritu; Dama; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,278 | Surmic; Southeast Surmic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.58333333333,36.0833333333 | |||
1,858 | huu | Murui Huitoto | Murui; Murui Witoto; Huitoto Murui; Bué; Bue; Murai; Witoto, Huitoto; Murui-Witoto; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Witotoan | Mica | Peru;Colombia; | South America | -1.0,-73.5 | ||
3,133 | zmu | Muruwari | Marawari; Muruwarri; Murawarri; Murawari; Murruwurri; Murra-warri; Muruworri; Muruwurri; Murueri; Moorawarree; Moorawarrie; Morowari; Murrawarri; Marraawarree; Murri; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Muruwaric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.94787072,146.6193904 | ||
5,052 | xma | Mushungulu | Kimushungulu; Mushunguli; Chizigula; Kizigua | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Somalia; | Africa | ||||
2,007 | mus | Muskogee | Creek; Northern Muskogean; Creek-Seminole; Maskoki Proper; Maskoke; Seminole; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,200 | Muskogean | Seminole; Creek; | USA; | North America | 35.6319,-95.9616 | ||
3,041 | ttt | Muslim Tat | Tati; татский язык; თათური ენა; Թաթերեն; zuhun tati; зуун тати; Mussulman Tati; Tat; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Aruskush-Daqqushchu; Lahyj; Balakhani; Devechi; Qyzyl Qazma; Qonaqkend; Absheron; Surakhani; Northern Tats; Malham; Quba; | Russia;Azerbaijan;Iran; | Caucasus;Europe;Near East;East Asia | 41.25,48.75 | ||
2,276 | msu | Musom | Misatik; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 219 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
2,277 | emi | Mussau-Emira | Emira-Mussau; Musau-Emira; Mussau; Musao; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,651 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; St. Matthias | Emira; Southern Mussau; Western Mussau; Eastern Mussau; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -1.45,149.616666667 | ||
5,609 | mvm | Muya | Manyak; Miyao; Minyak; Minyag; Menia; Menya; 木雅語 | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <15,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | Western Muya; Eastern Muya | China; | East Asia | 30.2593,101.7497 | ||
3,174 | ymz | Muzi | Muji; Mogeha; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 23.277, 103.151; 23.420, 103.281; 23.298, 103. 208 | |||
303 | mcj | Mvanip | Mvanöp; Mvanon; Mvanlip; Mvano; Magu; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 6.7027,11.2225 | |||
2,278 | mwa | Mwatebu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.0202,151.0537 | ||||
1,135 | sie-mwe | Mwenyi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Zambia; | Africa | -14.733789,22.450461 | ||||
10,766 | msn | Mwesen | Mosina | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | François et al. (2015:18) lists Mwesen as an independent language from Vurës. | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.898, 167.538 | ||
5,049 | swh-mwi | Mwini | Mwiini; Chimwiini; Af-Chimwiini; Barwaani; Bravanese; Chimiini | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | 0.934354, 43.560612 | ||||
10,958 | ysm | Myanmar Sign Language | Burmese Sign Language; မြန်ြာလက်သင်္ကေတမြဘာသာစကာ | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Estimated 50,000-250,000 deaf signers – based on 0.1-0.5% of overall population | Sign Language, Southeast Asian | Mandalay Sign Language, Yangon Sign Language | “There are significant dialectal differences between Yangon and Mandalay which sometimes affect understanding. It is not clear if these differences are important enough to recognize the two varieties as separate languages. The decision may ultimately depend more on sociolinguistic factors of identity than on linguistic differences. For now, I am proposing that these two varieties be treated as just one language and share one code, because it will be better to have a code now than to wait until the issue is decided about how many varieties to recognize.” – Naw Shay Myar (2020) Research with fluent signers in Myanmar found only a 59% overlap in basic core vocabulary, indicating that Yangon SL and Manadaly SL are two separate languages. – James Woodward (2020) | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | ||
5,670 | nme | Mzieme Naga | Mzieme; Northern Zeme; Zeme; Naga, Mzieme | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~29,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Zemeic | Speakers adopted the name “Northern Zeme” because the Zeme language has government recognition whereas Mzieme does not. Nonetheless, Zeme and Mzieme are distinct languages. | India; | South Asia | 25.6019,93.8891 | ||
4,772 | nbt | Na | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | 28.4638, 93.3041 | ||||
3,795 | ncd | Nachering | Nachereng; Nacering Ra; Nachering Tûm; Mathsereng; Nacchhering; Nasring; Bangdale; Bangdel Tûm; Bangdile; Nacherēng; Nāchhēreng; Natśhereng | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10041 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Rakheli; Dimali; Bangdale; Hedangpa; Kharlali; Parali | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.4144,86.7521 | ||
3,966 | mbj | Nadëb | Nadobo; Nadëb; Nadeb Macu; Makú Nadëb; Makunadöbö; Anodöub; Kabori; Kabari; Xiriwai; Xuriwai; Nadöbo; Kaburí language area; Kaburi; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 370 | Nadehup; Eastern Makuan | Nadëb do Roçado; Nadëb do Rio Negro (Kuyawi/Kuyabi); | Some sources have a Nadëb branch composed of two languages. Martins and Martins (1999: 253) have a branch called “Nadëb-Kuyawi”, composed of Nadëb and Kuyawi; Campbell (2012:96) has a Nadëb branch that includes Roçado Nadëb and Rio Negro Nadëb; and Crevels (2012:185) has Kuyabi as a separate language from Nadëb. However Martins (2005:17-18) show that there are not two separate languages but two dialects, Nadëb do Roçado and Nadëb do Rio Negro (this latter one the same as Kuyawi. The Nadëb language can be divided into three dialects: the dialect of Bua-bua Parana in Lake Jutaí, the dialect of Roçado (Uneiuxi River with its highest concentration in the community of Roçado) and the Rio Negro dialect. The Rio Negro dialect is also known for Kuyawi (Matins 2005:18). | Brazil; | South America | -1.0,-66.5 | |
10,720 | Nadouhua | Natou; Laiyu; 那斗話; 來語 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Tai-Kadai; Hlai | autonym: thɛn¹¹ lai¹¹ ‘language lai’ | Not to be confused with Bolyu 倈語 [ply], which is Austroasiatic, in Guangxi, China. | China; | East Asia | 19.013, 108.678; 19.022, 108. 670 | |||
2,317 | srf | Nafi | Sirak; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 160 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.3999,146.802 | |||
4,851 | ngr | Nagu | Engdewu; Nanggu; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 206 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Temotu | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -10.701147,165.897875 | |||
10,189 | mlx | Naha’ai | Malfaxal; Malvaxal-Toman Island; Taman; Tomman | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.562, 167.490 | |||
4,854 | nhh | Nahari | Nahali | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,400 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Eastern Zone | India; | South Asia | 20.41, 81.98 | |||
1,374 | sns | Nahavaq | South West Bay; Sinesip; Seniang; Na’ahai; Mallicolo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.498397,167.471161 | |||
10,661 | bio | Nai | Biaka; Nai-Biaka | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 454 | Kwomtari-Nai | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.73, 141.27 | |||
10,798 | Najit | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.954546,167.198012; | |||||
4,765 | nae | Naka’ela | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.847,128.5208 | ||||
10,695 | nkj | Nakai | Na’ai; Nagai; Na’i | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few hundred? | Trans-New Guinea; Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.19, 140.51 | |||
2,552 | nck | Nakara | Kokori; Nagara; Na-kara; Naka:ra; Naga:ra; Ngara; Gukari; Gukariya;Nakkara; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 75-100 | Maningrida | Australia; | Australia | -12.166817,134.486542 | |||
4,769 | nbk | Nake | Ale; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 170 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.3691,145.7218 | |||
8,909 | mff | Naki | Mekaf; Munkaf; Nkap; Bunaki; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
10,664 | nax | Nakwi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 216 | Left May | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.27, 141.60 | ||||
1,463 | naj | Nalu | Nalou; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <22,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo | Guinea;Guinea-Bissau; | Africa | 10.9523,-14.7629 | |||
5,132 | ylo | Naluo | Gan Yi, Laluo, Naruo, Shui Yi, Shuitian; 納羅; 巧武土語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >15,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 26.5895,100.8506 | |||
4,871 | nkm | Namat | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Morehead-Upper Maro | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8.83885,141.6379 | ||||
10,699 | mty | Nambi | Menandon; Metan; Minendon; Mitang; Nabi; Nambieb | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 484 | Torricelli; Palei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.53, 142.33 | |||
2,975 | nab | Nambikwara | Nambiquara; Southern Nambikwara; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 721 | Nambikwaran | Manduka, Khithaulhu, Halotesu, Saxwentesu, Wakalitesu, Serra Azul, Hahaintesu, Wasusu, Alatesu, Waikisu, Galera | Cf. Southern Nambikuaran: languages or dialects. | Brazil; | South America | -13.0,-59.0 | |
1,885 | nmq | Nambya | Chinambya; Nanzva; Nambzya; Najwa; Senajwa; Senambya | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Botswana;Zimbabwe; | Africa | |||||
10,600 | nnm | Namia | Edawapi; Lujere; Namie; Nemia; Nemie; Watalu; Yellow River | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Sepik; Yellow River | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.863, 141.801 | |||
5,148 | naa | Namla | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 36 | Namla-Tofanma | Possibly related to Tofanma. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
2,152 | mxw; namo1246 | Namo | Mari; Na; Dorro (formerly) | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Yam; Morehead-Upper Maro; Nambu | Mari Village; Tais Village; | Namo is 62% cognate with Dorro, Nambu, and Tais (Rueck, 2011) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.1834,141.8994 | |
4,883 | nmt | Namonuito | Namon Weite; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 940 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Micronesia; | Pacific | 8.6299,150.0128 | |||
21 | nmy | Namuyi | Namuzi; 納木依; 納木義; 納木茲 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Naic | Eastern Namuyi; Western Namuyi | China; | East Asia | 28.204625, 102.070935; 28.00286, 102.119906 | ||
1,206 | gld | Nanai | Gold; Nanaj; Hezhen; Goldi;Hezhe; Heche; Sushen; Juchen; Goldisch; nānai; Akani; Birar; Kile; Samagir; Goldische; Nanay; 赫哲語; 那乃語; 赫真語; Нанай; Нанайэ; Nanaj; Nanaje; нанайский языкж | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~180 | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Amur Tungusic | Kuro-Urmi; Samagir; Ussuri; Torgon; Sunggari; Birar; Kila; Akani | The Nanai language belongs to the southern group of the Manchu-Tungus languages. The closest related languages are Ulchi and Orochi. Two dialects exist, Upper-Amur and Lower-Amur, and they are distinctly unlike each other. (The Red Book of the Peoples of The Russian Empire) | Russia;China; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 47.935, 132.847; 48.217, 133.897; 46.960, 134.059 | |
2,920 | nhd | Ñandeva | Chiripá; Tsiripá; Txiripá; Nhandeva; Chiripa; Nhandéva; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 19,308 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guarani | There is considerable confusion about different Guaranían languages and varieties, several of which are sometimes called “Ñandeva (Nhandeva) as at least one of their alternate names. It is sometimes difficult from reports to determine which are the same with varying names and which are different with the same name. For cases involving overlapping names, Rodrigues and Cabral (2012:498) have among several others in their Guaraní Branch of Tupían: Kaiwá (Kayowá, Kaiowá, Caiová, Caiguá, Pãi, Pãi-Tavyterã) Brazil, Paraguay Nhandéva (Ñandeva, Chiripá) Brazil, Paraguay Chiriguano (Ava, Simba) Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay Tapiete Bolivia (Argentina) Ethnologue has: Kaiwá [kgk] (Caingua, Caiua, Caiwa, Cayua, Kaiova, Kaiowá, Kayova) Ava Guaraní [nhd] (Apytare, Ava, Chiripá, Tsiripá, Txiripá) Pai Tavytera [pta] (Ava, Pai, Tavytera) Ñandeva [tpj] (Guasurango, Guasurangue, Ñanagua, Nandeva, Tapiete, Tirumbae, Yanaigua) For these reasons, the number of speakers given in the different sources for the languages in these lists may not actually refer to the same groups. Ethnologue calls this language Ava Guaraní [nhd] (Apytare, Ava, Chiripá, Tsiripá, Txiripá); it may include varieties or languages others align not with this language but with other Guaranían languages, e.g.Kaiwá.). | Brazil;Argentina;Paraguay; | South America | -22.0652,-54.7558 | ||
8,733 | nzz | Nanga | Nanga Dama Dogon; Nanga Dogon | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; Nangan | Mali; | Africa | 14.9, -3.0 | |||
2,972 | cox | Nanti | Cogapacori; Kogapakori; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 450 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Campa | The alternative name Cogapacori (Kogapakori) is considered pejorative. | Peru; | South America | -11.6629,-72.6965 | ||
2,720 | npy | Napu | Pekurehua; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Kaili-Pamona | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.33333333333,120.416666667 | |||
2,034 | npa | Nar Phu | Nar-Phu; Narpa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Phu; Nar | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.666667,84.25 | ||
2,721 | nxu | Narau | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 85 | Kaure-Narau | Language removed from ELCat May 2016, per Ethnologue “unattested.” The language previously identified as Narau is probably Kosare [kiq]. See http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2011-072.pdf?_ga=GA1.2.147013216.1453865789. —- Reinstated 5/25/16 per instructions from Bill Palmer. (AKB) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.3818,139.8202 | |||
6,709 | rnr | Nari Nari | Narri-Narri; Narinari; Nari-Nari; Nari-nari; Jabulajabula; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -34.53088209,144.3450718 | ||
4,524 | loh | Narim | Larim; Larimo; Lariim; Nariim; Longarim; Lariminit; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,620 | Surmic; Southwest Surmic | South Sudan; | Africa | 4.9048,34.2224 | |||
2,528 | plb | Narmoris | Polonombauk | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.4907,167.0814 | |||
590 | nhr | Naro | Nharo; Naron; /Ai San; Nharon; Nhauru; Nhaurun; ||Aikwe; |Aikwe; ||Ai||en; ||Aisan; ||Ai||e; Qoo; Gaa; Ts’ao | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10,000 | Khoe; Kalahari | Ts’ao; | Botswana;Namibia; | Africa | -21.677848, 21.717224 | ||
2,554 | nnr | Narungga | Nanunga; Naranga; Narranga; Narranggu; Narrangu; Adjahdurah; Turra; Narrang-gu; Narrang-u; Nar-anga; Narunga; Adjadura; Murinandji; Moor-in-nunjie; Wallaroo tribe; Adjahdural;Narangga; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24 | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Turra; Adjabdurah; | Australia; | Australia | -31.34203119,133.7639065 | ||
10,718 | nsy | Nasal | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3000 | Isolate; Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.859850, 103.482911; -4.868450, 103.509652; -4.864696, 103.507224 | ||||
3,068 | nvh | Nasarian | Mallicolo; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.3517,167.4659 | |||
10,789 | Nasvang | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 275 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.456484,167.664426; | |||||
4,899 | ntz | Natanzi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,030 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 33.452,51.3006 | ||||
10,858 | ncz | Natchez | Awakening () | Unclassified | USA; | North America | ||||||
2,512 | 1hr | Nāti | Naati; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Variety of Southwest Bay | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.515, 167.4645 | ||
3,816 | nti | Natioro | Koo’ra; Natyoro; Natjoro; Samukune; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Ginaourou; Kaouara-Timba-Sindou-Koroni; Kawara-Timba-Sindoukoroni; Dinaoro | Burkina Faso; | Africa | |||
2,723 | nxa | Nauete | Nauhete; Naueti; Naóti; Nauote; Nauoti; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Oso Moko; Naumik; | East Timor; | Pacific | -8.7357,126.7053 | ||
1,714 | ynk | Naukan Yupik | Naukanski; East Cape Yupik; East Cape; Науканский язык; нывуӄаӷмит; ナウカン語; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo; Yupik | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 66.0,-172.0 | |||
2,370 | ncn | Nauna | Naune; Admiralitäts-inseln; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Admiralty Islands | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.2159,148.1986 | |||
3,570 | cpi | Nauru Pacific Pidgin | NPP; Melanesian-Chinese Mixed Pidgin English in Nauru | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pidgin or Creole; English based | Wurm 2007; Siegel 1990 | Nauru; | Pacific | -0.53,166.93 | |||
3,066 | nau | Nauruan | Nauru; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Nauru; | Pacific | -0.5,166.916666667 | |||
3,065 | 1hx | Navwien | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.469, 167.4975 | ||||
4,906 | nwr | Nawaru | Sirio; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 190 | Trans-New Guinea; Yareban | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.43713,148.3008 | |||
2,680 | noz | Nayi | Naya; Na’o; Nao; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,188 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Dizoid | Ethiopia; | Africa | 7.2698,36.1724 | |||
4,909 | nyq | Nayini | Biyabanak; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,030 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Khuri; Nayini; Anarak; | Iran; | Near East | 32.8519,53.1573 | ||
4,622 | nlu | Nchumbulu | Guang; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ghana; | Africa | ||||
10,901 | nnz | Nda’nda’ | Bamileke-Nda’nda’, Bangwa | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 (1990 SIL) | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Undimeha (East Nda’nda’), Ungameha (South Nda’nda’, West Nda’nda’). Batoufam is a subvariety of East Nda’nda’. | – | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.605090, 10.199520 | |
554 | gke | Ndai | Galke; Pormi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Few | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon; | Africa | 8.399,14.1641 | |||
4,590 | ndm | Ndam | Dam; Ndamm; Gulei; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Ndam Dik; Ndam-Ndam; | Chad; | Africa | 9.801091, 17.412506 | ||
4,123 | eli | Nding | Eliri; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,513 | Niger-Congo; Talodi | Sudan; | Africa | 10.4121,30.6024 | |||
2,555 | djj | Ndjebbana | Gunibidji; Gunavidji; Ndjébbana; Djeebbana; Gunawitji; Gunabidji; Gunabwidji; Gunjibidji; Witji; Kunibidji; Ndjéya; Gijiya; Djeepana; Gunaviji; Gunavidgi; Ndjébbana; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 241 | Maningrida | Australia; | Australia | -12.1624,134.253 | |||
10,442 | ndr | Ndoola | Ndola; Ndoro; Ndooro; Njoyame; Nundoro | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 7.29, 11.31 | |||
304 | nuh | Ndunda | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300-400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 6.9482,10.9698 | ||||
7,710 | ndv | Ndut | Ndoute; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000-50,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | 14.912690, -16.993375 | |||
4,866 | njt | Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin | Dormant () | Ø | Pidgin or Creole; English based | Suriname; | South America | 2.95, -56.02 | ||||
9,409 | nec | Nedebang | Klamu | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.275, 124.202 | |||
2,891 | neg | Negidal | Neghidal; Nigidal; Ilkan Beye; El’kan Beye; Elkembei; негидальский язык; Неғида; Negidaly; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~150 | Tungusic; Northern Tungusic | Nizovsk; Verkhovsk | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 53.0,139.0 | ||
9,011 | crk-pla | Nēhiyawēwin | ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ; Plains Cree; Cree; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 68 | Algic; Algonquian; Cree-Montagnais | ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ (Nēhiyawēwin) is the self-designation for the Plains Cree language. | Canada; | North America | 54.7200000, -116.7300000 | ||
3,056 | nek | Neku | Neukaledonien; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 220 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.5169,165.4568 | |||
3,055 | nem | Nemi | Neukaledonien; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 320 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.6494,164.6878 | |||
4,890 | nqn | Nen | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Morehead-Upper Maro | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8.62, 142.03 | ||||
4,659 | mid | Neo-Mandaic | Mandaic (Modern); Mandaean; Modern Mandaic; Manda:yi; Mandaic; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100-200 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Ahwaz; Iraqi Neo-Mandaic; Shushtar; | Iran;Iraq; | Near East | 31.1913, 48.4009 | ||
4,464 | kxl | Nepali Kurux | Kurukh; Oraon; Kurux; Kuṛux; Kurux, Nepali | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 28,615 | Dravidian; North Dravidian | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.9275,84.2866 | |||
2,089 | 08o | Nese | Matanvat | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | ||||
8,557 | 1no | New Bargut | New Barghut; Xin Baerhu; Menggu; 新巴爾虎土語 | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Northern Common Mongolic | Like Old Bargut, New Bargut is an early (18th century) Manchurian branch of Eastern Buryat that has developed under increasing influence of the northern dialects of Mongolian proper. | China; | East Asia | 48.684, 116.814 | |||
1,715 | nez | Nez Perce | Shahaptan; Chopunnish; Nimipu; Numipu; Nuumiipuutimt; Nuumiipuutímt; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Sahaptian | Downriver; Upriver; | USA; | North America | 46.4347,-116.8268 | ||
2,556 | ntj | Ngaanyatjarra | Nyanganyatjara; Ngaanjatjarra; Ngadawongga; Witjandja; Kurara; Jabungadja; Ku:rara Nadadjara; Nga:da; Nga:dapitjardi; Ngad-adara; Ngadatara; Ngadatjara; Ngadjatara; Nganadjara; Ngatatara; Ngatatjara; Rumudjara; Teitudjara; Wan:udjara; Warara; Wirtjandja; Ngadhawonga; Ngarawonga; Nana; Warburton Ranges; Ngadadjara; Ngaanyatjara; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,300 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -25.983872, 127.007311 | |||
5,449 | 08q | Ngaatjatjara | Jabungadja; Ku:rara; Nadadjara; Nga:da; Nga:dapitjardi; Ngad-adara; Ngadatara; Ngadatjara; Ngadawongga; Ngadjatara; Nganadjara; Ngatatara; Ngatatjara; Rumudjara; Teitudjara; Wan:udjara; Warara; Wirtjandja; Witjandja; Ngaatjatjarra | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -24.951158,125.958117 | |||
4,900 | nud | Ngala | Gala; Kara; Nggala; Sogap; Swagup | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 136 | Sepik; Ndu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.22804,142.5105 | |||
10,764 | nig | Ngalakgan | Ngalakant; Hongalla; Ngalangan | Dormant () | No known L1 speakers | Gunwinyguan | Australia; | Australia | -14.300215, 134.298144 | |||
5,546 | djd-nga | Ngaliwurru | Baj Subgroup; Ngaliwerra; Ngaliwuru; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Mirndi | Australia; | Australia | -15.789444,130.875896 | |||
10,696 | szb | Ngalum | Sibil | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok | Apmisibil; Ngalum; Sibil | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -4.68, 141.03 | ||
4,885 | nmv | Ngamini | Yarluyandi; Yarluyandji; Karangura; A:mini; Agaminni; Ahminie; Ahminnie; Amini; Aumine; Auminie; Aurnini; Awmani; Gnameni; Ngaminni; Ngnaminni; Ominee; Uminnie; Ngameni; Ganmeni; Unminnie; Karanguru; Kurangooroo; Jeljendi; Jeljujendi; Yelyayendi; Yarleeyandee; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -27.07538021,139.0719368 | ||
6,352 | nbh | Ngamo | Ngamawa; Gamo; Gamawa; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~60,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 6.772275,37.313475 | |||
5,947 | nam-nan | Ngan’gikurunggurr | Tyemeri; Marityemeri; Ngangikurrunggurr; Moil; Ngangikurongor; Ngangikarangurr; Ngangikurrungur; Ngankikurungkurr; Nangikurrunggurr; Nanggikorongo; Ngenkikurrunggur; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 240 | Southern Daly | Australia; | Australia | ||||
2,553 | nam | Ngan’gityemerri | Ngan’gityemeri; Ngan’gikurunggurr; Nangikurrunggurr; Ngenkikurrunggur; Ngangikarangurr; Ngankikurrunkurr; Nangikurunggurr; Ngankikurungkurr; Tyemeri; Marityemeri; Ngangikurrunggurr; Moil; Ngangikurongor; Ngangikurrungur; Nangityemeri; Ngenkityemeri; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~150 | Southern Daly | Ngan’giwumirri; Ngan’gimerri; Ngan’gikurunggurr; | Australia; | Australia | -14.268,131.237 | ||
2,893 | nio | Nganasan | Tavgi Samoyed; Tavgy; Ŋanasan; Tawgy; Tavgi; нганасанский язык; тавгийский язык; tavgiysky; тавгийско-самоедский язык; tavgiysko-samoyedsky; ня”; njaʔ; Ня’’ сиәде; Nganasanin kieli; Northern Samoyed; Tawgy-Samojedisch; Nganasanisch; tavgui; ŋanasaŋ; nganasany; Tawgi; Samojeditawgi; Tawgy-Sprache; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Uralic; Samoyedic | Khatang; Avam | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 71.0,93.0 | ||
4,859 | nid | Ngandi | N’gundi; Ngalbon; Ngalgbun; Nandi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9 | Gunwinyguan; East Arnhem | Australia; | Australia | -14.08540036,135.3815377 | |||
6,671 | nyx | Nganyaywana | Anaiwan; Anaywan; Anewan; Aniwan; Dariwan; Ee-na-won; Eenewon; Eneewin; En-nee-win; Enni-won; Enuin; Inuwan; Inuwon; Narwo; Nee-inuwon; Nganjaywana; Nowan; Yenniwon; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Anewan | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -30.46683576, 151.5553039 | ||
5,246 | rxd | Ngardi | Ngarti; Ngadi; Ngari; Ngardilj; Panara; Bunara; Boonara; Waiangara; Kolo; Waiangari; Wain-gara; Waiangadi; Waringari; Warangari; Kukuruba; Woneiga; Wanayaga; Puruwantung; Buruwatung; Manggai; Munga; Walmala; Wommana; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -20.85043936,128.8885148 | ||
6,712 | xni | Ngarigu | Ngarigu; Ngarigo; Ngaruku; Ngaragu; Ngundura; Ngarego; Ngarago; Garego; Ngarruga; Bemeringal; Wolgal; Walgalu; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -36.30008261,148.7238073 | ||
1,370 | ung | Ngarinyin | Ungarinyin; Ngarinjin; Ungarinjin; Molyamidi; Wol’jamidi; Yamandil; Narrinyind; Gular; Unŋarinjin; Warnarinjin; Angarinjin; Wangarinjinu; Arawari; Ingarinjindja; Njingarinjanja; Arkarin-jindja; Oladjau; Marangana; Walmidi; Andedja; Andidja; Ungarin-jen; Ngaring-ngyan; Ngerringun; Kandjalngari; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~12 | Worrorran; Southern Worrorran | Australia; | Australia | -16.601517,125.536117 | |||
2,557 | nbj | Ngarinyman | Ngarinmany; Agarinman; Airiman; Ainman; Hainman; Heineman; Hyneman; Nariman; Narinman; Ngaiman; Ngaimmun; Ngainman; Ngainmun; Ngarinman; Ngarnman; Ngraimun; Ngrainmunynhgahri; Ngrarmun; Ngrainmun; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <170 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Bilinara; Eastern Ngarinman; Wurlayi; | Australia; | Australia | -16.97501636,131.9362017 | ||
4,877 | nlr | Ngarla | Nga:la; Ngala; Ngerla; Ngurla; Ngirla; Gnalla; Ngalana; Kudjunguru; Wanbarda; Bedengo; Ngaea; Ngoorla; Palatoj; Pardoo; Pedong; Peedona; Peedong; Pidungu; Ngalawanga; Ngalawarngga; Inawonga; Ngalawonga; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Very few | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Australia; | Australia | -20.37356029,118.8259443 | |||
2,559 | nrl | Ngarluma | Ngalama; Ngaluma; Ngallooma; Gnalooma; Gnalouma; Gnalluma; Ngar-luma; Qualluana; Naluma; Nickol Bay tribe; Kymurra; Paljari; Kariera-Ngaluma; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | West Ngarluma; Jaburarra; East Ngarluma; | Australia; | Australia | -20.848545,117.696075 | ||
5,225 | nji | Ngarnka | Kundanja; Anga; Angee; Gnanji; Godangee; Goodanji; Gudandji; Gudanji; Gundangee; Kakaringa; Koodangie; Koodanjee; Kooringee; Kotandji; Kudandji; Kudenji; Kurdanji; Kutandji; Kutanji; Kutanjtjii; Nandi; Ngandji; Ngangi; Nganji; Ngarnga; Ngarndji;Ngarnka; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3 | Mirndi | Binbinka; Ngarnga; | Australia; | Australia | -16.9973,135.7788 | ||
6,668 | nay | Ngarrindjeri | Narrinyeri; Ngarinyeri; Yaralde; Jarildekald; Jaralde; Yarilde; Yarrildie; Jaraldi; Jarildikald; Lakalinyeri; Piccanini Murray people; Warawalde; Yalawarre; Yaraldi; Yarildewallin; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Lower Murray | Ramindjeri; Yaraldi; Tanganekald; Portaulun; Warki; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -35.94962694, 139.8185645 | ||
4,894 | nsg | Ngasa | Shaka; Ongamo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200-300 | Nilotic; Eastern Nilotic | Kenya;Tanzania; | Africa | -2.932,37.4853 | |||
3,054 | ngm | Ngatik Men’s Creole | Ngatik Men’s Language; “Ngatikese”; Micronesian Pidgin; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15-30 | Pidgin or Creole; English based | Not to be confused with Ngatikese, a variety of Pohnpeian which has a strong cultural identity of being distinct from Pohnpeian, and which is spoken by everyone on Sapwuahfik atoll as their first language. | Micronesia; | Pacific | 5.787374, 157.155433 | ||
10,424 | Ngatikese | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Micronesia; | Pacific | 5.789276, 157.159653 | |||||
4,907 | nxn | Ngawun | Ngaun; Ngaon; Nouun; Naungaun; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Mayabic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -20.00086144,141.7753193 | ||
587 | nbd | Ngbinda | Bungbinda; Bangbinda; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Few | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | 4.6092,27.0812 | |||
2,515 | ssv | Ngen | Shark Bay | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.2987,167.1459 | |||
5,029 | ngx | Nggwahyi | Ngwaxi; Ngwohi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
4,333 | jle | Ngile | Masakin; Mesakin; Daloka; Taloka; Darra; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 38,000 | Niger-Congo; Talodi | Masakin Gusar; Aheima; Daloka; Masakin Tuwal; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.6666666667,30.0 | ||
3,307 | wyb | Ngiyambaa | Wongaibon; Ngiyampaa; Wangaaybuwan; Wongai-bun; Wonghibone; Wonjhi-bon; Wonjibone; Wongi-bone; Wonghibon; Wonghi; Wun-gai; Wuzai; Wozai; Wo’yaibun; Mudall; Wongagibun; Wombungee; Ngemba; Ngiamba; Ngeumba; Ngiumba; Gaiamba;Wangaybuwan-NgiyambaaWangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pama-Nyungan; Wiradhuric | Wangaaybuwan; Wayilwan; Ngiyambaa; | Australia; | Australia | -31.27664417,146.0548388 | |||
10,439 | ngi | Ngizim | Ngezzim, Ngizmawa, Ngizimanci, Ngo:djin, Ngojin | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | “Ngizim has virtually no dialect differentiation other than a few lexical differences among villages.” (Schuh 1978) | Nigeria; | Africa | 11.710652, 11.082443 | ||
4,350 | kcd | Ngkâlmpw Kanum | Kanum; Enkelembu; Knwne; Kenume; Kanum (Ngkâlmpw); Kanum, Ngkâlmpw | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Morehead-Upper Maro | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.66666666667,140.916666667 | |||
564 | nmj | Ngombe | Ngombe-Kaka; Bagando-Ngombe; Bangando-Ngombe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Central African Republic; | Africa | 3.9492,15.2352 | |||
4,892 | nrx | Ngomburr | Ngormbur; Gnormbur; Gnumbu; Koarnbut; Ngumbur; Oormbur; Ngormbal; Ambugula; Ambuku:la; Corm-bur; Gnornbur; Nambuguja; Ngombur; Ngorbu; Ngorbur; Ngormbu; Ngorm-bur; Ngumbu; Ngurmbu; Ngurrumbudj; Numbu-gala; Oorm-bur;Ngurmbur; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Unclassified; Darwin Region? | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -12.98243877,132.2517098 | ||
555 | nnx | Ngong | Gong; Puuri; Nagumi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 9.0044,13.5104 | |||
6,717 | 08s | Ngumbarl | Ngombaru; Ngormbal; | Dormant () | 0 | Nyulnyulan; Eastern Nyulnyulan | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.53716033,122.4292371 | ||
6,682 | xul | Ngunawal | Burragorang; Ngunuwal; Ngunnawal; Ngoonawal; Nungawal; Ngaonawal; Ngennigenwurro; Wonnawal; Yarr; Yass tribe; Lake George tribe; Five Islands tribe; Molonglo tribe; Gurungada; Gundungurra; Yiilima; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -35.0079515,148.5035148 | |||
1,217 | nuo | Nguôn | Ngouan | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Viet-Muong; Muong | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 17.5333,105.3833 | |||
4,852 | ngw | Ngwaba | Gombi; Goba; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.9904,12.81 | |||
5,965 | nha | Nhanta | Amangu; Champion Bay tribe; Jau; Yau; Eaw; Nanda; Nanta; Nhanda; Nubda; Nunta; Wathandi; Wilunya; Watjandi; Watchandi; Watchandie; Buluguda; Bulgulu; Tamala; Daguda; Yaw; Eau; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Kartu | Australia; | Australia | -28.671311,115.113029 | |||
2,971 | yrl | Nheengatú | Ñeengatú; Nhengatu; Yeral; Geral; Língua Geral; Nyengatú; Nyengato; Ñeegatú; Waengatu; Língua Jeral; Jeral; Língua Geral Amazônica; Nheengatú; Tapïhïya; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 19,060 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Tupi | Brazil;Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 1.2303,-66.8408 | |||
6,718 | hrp | Nhirrpi | Nhirrpi; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -28.62910687,141.2759561 | ||
4,853 | nhf | Nhuwala | Nuala; Ngoala; Noella; Noanamaronga; Nooanamaronga; Jawanmala; Nunkaberi; Noala; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Australia; | Australia | -22.10053672,114.9936417 | |||
4,025 | bzk | Nicaragua Creole English | Mískito Coast Creole English; Miskito Coast Creole (MCC), Nicaraguan Creole English | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35,000-50,0000 | Pidgin or Creole; English based | Bluefields; Corn Islands; Pearl Lagoon; Rama Cay; Orinoco; Bilwi (Bartens 2013) | Nicaragua; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 12.010778,-83.771836 | ||
7,112 | ncs | Nicaraguan Sign Language | Idioma de Senas de Nicaragua; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Nicaragua; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 12.25, -86.34 | |||
4,588 | nie | Niellim | Lua; Nielim; Mjillem; Nyilem; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,160 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Niellim; Niou; Tchini; | Chad; | Africa | 9.75,17.75 | ||
4,879 | nll | Nihali | Nihal; Nahali; Kalto | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000-2,000 | Isolate; South Asian | While typically considered a language isolate, various hypotheses have been put forward linking Nihali genetically to languages such as Nostratic, Kusunda, Ainu, and the Munda languages (though none have demonstrated conclusive evidence for any genetic affiliation). Shailendra Mohan during 2012-2013 was awarded a grant from the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project in order to produce a grammar, lexicon, and text collection of the language. Materials from this project are still forthcoming as of 08/2014. | India; | South Asia | 19.75,77.8333333333 | ||
1,677 | bla | Niitsipowahsin | Blackfoot; Piikani; Pikuni; Blackfeet; Siksika; Siksika Cluster; Niitsi’powahsin; ᓱᖽᐧᖿ; ブラックフット語 | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,800 total: 2,750 in Canada and 50 in the US | Algic; Plains Algonquian | Siksika (Blackfoot); Kainai (Many Chiefs or Blood); Aapatohsipikani (Northern Peigan in Canada); Aamsskaapipikani (Blackfeet or Southern Piegan in the United States) | USA;Canada; | North America | |||
10,623 | gbe | Niksek | Meiyari; Sumwari; Setiali; Paka; Gabiano | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Western Sepik Hill | Setiali; Meiyari; Gabiano | Laycock (1973) mentions three potentially separate languages: Setiali, Paka, and Gabiano. There is very little data on any of these, however, but they are likely all dialects of a single language (Conrad and Lewis 1988). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.83, 142.45 | |
2,726 | nil | Nila | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | East Timor; | Pacific | -3.2173,128.9849 | ||||
4,880 | nmp | Nimanburru | Nimanbur; Nimanboru; Nimanboro; Wadiabulu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Nyulnyulan; Western Nyulnyulan | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -17.32739252,123.0695845 | ||
4,881 | nmr | Nimbari | Niamniam; Nyamnyam; Bari; Nimbari-Kebi; Nyam-Nyam du Mayo-Kebi; | Dormant () | 0 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
10,665 | niw | Nimo | Nimo-Wasawai; Nimo-Wasuai; Birua | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 178 | Left May | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.36, 141.58 | |||
861 | shb | Ninam | Yanam; Nimam; Xiriâna; Casapare; Kasrapai; Jawaperi; Crichana; Jawari; Shiriana; Shirianá; Samatari; Yanam-Ninam; Xirianá; Shiriana Casapare; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 560 | Yanomaman | The variety called Yaroame (ISO 639-3 code: yro) is considered by linguists including Helder Feirrera to be a language distinct from Ninam; however, opinions on this dialect-language division are varied, as there is some mutual intelligibility between Ninam varieties. For the purposes of the Catalogue of Endangered Languages, Yaroame is considered a variety of Ninam. | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 3.5,-62.8333333333 | ||
2,511 | mwi | Ninde | Labo; Mewun; Meaun; Nide; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.4492,167.4481 | |||
4,774 | nby | Ningera | Nagira; Negira; Ninggera | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 213 | Border; Bewani | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.73916, 141.4355 | |||
10,690 | nxr | Ninggerum | Kasiwa; Kativa; Muyu; Ningerum; Ninggeroem; Ninggirum; Ninggrum; Niyium; Obgwo; Orgwo; Tedi; Tidi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >3,500 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Lowland Ok | Ninggirum; Kasuwa; Daupka | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -5.43, 141.16 | ||
10,546 | niz | Ningil | Gul; Ral | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.54, 142.27 | |||
482 | nns | Ningye | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.234350, 7.866383 | ||||
2,625 | nin | Ninzo | Ninzam; Nunzo; Gbhu D Amar Randfa; Amar Tita; Ancha; Incha; Kwasu; Akiza; Sambe; Fadan Wate; Hate; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
2,518 | rpn | Niolean | Repanbitip | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <90 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.3155,167.6026 | |||
2,982 | hux | Nipode | Huitoto Muinane; Nïpode; Nüpode Huitoto; Huitoto Nipode; Witoto-Kaimo; Nüpode; Nipode Witoto; Muinane Huitoto; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Witotoan | There is confusion in the literature about whether Nipode and Muinane are the same, and whether Nipode is a dialect of Witoto or a separate language. “El término “Muinane” es ambiguo. Por una parte, es una palabra de la lengua uitoto que significa “gente de abajo”. Con esa palabra fue designado, en tiempos de la cauchería, un grupo hablante de una lengua de la familia lingüística Bora, cuya auto-designación es Feenemɨna (“Gente del centro”). En un segundo sentido, ha sido empleado por Eugene y Dorothy Minor (Diccionario Huitoto Muinane, SIL, 1971) para nombrar el dialecto Nɨpode del uitoto, del río Ampiyacu (Perú). Sin embargo, hoy en día nadie utiliza la palabra “muinane” para referirse a ese dialecto. En algunos textos se trató de introducir la expresión “Murui-Muinane” como una mejor auto-designación, en lugar de “Huitoto” o sus variantes, sin embargo en la actualidad son los hablantes del dialecto Bue quienes se refieren a si mismos como “Murui” y el término “Muinane” se refiere a los hablantes de la lengua Muinane-Bora. La mayoría de hablantes de Nɨpode (o “Huitoto Muinane”) viven también en el Medio Caquetá, aguas arriba de Araracuara. No tengo una cifra exacta del numero de hablantes, pero puede ser del orden de 500-1000 personas. El dialecto Nɨpode es una variación de la lengua conocida como Huitoto (o Witoto, Uitoto). (Juan Alvaro Echeverri Restrepo, personal communication, 2014.) [The term “Muinane” is ambiguous. On the one hand, it is a word of the Witoto language meaning “people below”. By this word, in times of the rubber trade, speakers of a language of the Boran family were designated, whose self-designation is Feenemɨna (“People of the center”). In a second sense, the term was employed by Eugene and Dorothy Minor (Huitoto Dictionary Muinane, SIL, 1971) to name the Nɨpode dialect of Witoto, of the Ampiyacu River (Peru). However, nowadays nobody uses the word “muinane” to refer to that dialect. Some texts tried to introduce the term “Murui-Muinane” as a better self-designation, instead of “Huitoto” or its variants; however, currently it is the speakers of the Bue dialect who refer to themselves as “Murui”, and the term “Muinane” refers to speakers of the Muinane-Bora language. Most speakers of Nɨpode (or “Huitoto Muinane”) also live on the Middle Caquetá, upstream from Araracuara … the number of speakers … may be of the order of 500-1000 people. The Nɨpode dialect is a variant of the language known as Huitoto (or Witoto, Uitoto).] | Brazil;Peru;Colombia; | South America | -2.34, -70.96 | ||
4,898 | nsz | Nisenan | South Maidu; Neeshenam; Pujuni; Nishinam; Southern Maidu; Wapumni; | Maiduan | Valley Nisenan; Northern Hill Nisenan; Central Hill Nisenan; Southern Hill Nisenan; | USA; | North America | 39.0,-121.0 | ||||
5,592 | ncg | Nisga’a | Nishga; Niska’; Nisk’a’; Nass; Nisgha; Nass-Gitksan; Nisk’a; Nishka; Niska; Nasqa’; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 331 | Tsimshian | Canada; | North America | 56.4500000, -129.3900000 | |||
10,791 | Nisvai | Vetbon; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.431448,167.715238; | ||||
10,795 | Nitita | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.214958,167.518171; | |||||
4,862 | niu | Niue | Niuean; “Niuefekai”; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,990 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | New Zealand;Cook Islands;Tonga;Niue; | Pacific | -19.05,-170.116666667 | |||
127 | cag | Nivaclé | Chulupi; Churupi; Nivaklé; Ashluslay; Axluxlay; Churupí; Niwaklé; Chulupí; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,800 | Matacoan | Argentina;Paraguay; | South America | -23.5, -60.5 | |||
10,800 | Nivat | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.271847,167.451384; | |||||
4,864 | njl | Njalgulgule | Nyolge; Nyoolne; Ngulgule; Begi; Bege; Beko; Njangulgule; Nyalgulgule; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Daju; Western Daju | South Sudan; | Africa | 8.4452,25.3015 | |||
10,799 | Njav | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.975671,167.258437; | |||||
533 | njr | Njerep | Njerup; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
8,591 | nkz | Nkari | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.44, 7.76 | ||||
841 | nkx | Nkoroo | Kirika; Nkoro; Ịjọ; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5,000 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Eastern Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.561549, 7.473342 | |||
5,672 | njb | Nocte Naga | Nocte; Namsangia; Naga; Borduria; Jaipuria; Mohongia; Nokte; Paniduria; Namsang; Naga, Nocte | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Laju; Khapa; Ponthai | India; | South Asia | 27.0,95.5 | ||
2,897 | nog | Noghay | Nogai; Noghai; ногайский язык; ногай тили; ногайша; Nogayca; Nogay Türkçesi; Nogay; Noghai; Noghaylar; Nogaitsy; Nogalar; Noqay dili | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~70,000 | Turkic; Kipchak | Central Nogai; White Nogai; Black Nogai; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 46.3333333333,48.5 | ||
4,870 | nkk | Nokuku | Nogugu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.919628,166.611481 | |||
2,970 | not | Nomatsiguenga | Nomatsiguenga Campa; Machinguenga; Nomatsigenga; Nomachiguenga: Atiri; Campa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,531 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Campa | There is some confusion in the sources regarding the names Machiguenga and Nomatsiguenga and the languages or varieties to which they refer. | Peru; | South America | -11.6666666667,-74.5 | ||
2,969 | noj | Nonuya | Nononota | Dormant () | Ø | Witotoan | Peru;Colombia; | South America | 0.671522,-72.084083 | |||
1,754 | snf | Noon | None; Non; Serer-Noon; Serer-Non; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000-50,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Cangin; Cangin; Saawii; Padee; | Senegal; | Africa | 14.80, -16.933 | ||
3,284 | fra-nor | Norman | Northern French; Normand; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~11,100 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Sercquiais; Augeron; Cotentinais; Cauchois | France; | Europe | 49.081, -0.6591 | ||
1,128 | mmg | North Ambrym | Ambrym, North | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Magam; Olal; | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.186489,168.137208 | ||
10,838 | ayp | North Mesopotamian Arabic | Mesopotamian Arabic; Anatolian Arabic | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Jastrow (2006) notes that the four dialect groups are not mutually intelligible with one another and that speakers from different areas use Turkish to communicate. | Turkey; | Europe | |||
10,688 | kti | North Muyu | Kataut; Kati Ninanti; Kati-Ninanti; Muyu; Niinati; Ninatie; North Kati; North Moejoe; Yonggom; Yongkom; Yongom | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Lowland Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.55, 140.84 | |||
3,282 | sme; nort2671 | North Saami | Sami; North Sámi (sápmi or sámegiella); Northern Saami; Norwegian Sami; pohjoissaame; Nordsamiska; Nordsamisk; северносаамский язык; Same; Saami; Lapp; Sámegiella; davvisámegiella; “Northern Lapp”; “Northern Lappish”; “Norwegian Lapp”; Cohkkiras (Jukkasjarvi) variety | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | About 25,700 total: 20,000 in Norway, 4,000 in Sweden, 1,700 in Finland | Uralic; Saami | Sea (Coast) in Norway; Duortnus (Torne) in Sweden and Norway; Finnmárku (Finnmark) in Norway and Finland; | Russia;Sweden;Norway;Finland; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 67.5113,20.1523; 69.5213,23.40.37; 67.1805,37.3256 | ||
10,532 | mip, vmq | Northeastern Alta Mixtec | Apasco-Apoala Mixtec; Apasco Mixtec; Apoala Mixtec; Mixteco de Santiago Apoala; Northern Nochixtlán Mixtec; Soyaltepec Mixtec; Mixteco de San Bartolo Soyaltepec; Mixteco del noreste bajo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,220 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco Alto de Valles?; Mixteco de Cañada Bajo; Mixteco de Mitlatongo; Mixteco del Este?; Mixteco del Noreste; Mixteco del Noreste Bajo | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.46, -97.06 | |
2,833 | aqn | Northern Alta | Edimala; Baler Negrito; Ditaylin Alta; Ditaylin Dumagat; Alta, Northern | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 240 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Northern Luzon; Meso-Cordilleran | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | ||||
10,533 | miz, xtu | Northern Alta Mixtec | Coatzospan Mixtec; Mixteco de Coatzóspan; Mixteco de San Juan Coatzospan; Teotitlán Mixtec; Cuyamecalco Mixtec; Cuicatlán Mixtec; Mixteco de Cañada central; Mixteco de Cuyamecalco | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,970 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco de Cañada Central; Mixteco de Coatzóspam | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.98, -96.80 | |
3,869 | atv | Northern Altai | Teleut; Telengut; северноалтайский язык; алтай тили; кумандинско-челканский язык; Telengit; Kumandin | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Turkic; South Siberian | A conglomeration of tribal dialects constituting the northern section of the Altai branch of northern Turkic, also comprising Southern Altai; very close to the Kondoma dialect of Shor; Northern Altai and Southern Altai are two basically separate entities, which only during the Soviet period were “united” into a single language, and their speakers into a single “nationality,” with a uniform written standard. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 52.2816,87.4827 | ||
10,534 | mii, mit, xtb | Northern Baja Mixtec | Chigmecatitlán Mixtec; Central Puebla Mixtec; Mixteco de Santa María Chigmecatitlán; Southern Puebla Mixtec; Acatlán Mixtec; Mixteco de la Frontera Puebla-Oaxaca; Mixteco del Sur de Puebla; Xayacatlán de Bravo; Chazumba Mixtec; Mixteco de Chazumba; Mixteco de la frontera Puebla-Oaxaca; Northern Oaxaca Mixtec | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,320 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco de la Frontera Puebla-Oaxaca; Mixteco de Tlaltempan; Mixteco de Zapotitlán; Mixteco del Oeste Alto?; Mixteco del Suroeste de Puebla | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.17, -97.83 | |
8,126 | qul | Northern Bolivian Quechua | Boliviano; North Bolivian Quechua; North la Paz Quechua; North Bolivian Quechua; Quechua (Bolivian); Bolivia Quechua; Bolivian Quechua | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Quechuan; Quechua IIC | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in Quechuan, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987). | Bolivia; | South America | -14.40, -68.79 | ||
9,849 | chj | Northern Chinantec | Chinanteco del norte; Ojitlán Chinantec; Chinantec; Chinanteco; Chinanteko; jmiih kia’ dzä ‘vï ï; jujmi (del norte); Comaltepec; jujmi tsa kö ‘w++ | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 37,900 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jmiih kia’ dzä ‘vï ï; jujmi (del norte); jujmi tsa kö ‘w++ | This language is referred to as Ojitlán Chinantec in some sources. The most recent official sources in Mexico refer to it as “Chinanteco del norte.” The primary name listed here is an English translation of that name. | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. The most recent and accurate sources claim that there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) Classifications are based Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |
5,153 | emp | Northern Emberá | Emperã; Eberã Bed’ea; Eperã Pedea; Atrato; Darién; Dariena; Panama Embera; Eberã; Cholo; Choco; Emberá, Northern; Empera; Ebera Bedea; Darien; Eerã; Embera; Northern Ember; Andagueda; Northern Ępęra; Emperá; Emberá; | Chocoan | The Emberá dialect continuum (Catío, Chamí, Napipí River, Saija, Sambú) includes Southern Emberá and Northern Emberá (Emperã, Eberã Bed’ea, Eperã Pedea, Atrato, Darién, Dariena, Panama Embera, Eberã, Cholo [Choco]). Ethnologue lists 6 distinct Emberá languages, 2 Northern Emberá: Emberá-Catío [cto] Northern Emberá [Emp] and 4 Southern Emberá: Emberá-Baudó [bdc] Emberá-Chamí [cmi] Epena (Emberá-Saija) [sjia] Emberá-Tadó [tdc]. | Colombia;Panama; | South America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 6.83333333333,-77.1666666667 | ||||
3,283 | frr | Northern Frisian | Frisian (North); Frisian (Northern); Frisian; North Frisian; Nordfriesisch; Friesisch; Frisian, Northern | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~8,000 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; Anglo-Frisian | Sölreng; Helgoland; Ferring; Wiedingharder; Bökingharder; Karrharder; Nordergoesharder; Mittelgoesharder; Hallig; | Germany; | Europe | 54.5,9.0 | ||
8,550 | 1of | Northern Khanty | Northern Khant; Ostyak; северно-хантыйский язык; хӑнты ясӑң; khănty yasăŋ; Northern Khante; Ostyak; Ostiak; Ugrian Ostyak | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10,000 | Uralic; Khanty | Ob; Kazym; Berezovo; Sherkaly; Nizyam | Though often considered to be a single language, Khanty is actually a group of three mutually unintelligible conglomerations of dialects that may well be counted as separate languages. A particularly close areal and typological affinity exists between Northern Khanty and Northern Mansi. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 63.7047,66.676 | |
4,484 | lbr | Northern Lorung | Lohorong; Lohrung; Lohrung Khanawa; Lōhōrōng; Balai; Lorung, Northern | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1207 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Biksit | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.4266,87.2498 | ||
8,529 | 1nt | Northern Mansi | Northern Vogul; Sos’va; северно-мансийский язык; Northern Man’si; вогульский; маньси; моаньсь; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Uralic; Mansi | Sygva; Sosva; Ob; Upper Loz’va; | Mansi is, with some justification, often considered to be a single language with four main groups of dialects; the linguistic differences within Mansi are, indeed, smaller than those within the otherwise comparable cases of Khanty, Selkup, and Ket. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 62.6539,63.1494 | |
3,175 | ymx | Northern Muji | Bokha; Hlaka Mujima; Phula | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | ||||
9,309 | 0zn | Northern Northeastern Neo-Aramaic | Assyrian, NENA, Hakkari | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-20,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Barwar; Bāz; Diz; Gawar; Jilu; Qočanəṣ; Salmas; Sara; Timur | Turkey; | Europe | 37.3834,43.4721; 36.390,40.220 | ||
1,916 | pao | Northern Paiute | Paiute, Northern; Paviotso; Paiute (Northern); North Paiute; Paviotso-Bannock-Snake; Bannock; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~700 | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Numic | Bannock; Yerington-Schurz; McDermitt; | USA; | North America | 43.0439,-112.4566; 41.9979,-117.7193; 43.5883,-119.0595 | ||
4,978 | pmq | Northern Pame | Xi’iuy; Pame; Pamean; Pame, Northern; Pame del Norte; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,620 | Otomanguean; Otopamean | Some consider the term Pame to be derogatory. Speakers and members of this ethnic group refer to themselves as Xi’iuy rather than Pame. | Ethnologue distinguishes 3 Pame languages: Pame, Central [pbs] Pame, Northern [pmq] Pame, Southern [pmz]. INALI distinguishes 2 “variantes” of Pame. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 21.9955,-99.6458 | |
1,531 | pej | Northern Pomo | Redwood Cañon; North Pomo; Pomo (Northern); | Dormant () | 0 | Pomoan | Pinoleville; Potter Valley; Guidiville; | USA; | North America | 39.4143,-123.3502 | ||
5,607 | pmi | Northern Pumi | Prinmi; Primi; Pumi; Northern Prinmi; P’umi; Pimi; Primmi; Pruumi; P’ömi; P’rome; Ch’rame; 北普米語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 32300 | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | Taoba | “Northern Pumi is spoken in parts of Ninglang County and Sichuan and is internally less diverse than Southern Pumi.” (Daudey 2014:4) | China; | East Asia | 28.0,101.0 | |
2,405 | cng | Northern Qiang | Qiang; 羌語北部方言 | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | Luhua; Mawo; Cimulin; Weigu; Yadu; Sanlong | Northern Qiang varieties and Southern Qiang varieties are mutually unintelligible. | China; | East Asia | 32.0,102.666666667 | ||
5,674 | nnl | Northern Rengma Naga | Rengma North; Ntenyi; Ntenyi Naga; Nthenyi; Northern Rengma; Rengma; Naga, Northern Rengma | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,600 | Sino-Tibetan; Angami-Pochuri | India; | South Asia | 25.958,94.2462 | |||
1,990 | rog | Northern Roglai | Roglai (Northern); Radlai; Adlai; Rayglay; Ra-Glai; Rang Glai; Noang; La-Oang; Ríoglai; Roglai, Northern | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Chamic | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 12.249, 109.195; 10.950, 108.101 | |||
8,553 | 1oo | Northern Selkup | Taz Selkup; šöľqumyt әty; северноселькупский язык; śöľqup; шӧльӄумыт әты; тазовский селькупский язык; pohjoisselkuppi; Sel’kup; Sölkup; Sölqup; Söl’qup; Ostyak Samoyed; Tas Selkup; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <600 | Uralic; Samoyedic | The three main varieties of Selkup have traditionally been counted as dialects of a single language; their differences are, however, comparable to those between, for instance, Ket, Yug, and Pumpokol. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 65.7035,82.4441 | ||
1,917 | str | Northern Straits Salish | SENĆOŦEN/Malchosen/Lekwungen/Semiahmoo/T’Sou-ke; Malchosen; Lekwungen; Semiahmoo; T’Sou-ke; Salish (Straits); Straits Salish; Straits; Songish; Lkungen; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Salishan; Central Salish | Saanich; Samish; Lummi; Songhees; Sooke; Semiahmoo; SENĆOŦEN | USA;Canada; | North America | 48.4500000, -123.0000000 | ||
10,845 | ntp | Northern Tepehuán | Northern Tepehuan | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~8,000 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Tepiman | Baborigame; Nabogame | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 26.43,-107.38 | ||
3,521 | too | Northern Totonac | Totonac, Xicotepec de Juárez; Northern Totonac; Totonaco de Villa Juárez; Totonako; Totonac (Xicotepec de Juárez); Totonaca (Xicotepec de Juarez); Totonako; Totonaco; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Totonacan; Totonac | Apapantilla, Patla, Chicontla, Cacahuatlan, San Pedro Tlaolantongo, Filomeno Mata | Ethnologue distinguishes 9 Totonac languages: Totonac, Coyutla [toc] Totonac, Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán [tlp] Totonac, Highland [tos] Totonac, Papantla [top] Totonac, Tecpatlán [tcw] Totonac, Upper Necaxa [tku] Totonac, Ozumatlán [tqt] Totonac, Xicotepec de Juárez [too] Totonac, Yecuatla [tlc] David Beck categorizes the varieties of Northern Totonac as follows: Northern Totonac: Upper Necaxa Tecpatlán Totonac Zihuateutla Totonac Cerro Xinolatépetl Totonac (aka Ozumatlán) Apapantilla Totonac (aka Xicotepec). The categorization adopted here is that of Carolyn MacKay and Frank Trechsel. However, all acknowledge that there is no real consensus on the linguistic categorization of this area. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.298178,-97.536594 | |
4,225 | tji | Northern Tujia | Tuchia; Tudja; Tujia; Tujia, Northern; Biji; Bizhi; Bizhika; 土家語; 北部土家語 | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~65000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tujia | Baojing; Longshan | Northern Tujia [tji] and Southern Tujia [tjs] are not mutually intelligible. | China; | East Asia | 28.828,109.5904 | |
1,918 | ttm | Northern Tutchone | Tutchone; Tuchone; Tutchone (Northern); Tutchone, Northern; Selkirk; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | Canada; | North America | 63.0,-137.0 | |||
10,855 | Northern Yauyos Quechua | Dormant () | 0 | Quechuan; Quechua I or IIA | Alis; Tomas; Vitis Huancaya (Laraos Quechua may be a dialect of Northern Quechua?) | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987). Ethnologue has only Yauyos Quechua [qux] and does not distinguish Northern Yauyos and Southern Yauyos, shown distinct by Shimelman (2017). (Willem Adelaar personal communication) | Peru; | South America | ||||
9,850 | ctl | Northwestern Chinantec | jau jmai; Chinanteco del noroeste; Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,720 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jau jmai | Some sources refer to this language as Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec. The most recent official sources in Mexico refer to it as “Chinanteco del noroeste.” The primary name provided here is an English translation that name. | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. The most recent and accurate sources claim that there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |
7,357 | nsl | Norwegian Sign Language | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Sign Language; European | Holmestrand; Trondheim; Oslo; | Norway; | Europe | 60.77, 10.24 | |||
3,808 | bly | Notre | Nõtre; Bulba; Nootre; Burusa; Boulba; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,368 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Benin; | Africa | 10.798235, 1.669510 | |||
580 | noy | Noy | Loo; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 36 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Chad; | Africa | 8.9312,17.8829 | |||
10,900 | soo | Nsong | Songo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,080 | Bantu; | Nsong is commonly called Songo, which is the name for the language in the lingua franca of the region, Kikongo. | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | -5.054521, 18.781299 | ||
1,919 | oka | Nsyilxcən | Nsilxcín; Nsyilxcen, Nsyilxcn, Nsəlxcin; Okanagan-Colville; Okanagan; Colville-Okanagan; Okanagon; Okanogan; Nsilxcín; Okanagon Cluster; Okinagan; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 132 | Salishan; Interior Salish | Northern; Vernon; Head of the Lakes; Similkameen; Penticton; Southern; Lakes-Colville-Inchelium; Lakes-Colville-Inchelium; Methow; Southern Okanogan; San Poil-Nespelem; | USA;Canada; | North America | 49.2900000, -118.9800000 | ||
10,919 | nucl1698 | Nteng | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2000 | West Chadic A3 | 9.052478, 9.241267 | ||||||
556 | baf | Nubaca | Bango; Bongo; Baca; Nu Baca; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.2971,10.7446 | |||
3,790 | kcn | Nubi | Kinubi; Ki-Nubi; Kinúbi; Rután Núbi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~25,000 | Pidgin or Creole; Arabic based | Ugandan Kinubi; Kenyan Kinubi | Kenya;South Sudan;Democratic Republic of the Congo;Uganda; | Africa | 0.666666666667,32.0833333333 | ||
4,446 | kte | Nubri | Kutang Bhotia; Larkye; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Namrung; Sama; Prok; Lho; | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.6384,84.6079 | ||
2,968 | mbr | Nukak | Nukak Makú; Maczsa; Guaviare; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 390 | Kakua-Nukak | Kakua and Nukak languages are related to each other, but not obviously to other languages. Formerly they were liked with the Nadehup (Nadahup, Makúan) languages, and all of these together sometimes joined with Puinave, called the Makú-Puinave family or Puinavean. Today, any relationship with Puinave remains undemonstrated, and evidence for linking Nedehup and Kakua-Nukak remains inconclusive (see Epps and Salanov 2013:16). | Colombia; | South America | 2.5,-71.5 | ||
10,427 | nuc | Nukini | Nuquini, Nucuini, Inukuini | Dormant () | Obsolescent (no longer spoken as an everyday language, but a few speakers remember it). | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Cuyanawa | “Central Panoan Assemblage”: evidently there has been areal influence among neighboring languages, such that the boundaries among [some] subgroups … are somewhat blurred (Fleck 2013:11). | Brazil; | South America | -7.34, -73.50 | |
10,705 | klt | Nukna | Komutu | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1000 | Trans–New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon | Apalap, Komutu, Nukna | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.007053, 146.980984; -6.011041, 146.904643; -6.108637, 146.982552 | ||
6,670 | nnv | Nukunu | Nugunu; Nukuna; Doora; Njuguna; Nokunna; Noocoona; Nookoona; Nuguna; Nukana; Nukunnu; Pukunna; Tjura; Tyura; Wallaroo; Warra; Wongaidya; Wongaidja; Nukunna; Nu-guna; Tura; Eura; Barutadura; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -32.71595341, 138.0903099 | ||
4,873 | nkr | Nukuoro | Nukoro; Nuguor; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Micronesia; | Pacific | 3.83333333333,154.916666667 | |||
2,372 | sij | Numbami | Siboma; Sipoma; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 270 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.5177,147.2991 | |||
10,824 | tgs | Nume | Tasarag | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.214274,167.563977; | |||
1,371 | kdk; nume1242 | Numèè | Nââ Numèè; Kapone; Touaouru; Ouen; Kwenyii; Kunie; Tuauru; Duauru; Uen; Wen; Naa-Wee; Neukaledonien; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,814 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | Ouen; Kwenyii; Numee; | New Caledonia; | Pacific | |||
4,901 | nug | Nungali | Ilngali; Jilngali; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Mirndi | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.92708592, 131.1442419 | ||
5,675 | npb | Nupbikha | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.3937,90.5003 | ||||
4,902 | nul | Nusa Laut | Nusalaut; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -6.7331,129.5288 | |||
1,717 | nuk | Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) | Nuu-chah-nulth; Nootka; Nootkans; Aht; Nuuchahnulth; Nuučaan̓uɫ; Nutka; West Coast; T’aat’aaqsapa; Nuučaan̓uɫ; Quuquu’aca; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 108 | Wakashan; Southern Wakashan | Northern Nuučaan̓uɫ; Barkley; Central Nuučaan̓uɫ; Tla.o.qui.aht; Hesquiat; Sheshaht; Ahousaht; Kyuqot; Nuchatlaht; Ohiaht; Opetchesaht; Toquaht; Uchucklesaht; Ucluelet; Mowachaht; Ehattesaht; | The dialects of the language are very diverse, so much so that speakers often consider them to be separate languages rather than separate dialects. | Canada; | North America | 49.6100000, -126.5000000 | |
1,676 | blc | Nuxalk | Bella Coola; Bellacoola; nuxalk; Nass | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11 | Salishan | Kimsquit; Kwatna; Tallheo; Bella Coola; | Canada; | North America | 52.49,-126.47 | ||
8,369 | nm0 | Nyagrong Minyag | Minyag; 新龍木雅語 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | Bomei; Manchi; Youlaxi; | Closely related to Horpa (ero). Not to be confused with Muya (mvm), spoken in and around Kangding County. | China; | East Asia | ||
1,235 | cbn | Nyahkur | Nyah Kur (Tha Pong); Nyah Kur; Nyakur; Niakuol; Niakuoll; “Chaobon”; “Chaodon”; Lawa; Chaobon; Chaodon; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Monic | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 15.6666666667,101.666666667 | |||
2,560 | nly | Nyamal | Njamat; Wanbarda; Widagari; Widagaree; Wirdakarri; Weedokarry; Weedookary; Pundju Njamal; Pundu N’amal; Njamal; Njamarl; Gnamo; Tjingkai Njamal; Ibarga; Ibarrga; Ibargo; Nyamel; N’amal; Njalmal; Namal; Namel; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Australia; | Australia | -21.30071734, 119.7091996 | |||
5,056 | nwm | Nyamusa-Molo | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Molo; Nyamusa; | South Sudan; | Africa | ||||
5,805 | nyp | Nyang’i | Nuangeya; Nyuangia; Nyangiya; Nyangia; Ngangea; Gyangiya; Nyangeya; Ngiangeya; Nipori; Niporen; Poren; Ngapore; Upale; Nyangi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Kuliak | Uganda; | Africa | 3.41666666667,33.5833333333 | |||
2,561 | nna | Nyangumarta | Ibarga; Ibarrga; Ibargo; I:baruga; Iparuka; Ngurlipartu; Pijikala; Nyangahyatjarra; Njangamarda; Kularupulu; Kundal; Waljuli Njangamarda; Nangamada; Nangam-urda; Nangumarda; Ngapakarna; Ngapakoreilitja; Ngardungardu; Njadamarda; Njangamada; Njangomada; Njangumada; Njangumarda; Njanja-marta; Nyangamada; Nyangumada; Nyangumarda; Nyangumata; Warmala; Nangumada; Nangumurdu; Ngolibardu; Ngulipartu; Nungoo’murdoo; Nya’umada; Nyangumurtu; Nangamurda; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~520 | Pama-Nyungan; Marrngu | Northern Coastal Nyangumarta; Southern inland Nyangumarta; | Australia; | Australia | -20.49615825, 122.2137447 | ||
534 | knp-nyj | Nyanjang | Njang; Njanga; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.634598, 11.675720 | |||
4,910 | nyt | Nyawaygi | Yi; Nawagi; Nyawigi; Geugagi.; Lolo; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Dyirbalic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -18.82290222, 146.1701373 | ||
5,676 | neh | Nyenkha | Henkha; Lap; Mangsdekha; Nyg Ked; Nyn Kha; Ngenkha | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,692 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Phobjikha; Chutobikha | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.4595,90.4119 | ||
4,908 | nyl | Nyeu | Yeu; Yoe; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austro-Asiatic; Katuic; Eastern Katuic; West Katuic; Kuay-Yoe | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 14.88, 104.33 | |||
2,562 | nyh | Nyikina | Njigina; Njikena; Nyigini; Njigena; Nigena; Nyi-gini; Njikin; Njigana; Wanji; Tjaba; Dja:ba; Yeeda;Nyigina; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~50 | Nyulnyulan; Eastern Nyulnyulan | Small Nyikina; Big Nykina; | Australia; | Australia | -18.20260282, 124.2885679 | ||
6,793 | xny | Nyiyaparli | Njiabali; Njijabali; Iabali; Janari; Jana; Niabali; Njiabadi; Njijabadi; Njijapali; Nyiyabali; Nyiyapali; Nyiypali | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~50 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -23.3884779,119.9251173 | |||
4,911 | nyv | Nyulnyul | Nyul-Nyul; Niol-Niol; Nyolnyol; Njul-Njul; Nyul Nyul; Njolnjol; Nyul-nyul; Nyool Nyool; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Nyulnyulan; Western Nyulnyulan | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -16.87658868, 122.8231991 | ||
592 | ngh | N||ng | N|uu; N|u; N/u; Khomani; ǂKhomani; /Nusan; =|Khomani; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Tuu; Kwi | N|uu; ||’Au | South Africa; | Africa | -27.935574, 22.734146; -28.446959, 21.270905; -26.902936, 20.683308 | ||
1,364 | thp | Nłeʔkepmxcín (Thompson) | Thompson; Nlha7kápmx; Thompson River Salish; Ntlakapmuk; Nklapmx; Thompson; Nlaka’pamux; Nłeʔkepmxcin; Ntlakyapamuk; At-nah; nɬeʔkepmxcín; Nle’kepmxcín; Ntlakapamux | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 133 | Salishan; Interior Salish | Upper Thompson, Lower Thompson | Canada; | North America | 50.3600000, -121.1000000 | ||
4,967 | pia | O’ob | Lower Piman; Mountain Pima; Névome; Pima Bajo | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Pimic | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 29.0,-111.0 | ||||
1,166 | ood | O’odham | Pima-Papago; Upper Piman; Papago; Nebome, Nevome, O’othham, Papago-Pima, Tohono O’odham | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >15,000? | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Pimic | Tohono O’odham (Papago), Akimel O’odham (Pima) | USA;Mexico; | North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 33.059,-112.0479; 31.9186,-111.8798 | ||
626 | zoh | Oaxaca Zoque | Zoque, Chimalapa Zoque; Zoque (Chimalapa); | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,216 | Mixe-Zoquean; Zoquean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.65, -94.69 | |||
4,912 | obl | Oblo | Dormant () | 0? | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon; | Africa | |||||
2,728 | afz | Obokuitai | Obogwitai; Ati; Aliki; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.0,138.0 | |||
6,036 | obu | Obulom | Abuloma; Obulum; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,420 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.743327, 7.082359 | |||
1,855 | oca | Ocaina | Okaina | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~50 | Witotoan | Ibo’tsa; Dukaiya; | “El Ocaina es hablado principalmente en el río Ampiyacu, y algunos hablantes en el Putumayo e Igaraparaná” (Juan Alvaro Echeverri Restrepo, personal communication, 2014). [Ocaina is spoken principally on the Ampiyacu River, and some speakers are on the Putumayo and Igaraparaná rivers.] | Peru;Colombia; | South America | -2.75,-71.75 | |
4,913 | ocu | Ocuiltec | Ocuilteco; Okwilteko; Atzinca; Pirinda; Matlatzinca (Atzingo); Tlahuica; Atzingo; Matlatzinca, Atzingo; Atzinteco; Tlahura; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 737 | Otomanguean; Otopamean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.003075, -99.231114 | |||
4,399 | kkc | Odoodee | Kalamo; Nomad; Tomu; Tomu River; Ododei; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 490 | Trans-New Guinea; East Strickland | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.7,142.5 | |||
4,914 | oda | Odut | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 5.3077,8.2672 | ||||
1,740 | opy | Ofayé | Guachi; Opaie; Opaié-Shavante; Ofaié-Xavante; Opaye-Chavante; Opaye; Opayé; Ofayé-Xavante; Ofaié; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | -21.361,-52.0532 | |||
2,732 | oia | Oirata | Maaro; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,220 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; East Timor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.0755,127.1777 | |||
2,974 | ojs | Oji-Cree | Severn Ojibwe; Severn Ojibwa; Ojicree; Anishininiimowin | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,110 | Algic; Algonquian; Ojibwa-Potawatomi | Severn Ojibwe is a well defined regional dialect within the Ojibwe dialect complex, spoken in northwestern Ontario in communities on Severn River, Winisk River, and Sandy Lake. “Oji-Cree” is the name speakers prefer, but it is often called “Severn Ojibwe” in scholarly writings. | Canada; | North America | 53.0,-90.0 | ||
3,794 | oki | Okiek | Akiek; Akie; Ogiek; “Ndorobo”; Kinare; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Nilotic; Southern Nilotic | Sogoo; Suiei; Okiek; | Kenya;Tanzania; | Africa | -1.0435,36.6006 | ||
5,354 | ryu | Okinawan | Uchinaaguchi; うちなーぐち; Uchināguchi; Luchu; Ryukyuan; Central Ryukyuan; Okinawa; Central Group; Okinawan, Central; Central Okinawan; 沖縄語; 沖縄方言; シマクトゥバ; Okinawan; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 95,000 | Japonic; Ryukyuan; Northern Ryukyuan | Shuri; Naha; Kudaka; Torishima | Japan; | East Asia | 26.1485, 127.782 | ||
8,590 | okb | Okobo | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | |||||
7,933 | okd | Okodia | Okordia; Akita; Ịjọ; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,600 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Western Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
10,678 | opm | Oksapmin | Nalu | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Trans-New Guinea | Lower Oksapmin; Upper Oksapmin | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.21, 142.18 | ||
8,558 | 1np | Old Bargut | Old Barghut; Chen Baerhu; Menggu; 陳巴爾虎土語 | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Northern Common Mongolic | China; | East Asia | 49.506, 119.43 | ||||
4,919 | ole | Olekha | Monpa; Ole Mönpa; ‘Olekha; Black Mountain | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Unclassified | Bhutan; | South Asia | 27.1955,90.43 | |||
6,794 | olk | Olkol | Koka-ollugul; Koko Olkol; Koko Olkolo; Koko-olkol; Olcoola; Olgolo; Ol’kol; Olkulo; Ulkulu; Wulgulu | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -15.2, 142.4 | |||
10,540 | ong | Olo | Orlei; Wape; Wapi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,000 | Torricelli; Wapei | Pay; Wapi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.4, 142.1 | ||
10,767 | olr | Olrat | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.313, 167.433 | ||||
4,977 | plo | Oluta Popoluca | Popoluca de Oluta; Oluteco (Popoluca de Oluta); Oluta Popoluca; Popoluca, Oluta; Oluta; Olutec; Popoluca (Oluta); Oluta Mixean; Oluta Popoluca; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Mixe-Zoquean; Mixean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.95,-95.0 | |||
862 | omg | Omagua | Omagua-Yete; Ariana; Pariana; Anapia; Macanipa; Kambeba; Yhuata; Umaua; Cambeba; Campeba; Cambela; Cambeeba; Compeva; Canga-Peba; Agua; Omagua-Campeva; Omawa-Kampeva; Janbeba; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Cocaman | Brazil;Peru; | South America | -4.0,-73.5 | |||
1,920 | oma | Omaha-Ponca | Uman; Omaha; Mahairi; Ponka; Umanhan; Ppankka; Ponca | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <85 | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dhegihan | Omaha; Ponca | Two closely related dialects, Omaha and Ponca. | USA; | North America | 42.0817,-96.4855 | |
4,921 | omt | Omotik | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Nilotic; Southern Nilotic | Suiei; | Kenya; | Africa | -1.115,35.9143 | |||
2,742 | ona | Ona | Selknam; Selk’nam; Shelknam; Aona; Island Chonan; Selk’nam; Chon; Island Chon language area; | Dormant () | Chonan; Island Chonan | Argentina; | South America | -53.0,-70.0 | ||||
10,539 | aun, oin, okk, onk, onr, osu | One | Aunalei; Onele; Oni; Molmo One; Inebu One; Kwamtim One; Kuamtim; Kabore One; Northern One; Southern One | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,450 | Torricelli; One | Molmo One; Inebu One; Kwamtim One; Kabore One; Northern One; Southern One | Dialect diversity among One varieties may be so great as to warrant subdivision into as many as six languages (Crowther 2001); indeed, Ethnologue (18th Edition) includes six separate entries. The issue, however, is not yet resolved (Foley 2016). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.3, 141.9 | |
1,921 | one | Oneida | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~212 | Iroquoian; Northern Iroquoian | Green Bay; Southwold; | USA;Canada; | North America | 43.0778,-75.6622; 42.8286,-81.4068; 44.5158,-88.0075 | |||
4,925 | oon | Önge | Ong; Onge | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 94 | South Andamanese | India; | South Asia | 10.75,92.4166666667 | |||
8,571 | 1ns | Ongkor Solon | Onkor Solon; Onkor Solon; Solon Ewenki; Ewenke | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1? | Tungusic; Northern Tungusic | Kazakhstan;China; | Near East;East Asia | 46.7774,83.0456 | |||
4,002 | bxe | Ongota | Birale; ‘Ongota; Birelle; Ifa’ongota; “Shanqilla”; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8 | Unclassified; Afro-Asiatic? | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.3207,37.2244 | |||
2,739 | oni | Onin | Onim; Sepa; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Yamdena-Sekar | Nikuda; Ogar; Patipi; Sepa; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.9745,132.2383 | ||
2,373 | onj | Onjob | Onjab; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Trans-New Guinea; Dagan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.2973,149.1613 | |||
1,922 | ono | Onondaga | Onandaga; Onondoga; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~52 | Iroquoian; Northern Iroquoian | USA;Canada; | North America | 43.1194,-80.1174; 43.047,-76.1422; 42.9473809,-76.1600231 | |||
4,927 | opt | Ópata | Opata; Opatan; Teguima | Dormant () | 0 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Opatan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 29.1666666667,-109.666666667 | |||
2,681 | lgn | Opuuo | Opo-Shita; Opo; Opuo; Upo; Cita; Ciita; Shita; Shiita; Ansita; Kina; Kwina; “Langa”; Shitta; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 301 | Koman | Buldit; Kusgilo; | Ethiopia;South Sudan; | Africa | 8.3202,33.8873 | ||
4,928 | orn | Orang Kanaq | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~87 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 1.8858,103.9814 | ||||
4,929 | ors | Orang Seletar | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 880 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Malaysia;Singapore; | Southeast Asia | 1.3387,103.464 | ||||
10,470 | Ordos | Urdus | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100,000 | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Southern Common Mongolic | “Ordos (Urdus) is best listed as a separate Common Mongolic language, since it is in some respects considerably more archaic than the dialects of regular Mongolian (including both the Khalkha and Khorchin groups of dialects).” (Juha Janhunen, p.c.) | Ethnologue lists it as a dialect of Peripheral Mongolian [mvf]. | China; | East Asia | 39.612, 109.781 | ||
1,064 | ore | Orejón | Maijuna; Mai Huna; Maihuna; Coto; Payguaje; Payaguá; Koto; Payagua; Orejone; Mai Ja; Oregon; Orechon; Tutapi; Orejó; Koihoma; Payoguaje; Maihiki | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 90-100 | Tucanoan; Western Tucanoan | Nebaji; | Peru; | South America | -2.83333333333,-72.5 | ||
7,187 | 1kw | Original Bangkok Sign Language | Old Bangkok Sign Language | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~495 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | “OBSL is an original sign language that developed among deaf people living in Bangkok in the Central Area of Thailand long before the first school for deaf people was established in 1951. Like users of other typical original sign languages, Deaf people who use OBSL have a separate Deaf Linguistic Identify… The massive introduction of American Sign Language vocabulary into the Thai deaf educational system severed the historical connection between OBSL and Modern Thai Sign Language.” (Woodward & Suwanarat, 2015) | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 13.727,100.524 | ||
9,029 | csd | Original Chiangmai Sign Language | Chiengmai Sign Language; Original Chiangmai Sign Language; Old Chiangmai Sign Language; OCMSL | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~19 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | “OCMSL is a original sign language that developed among deaf people living in Chiang Mai in the North of Thailand long before the first school for deaf people was established in 1951.” (Woodward and Wongchai, 2015) | This language family includes original sign languages in Thailand and Hai Phong Sign Language. | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 18.789968, 98.984387 | |
7,006 | 1a4 | Original Costa Rican Sign Language | Old Costa Rican Sign Language; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Costa Rica; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.89, -84.12 | ||||
6,994 | lso | Original Laos Sign Language | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | This ISO code is possibly associated with more than one language (Ethnologue 19th). | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.39, 104.52 | |||||
10,801 | Orkon | Fanbak | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.242462,168.218976; | ||||
2,741 | orz | Ormu | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.5136,140.6675 | ||||
4,930 | oru | Ormuri | Ormari; Warmaro; Oormuri; Urmuri; Ormur; Ormui; Bargista; Baraks; Baraki; Burki; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Kanigurami; Logar | Afghanistan;Pakistan; | South Asia;Near East | 32.515296, 69.781122; | |||
3,038 | oac | Oroch | Orochi; орочский язык; Sprache der Oročonen; Oroć; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <150 | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Amur Tungusic | Kjakela; Namunka; Orichen; Tez | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 50.3333333333,137.5 | ||
3,001 | ora | Oroha | Mara Ma-Siki; Oraha; Südliche Salomons-Inseln; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 38 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Southeast Solomonic | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -9.7686,161.51 | |||
3,043 | oaa | Orok | Ulta; Ujlta; орокский язык; ульта; уйльта; Uilta; Sprache der Oroken; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <60 | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Amur Tungusic | Poronaisk; Val-Nogliki | Uilta or Ulta is the self-designation whereas Orok is an exonym. | Russia;Japan; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 52.341, 143.091; 49.402, 143.669; 49.320, 142.947 | |
1,187 | orh | Oroqen | Orochen; Orochon; Ulunchun; Oronchon; Olunchun; Elunchun; Oročon; 鄂倫春語 | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,500 | Tungusic; Northern Tungusic | Heilongjiang Oroqen; Gankui | not to be confused with Orok [oaa] | China; | East Asia | 48.166,119.4873 | |
5,866 | sgh-oro | Oroshor | Oroshori; Roshorvi; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,950 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Tajikistan; | Near East | 38.387964,72.741803 | |||
1,741 | orw | Orowari | Oro Win; Pakaás-novos; Pacasnovas; Pacaha-novo; Uariwayo; Uomo; Jaru; Oro Wari; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Chapacuran; Southern Chapacuran | Brazil; | South America | -11.6683,-65.1379 | |||
7,932 | orr | Oruma | Ịjọ; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Western Ijo | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
4,931 | osa | Osage | Wazhazhe ie; | Awakening () | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dhegihan | USA; | North America | 36.6683,-96.3316 | ||||
4,937 | otr | Otoro | Utoro; Dhitoro; Litoro; Kawama; Kawarma; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Niger-Congo; Heiban; West-Central Heiban | Dugujur; Dukwara; Dogoridi; Dorobe; | Sudan; | Africa | 11.1666666667,30.5 | ||
4,938 | otw | Ottawa | Odawa; Odaawaa; Eastern Ojibwa; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000? | Algic; Algonquian; Ojibwa-Potawatomi | Commonly referred to as Odawa in Canada and as Ottawa in the US. Ethnologue calls Ottawa a member of the Ojibwa “macro-language.” | USA;Canada; | North America | 46.1519,-82.2243; 43.5971,-84.7752; 42.6068,-82.5195 | ||
285 | oua | Ouargli | Tagargrent; Teggargrent; Ouargla; Wargla; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Ouedghir; Tariyit; Temacin; | Algeria; | Africa | 31.9166666667, 5.33333333333 | ||
4,940 | oum | Ouma | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.233,149.1 | ||||
10,663 | owi | Owiniga | Bero; Samo; Taina | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 219 | Left May | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.47, 141.70 | |||
1,420 | oyd | Oyda | Oida; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.9438,36.6503 | |||
4,955 | pdi | Pa Di | Padi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Southwestern Tai | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 26.31, 103.49 | ||||
10,445 | pqa | Pa’a | Paa, Pa’anci, Fucaka, Fuuceka, Afa, Afawa, Afanci, Pala, Pa’awa, Fa’awa, Foni | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
4,960 | pfa | Pááfang | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,320 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Micronesia; | Pacific | 7.6198,155.1571 | ||||
2,564 | drl | Paakantyi | Darling; Darling River Language; Kula; Baagandji; Southern Baagandji; Barkindji; Barkandj; Paakantji; Kurnu; Guerno; Kornu; Cornu; Koono; Kuno; Bagundji; Barkinji; Barkungee; Bahkunji; Bahkunjy; Parkungi; Parkengee; Bakanji; Bakandi; Bargunji; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Baagandji | Southern Paakantyi; Thangkaali; Marrawarra; Wilyaali; Parrintyi; Pantyikali; Pulaali; Wanyuparlku; Southern Paakantyi; Northern Paakantyi; Nhaawuparlku; Kurnu; Milpulo; Paaruntyi; | Australia; | Australia | -31.12813021, 144.2235677 | ||
5,316 | qvp | Pacaraos Quechua | Quechua Pacaraos | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~35 | Quechuan; Quechua I or IIA | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Willem Adelaar (personal communication): Highly archaic variety, difficult to classify. | Peru; | South America | -11.2538,-76.8054 | ||
5,677 | adi-pad | Padam | Standard Adi; Padam Adi; Padam-Minyong Adi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~40,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India; | South Asia | 28.2463, 95.3668 | ||
2,744 | pdo | Padoe | South Mori; Padoé; Alalao; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.33333333333,121.333333333 | |||
2,964 | pbb | Paez | Páez; Nasa Yuwe; Pez; Paes; Páes | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60,000 | Isolate; South American | Pitayo; Paniquita | The autonym is Nasa Yuwe (nasa ‘language’), which is being used more frequently. There is no consensus on the classification of Paez. Customarily it has been placed in Paezan language family with Paniquitá (Colombia, a dialect of Paez?) and extinct Panzaleo (Latacunga, Quito) (Ecuador). However, the very scarce data on Panzaleo are not sufficient to support classifying it with Paez (Adelaar and Muysken 2004:619). Today most consider Paez a language isolate. | Colombia; | South America | 2.66666666667,-76.0 | |
10,671 | pgi | Pagi | Bembi; Pagei | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 | Border; Bewani | Eastern; Western | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.05, 141.25 | ||
10,595 | lgt | Pahi | Lugitama; Riahoma; Wansum | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <598 | Sepik; Tama | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.80, 142.30 | |||
7,171 | adi-pai | Pailibo | Palibo; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India; | South Asia | |||
1,538 | ppi; paip1241 | Paipai | Pai’pai; Akwa’ala; Cuñeil | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Fewer than 50 total; 25 in Santa Katarina as of 2010 (Gómez & Ibáñez), and 49 as of 2015 (Ibáñez). | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman; Pai branch | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 31.6568061,-115.8281493 | |||
5,678 | pck | Paite Chin | Paite; Oarte; Paithe; Parte; Haithe; Zoukam; Chin (Paite); Vuite; Chin, Paite | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 64,100 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Dapzal; Telzang; Dim; Saizang; Lamzang; Tuichiap; Sihzang; Lousau; Dimpi; Bukpi | India; | South Asia | 24.0,93.1666666667 | ||
2,729 | sru | Paiter | Suruí do Jiparaná; Suruí de Rondônia; Paiter; Paitér; Surui Paiter; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 920 | Tupian; Mondean | Brazil; | South America | -11.1245,-61.3476 | |||
4,972 | pkn | Pakanh | Bakanha; Bakanh; Ajabakan ; Aiabakan; Bakanu; Baganu; Yir Mayan; Uw Ayan; Koko-Jan; YirrqMayvn; Uw-Ayan;Pakanha; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -15.274264, 142.706775 | |||
10,880 | Palawa Kani | Awakening () | Palawa Kani is a constructed language based on the original Tasmanian languages. The last speaker of the Tasmanian languages, Fanny Cochrane Smith, passed in 1905. | Australia; | Australia | -42.8788412, 147.3217322 | ||||||
4,976 | pln | Palenquero | Lengua; Palenque; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2000 | Pidgin or Creole; Spanish based | Colombia; | South America | 10.1031, -75.1992 | |||
2,962 | plu | Palikur | Palicur; Palikúr; Palikr; Palijur; Palikour; Paikwene, Palincur, Paricores, Paricuria, Parikurene, Parinkur-lene | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000? | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Eastern | Dialects or languages: Palikur; Marawán-Karipurá | Brazil;French Guiana; | South America | 3.0,-51.0 | ||
7,711 | fap | Paloor | Palor; Falor; Palar; Sili; Sili-Sili; Waro; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000-10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal; | Africa | ||||
2,746 | ple | Palu’e | Palue; Lu’a; Paluqe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; West Flores | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.326781,121.718478 | |||
10,890 | balu257 | Paluai | Pam-Baluan | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-3,000 | Austronesian; Oceanic; Admiralties | Baluan; Pam; Lou | Paluai is spoken both on Baluan Island and on Pam Island. The two varieties are very similar, only differing by a few lexical items. Speakers of both islands regard their language varieties to be very similar. Paluai is also very similar to Lou Language spoken on nearby Lou island. As much as 80-90% of the lexicons of the two languages overlap, and there is very little grammatical difference. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.56, 147.28 | |
4,748 | nad | Palyku | Nijadali; Bailko; Balgu; Balygu; Iabali; Jana; Janari; Jauna; Niabali; Njiabali; Njijabali; Njijapali; Nyiyabali; Nyiyaparli; Nyiypali; Paljgu; Bailko-Pandjima; Bailgu; Balgoo; Pulgoe; Boolgoo; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Very few | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Australia; | Australia | -22.6744684, 120.1169385 | |||
802 | pmn | Pam | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon; | Africa | 8.553183, 14.336472 | ||||
4,825 | pnq | Pana (Burkina Faso) | Sama; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,800 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Pana North; Pana South; | Burkina Faso; | Africa | 13.433014,3.391889 | ||
4,985 | pnz | Pana (Central African Republic) | Pani; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 85,980 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Pondo; Pana; Gonge; Man; | Nigeria;Cameroon;Chad;Central African Republic; | Africa | 7.305375,15.741636 | ||
7,114 | lsp | Panamanian Sign Language | Lengua de Señas Panameñas (LSP); Spanish Sign Language | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Note: Deaf people in the Chiriqui province of Panama assert that their sign variety, Lengua de Señas de Chiriquí (LSCH, Chiriqui Sign Language), is distinct from Panamanian Sign Language as used predominantly in the Panama-Colon corridor. | Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.217056, -79.642266 | |||
4,944 | par | Panamint | Panamint Shoshone; Tümpisa Shoshone; Timbisha; Death Valley; Tümpisa; Koso; Coso; Koso Shoshone; | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Numic | Eastern Panamint; Western Panamint; | Tümpisa (Timbasha) (in Death Valley) is transitional between Eastern and Western Panamint (Golla 2011: 174). | USA; | North America | 36.4555,-116.8666 | |||
2,960 | pbh | Panare | Eñepa; E’ñepa; Panari; Abira; Eye; E’ñapa Woromaipu | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3100 | Cariban; Venezuelan | Venezuela; | South America | 6.5,-66.0 | |||
2,751 | psn | Panasuan | To Panasean; To Pamosean; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Sulawesi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.24, 119.65 | |||
6,037 | bkj | Pande | Ipande; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,870 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Pande; Bogongo; | Central African Republic; | Africa | 3.522159, 16.039603 | ||
4,961 | pgg | Pangwali | Satlaj; Pahari; Pangi; Pangwali Pahari | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | India; | South Asia | 33.4589,76.9152 | |||
5,679 | kdq-ban | Pani Koch | Banai; Wanang | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India;Bangladesh; | South Asia | 25.8, 90.2 | |||
4,971 | pkh | Pankhu | Pankho; Pankhua; Pang Khua; Pankua; Paang; Pang; Panko; Pangkhu; Pangkhua | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India;Bangladesh; | South Asia | 22.68, 92.95 | ||||
2,565 | pnw | Panyjima | Pandjima; Panjtjima; Bandjima; Panjima; Banjima; Bailko-Pandjima; Mandanjongo; Pand’ima; Panytyima; Banyjima; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~50 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Mijaranypa; Pantikura; | Australia; | Australia | -23.01539682, 117.6751312 | ||
3,520 | top | Papantla Totonac | Totonac, Papantla; Lowland Totonac, Lowland Totonako; Totonaco de Papantla; Papantla; Totonac (Papantla); Totonaco; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000 | Totonacan; Totonac | El Escolin, El Tajin, El Carbon, Papantla | Ethnologue distinguishes 9 Totonac languages: Totonac, Coyutla [toc] Totonac, Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán [tlp] Totonac, Highland [tos] Totonac, Papantla [top] Totonac, Tecpatlán [tcw] Totonac, Upper Necaxa [tku] Totonac, Ozumatlán [tqt] Totonac, Xicotepec de Juárez [too] Totonac, Yecuatla [tlc]. The categorization adopted here is that of Carolyn MacKay and Frank Trechsel. However, all acknowledge that there is no real consensus on the linguistic categorization of this area. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.446578,-97.317564 | |
1,758 | ppn | Papapana | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 106 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.8974,155.2505 | ||||
2,645 | ppe | Papi | Paupe; Baiyamo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70 | Unclassified; Leonhard Schultze? | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.5, 142 | |||
1,372 | pat; papi1254 | Papitalai | Admiralitäts-inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Admiralty Islands; Koro-Lele-Nali-Titan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.05,147.4 | ||||
5,745 | ppm | Papuma | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.77, 135.91 | ||||
5,289 | prc | Parachi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,900 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Ghujulan; Shutul; Nijrau; | Afghanistan; | Near East | 34.4658,68.637 | |||
2,959 | pak | Parakanã | Parakanân; Parocana; Awaeté; Paracana; Paracanã; Apiteréwa; Akwawa; Akuawa; Parakaná; Asurí; Mudjetire; Suru do Tocantins; | 1,286 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Tupi | The names and classification is somewhat confused. Asuriní do Tocantins, Parakanã, and Akwawa are now considered dialects of a single language, but sometimes are distinguished as separate languages. Ethnologue distinguishes Parakanã [pak] and Asurini, Tocantins [asu] as distinct members of the “Akwáwa subgroup”. | Brazil; | South America | -5.2441,-52.7014 | |||
1,573 | pbg | Paraujano | Parauhano; Parahujano; Parujano; Anyú; Añú; Añún; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Maritime | Alile; Toa; | Venezuela; | South America | 11.022,-71.7352 | ||
1,065 | pab | Paresí | Parecís; Paressí; Ariti; Pareche; Paresi; Parecis; Haliti; Paretí; Arawak | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Central | Wáymare, Kozárene, Kaxínti or Kazíniti, Warére, and Káwali | Brazil; | South America | -14.0,-57.0 | ||
4,943 | paq | Parya | Asiatic Romany; Afghana-Yi Nasfurush; Afghana-Yi Siyarui; Laghmani; Pbharya; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <7,500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Uzbekistan;Tajikistan;Afghanistan; | Near East | 38.5094,68.0932 | |||
10,594 | psq | Pasi | Besi; Warasai; Yau | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <154 | Sepik, Tama | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.95, 142.31 | |||
5,664 | lae | Pattani | Manchati; Manchad; Patni; Chamba; Chamba Lahuli; Lahuli; Swangla; Changsapa Boli; Lahul; Patan; Manchāti; Monchāti; Mantśati; Chamba Lāhulī | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 11,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | Eastern Pattani; Central Pattani; Chamba-Lahuli | India; | South Asia | 32.75,76.75 | ||
4,744 | mzs | Patuá | Macao Creole Portuguese; Macaense; Macanese; Maquista; Makista; 澳門土生葡語 | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~ 50 | Pidgin or Creole; Portuguese based | derived from Kristang, the Portuguese creole of Malacca | China; | East Asia | |||
1,537 | pwi | Patwin | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1? | Wintuan | Hill Patwin; Southern Hill Patwin; Putah; Cortina and Napa; Rumsey; Tebti; Lodoga; River Patwin; Colusa; Grimes; | Ethnologue considers Patwin a dialect of Wintu (Wintu, Patwin, Nomlaki). | USA; | North America | 38.7608,-122.0354 | ||
2,754 | plh | Paulohi | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.25,128.75 | ||||
2,926 | pad | Paumarí | Paumari; Pammarí; Curucuru; Purupurú; Pamarí; Palmarí; Pamari; Kurukuru; Purupuru; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Arawan | Kurukuru (Curucuru); Paumarí (Paumarn); Uaiai; | Brazil; | South America | -6.0,-64.0 | ||
2,051 | pnk | Paunaka | Paunaca; Pauna-Paikone; Pauna-Paicone; Paiconeca | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Aikhenvald (1999a: 67) gives Paiconeca and Pauna as separate extinct languages. | Bolivia; | South America | -16.770833,-61.454167 | |||
2,957 | psm | Pauserna | Guarasu; Paucerne; Guarayu-Ta; Pauserna-Guarasugwé; Guarasugwe; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3-4 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guarayo | Ethnologue lists Pauserna (Guarayu-Ta, Paucerne, Pauserna-Guarasugwé), an extinct language of Bolivia, as an independent branch of Tupí-Guaranían. Pauserna is not distinct in several other classifications. Pauserna is the traditional name of Guarasu (or better Guarasu nhe’e, language of the Guarasu), an independent Tupi-Guarani language … It has been said since the 1960’s to be extinct … but Swintha Danielsen (2015) found rememberers and semispeakers. | Bolivia; | South America | -13.694972,-61.431164 | ||
10,740 | pwa | Pawaia | Aurama; Pavaia; Pawaian; Sira; Tudahwe; Yasa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4000 | Isolate; Pacific | Aurama; Hauruha | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.88, 145.08 | ||
1,536 | paw | Pawnee | Grand Pawnee; Republican Pawnee; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Caddoan | Skiri; South Band; | USA; | North America | 36.3372,-96.8032 | ||
4,003 | bxj | Payungu | Baijungo; Paiunggu; Baiong; Baiung; Biong; Bajungu; Pajungu; Giong; Mulgarnoo; Bayungu; Baiyungu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Pama-Nyungan; Kanyara | Australia; | Australia | -23.905927,114.783325; -23.821346,113.523906; -23.102907,113.806799; -23.15716,114.540807 | |||
9,629 | uun | Pazeh-Kaxabu | Pazeh; Pazih; Kulun; Sprache von Formosa; Kulon; Kulon-Pazih; Pazzehe; Pazehe; 巴宰語; Kaxabu; Kahabu; 噶哈巫語; Kulon-Pazeh | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Austronesian; Northwest Formosan | Pazeh; Kaxabu | Note that, although some consider Pazeh and Kaxabu being dialects of the same language, many speakers of Kaxabu see themselves as a distinct group. Most sources cited here are associated with the Pazeh group. | Taiwan; | East Asia | 23.9666667, 120.9666667 | |
1,224 | pcb | Pear | Por; Kompong Thom; Pear of Kompong Thom; Pãr | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Pearic; Pear | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 12.4666,102.65 | ||||
4,946 | pay | Pech | Paya; Seco; Bayano; Taia; Towka; | Chibchan | Honduras; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.0,-85.5 | |||||
5,149 | ppq | Pei | Pai | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Unclassified; Leonhard Schultze? | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.51867,142.2774 | |||
4,001 | bxd | Pela | Bola; Bela; Pala; Polo; Pola; 波拉語; 波拉話 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~ 600 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China;Myanmar; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 24.449, 98.585; 24.184, 94.794; 24.815, 98.293 | |||
10,807 | ata | Pele-Ata | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 | Isolate; Pacific | “Some hypotheses relate Pele-Ata to languages of Britain, especially with Anem, and the East Papuan islands based on typology or pronouns (see Dunn et al. 2005a, 2002, 2005b, Ross 2001) but the resemblances are much too minor to conclude a genealogical relation.” (Hammarström, forthcoming) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
1,710 | aoc | Pemón | Pemong; Pemon; Taulipang; Taurepang; Kamarakóto; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23,983-24,083 | Cariban; Venezuelan | Arekuna (Arecuna); Kamarakóto (Camaracoto); Taurepang (Taurepan, Taulipang) | Ethnologue says that Camaracoto may be a distinct language. | Brazil;Venezuela;Guyana; | South America | 5.33333333333,-62.0 | |
7,189 | psg | Penang Sign Language | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.38, 100.25 | ||||
8,741 | 1qa | Penange | Niger-Congo; Dogon; West Dogon | Mali; | Africa | 12.866531, -4.749725 | ||||||
2,769 | ums | Pendau | Ndau; Ndaoe; Umalasa; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
8,429 | pdc | Pennsylvania German | Pennsylvania Deitsh; Pennsylvanish; Pennsylvania Dutch; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 98,700 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; High German | Amish Pennsylvania German; Non-Amish Pennsylvania German; | USA;Canada; | North America | 40.510846, -75.787601 | ||
2,994 | pnh | Penrhyn | Tongareva; Mangarongaro; Penrhynese; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic | Cook Islands; | Pacific | -8.991, -157.974 | |||
7,115 | prl | Peruvian Sign Language | Lenguaje de Señas Peruanas; Lenguaje de Señas Peruano; Lengua de Signos Peruana; LSP | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; South American | Peru; | South America | -11.90, -76.82 | ||||
2,762 | pey | Petjo | Petjoh; Pecok; | Critically Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | some | Pidgin or Creole; Dutch based | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -6.2716,106.7871 | |||
1,422 | phk | Phake | Phakial; Phakey; Faake; Tai Phakial | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Southwestern Tai | India; | South Asia | 27.5033,95.2185 | |||
5,938 | lwl-pha | Phalok | Mae Rim Lawa; Phalo | Dormant () | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic;Wa-Lawa; Waic | Some consider this a dialect of Eastern Lawa. Possibly extinct. | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 18.9582, 98.789 | |||
4,965 | phl | Phalura | Palūla; Palola; Dangarīk; Palula; Phalulo; Dangarik; Biyori; Dardu | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,841 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Northern Phalura; Ashreti | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.7264,71.7434 | ||
4,966 | phq | Phana’ | Pana; Bana; Phana | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China;Laos; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 20.428956,100.484125 | ||||
5,680 | nph | Phom Naga | Phom; Chingmengnu; Tamlu; Phon; Tamlu Naga; Chingmengu; Tśingmegnu; Naga, Phom | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~19,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Yongyasha | India; | South Asia | 26.7799,94.9493 | ||
5,878 | 1hq | Phong | Vietic Phong | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Distinct from various Khmuic groups further north also called Phong, from the Tay Poong who speak a Mơưng subgroup language and are included in the Thổ ethnic minority in Vietnam, and from the Pong of the Central Hung/Tum/Pong cluster; this Phong is closely related to Kri and Maleng. | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.3333, 105 | |||
5,877 | pnx | Phong-Kniang | Pong 3; Khaniang; Kenieng; Keneng; Lao Phong; Phong; Pong; Kniang; Pheng; Theng; P’eng | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Khmuic; Pray-Pram; Pramic | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 19.856569,104.036814 | |||
5,882 | thm-pho | Phonsung | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | May be a dialect of Thavung. | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 17.77, 104.23 | |||
4,964 | phh | Phula | Phù Lá; Phu Khla; Fu Khla; Phù Lá Hán; Phu La; Phu Kha; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 22.7833,105.4666 | |||
5,188 | pho | Phunoi | Phounoy; Phu Noi; Punoi; Khoany; Mung; Khaskhong; Hwethom; Sinsali | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <23,618 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Mung; White Khoany; Black Khoany; Khaskhong; Hwethom; | Includes five distinct varieties, total 23, 618 members (Bradley 2007). | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 21.6833,102.1 | |
5,295 | ptr | Piamatsina | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.031, 166.792 | ||||
4,968 | pin | Piame | Biami | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Western Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.9,142.85 | |||
2,955 | pio | Piapoco | Dzaze; Piapoko; Tsae; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,041 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 4.0,-69.5 | |||
2,954 | pid | Piaroa | Kuakua; Guagua; Quaqua; Piaroa-Maco; Ature; Adole; Piaroa-Mako; Wothüha; Uhothha; Uwotjüja; Wo’tiheh; Dearwa; Deruwa; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,773 | Saliban | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 5.0,-67.0 | |||
3,276 | pcd | Picard | Rouchi; Chtimi; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Amienois; Santerre; Lillois; Hainaut; Artois; Boulonnais; Ponthieu; Cambresis; Vimeu; Vermandois; Calaisis; Belgian Picard; | Belgium;France; | Europe | 50.2331,2.7905 | ||
6,509 | twf-pic | Picuris | Taos-Picuris; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <225 | Kiowa-Tanoan; Tanoan | Together with Taos, Picuris belongs to the Northern Tiwa branch of the Kiowa-Tanoan family, but these languages are not mutually intelligible. | Ethnologue puts Taos and Picuris together in its “Northern Tiwa”, lists Taos and Picuris as dialects, but yet says that “Taos and Picuris are not mutually intelligible (Golla 2007).” Others distinguish these as two separate languages. | USA; | North America | 36.1914,-105.7151 | |
3,273 | pms | Piemontese | Italian (Turinese); Piedmontese; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Low Piemontese; High Piemontese; | Italy; | Europe | 45.0,7.66666666667 | ||
2,529 | piz | Pije | Pinje; Pindje; Neukaledonien; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 160 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.7869,164.9487 | |||
2,953 | plg | Pilagá | Pilaga; Pilaca; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Guaicuruan | Argentina; | South America | -25.4035, -58.6669 | |||
5,072 | piw | Pimbwe | Ichipimbwe; Cipimbwe; Kipimbwe; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 29,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | ||||
10,684 | pnn | Pinai-Hagahai | Aramaue; Aramo; Erem; Hagahai; Miamia; Pinai; Pinaye; Wapi | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Piawi | Pinai; Luya-Ginam-Mamusi | Laycock (1973) lists Pinai (Pinaye, Wapi) and Aramaue as two separate languages, but these are treated as one language by Melliger (2000). A third possible language, “Erem”, is listed by Laycock based on an uncensused village, but he writes: “It is quite probable that the language spoken there is Pinai.” | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.13, 144.14 | |
2,031 | pif; ping1243 | Pingelapese | Pingelap; Pingilapese; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Approximately 200 speakers on Pingelap atoll; 1,200 speakers in Mwalok, Sokehs Municipality and Mand, Madolenihmw Municipality, on the high island of Pohnpei | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian; Ponapeic | Guam;Micronesia; | Pacific | 161.42,6.13 | |||
2,566 | pii | Pini | Bandjanu; Banjanu; Bini; Biniridjara; Birni; Birniridjara; Buranudjara; Jabura; Madutjara; Nana; Nangaritjara; Pandjanu; Piniiri; Piniridjara; Piniritjara; Pirniritjara; Tjubun; Wordako; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | ||||
4,984 | pnv | Pinikura | Binnigoora; Biniguru; Binnigora; Pinikurra; Binigura; Pinigura; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Kanyara | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -22.18535, 116.185064 | ||
6,721 | pnj | Pinjarup | Pinjarra; Bangoula; Banyoula; Banyowla; Binjarup; Kuriwongi; Peejine; Penjarra; Pidjain; Yaberoo | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Nyungic | Australia; | Australia | -32.7, 115.7 | ||||
4,614 | pic | Pinji | Gapinji; Apinji; Apindji; Apindje; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | -1.895878,11.227831 | |||
2,567 | pti | Pintiini | Bindinini; Bindunda; Pindiini; Pindini; Wangada; Wanggada; Wanggaji; Wangkatha; Wangkathaa; Wangkatja; Wonga; Wongaidya; Won-gaii; Wongai-I; Wonggai; Wonggaii; Wonkai; Mount Margaret; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200-300 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -29.403367, 126.990833 | |||
2,568 | piu | Pintupi-Luritja | Panika; Bindubu; Pi:ntubi; Pintunala; Pintubu; Pindu; Pindubu; Pintudjara; Puntubu; Pintubidjara; Pintularapi; Pintubitjara; Bindooboo; Bindiboo; Bindibu; Bindaboo; Bindubi; Bindabu; Ilda; Ilta; Kalgonei; Kalguni; Kalgo-neidjara; Manggawara; Maiadjara; Maiidjara; Matju:na-latara; Teitudjara; Wankawinan; Wiluraratja; ‘Wanka’winan; ‘Wan-ka’winan; Wenamba; Wananwanari; Loridja; Pintubi; Binddibu; Kukatja; Kukacha; Luritja; Luritcha; Loritja; Loritcha; Lurritji; Aluridja; Loorudgie; Loorudgee; Juluridja; Maduntara; Maiulatara; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,080 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -23.10008732, 128.3208828 | |||
481 | ppl | Pipil | Nahuat; Nawat; Nahuate; Náwat; Náhuat | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~97? | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Nahuan | Santo Domingo de Guzmán; Tacuba; Comasaguya; Chiltiupán; Concepción de Ataco; Cuisnahuat; Teotepeque; Jicalapa; Nahuizalco; Izalco; Mazaguat | El Salvador; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 13.721709,-89.721314 | ||
2,952 | myp | Pirahã | Pirahán; Piraha; Múra-Pirahã; Mura-Piraha; Pirahá; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 389 | Isolate | Everett (2008) does not believe in a Muran family; rather, he believes that “Pirahã and the now extinct related dialect, Mura, form a single language isolate, unrelated to any other known language” (Everett 2008: 28), that they are “two very similar dialects of a single language” (2008: 29). Mason (1950: 285) also considered the three Muran “languages” as dialects. Ethnologue (2013) also to group Pirahã and Múra together as a single language (for which they give Múra-Pirahã as an alternant name). | Brazil; | South America | -7.0,-62.0 | ||
2,951 | pir | Piratapuyo | Uaíana; Waíana; Uaicana; Waikino; Uainana; Waikina; Uaiana; Pira-Tapuya; Uaikena; Waikhara; Waina; Uiquina; Wanano-Piratapuyo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,330 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Piratapuyo [pir] is very close to Wanano [gvc] linguistically but ethnically distinct (the two groups do not intermarry). | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.333333333333,-69.5 | ||
6,650 | bxi | Pirlatapa | Berluppa; Biladaba; Biladapa; Bilatappa; Billatapa; Billidapa; Birladapa; Jarikuna; Pidlatapa; Piladapa; Pilardapa; Pilatapa; Pilladapa; Pillatapa; Pilliapp; Pillitapa; Pulladapa; Yarri-kuna; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -29.95018853, 139.5123499 | ||
1,636 | pib | Piro | Yine; Chontaquiro; Simirinch; Manitereni; Maxineri; “Piro”; Pirro; Pira; “Simirinche”; Simiranch; Contaquiro; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,490 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Chontaquiro; Maxineri; Maniteneri; | Ethnologue has 3 “Piro” languages; it classifies Machinere (Manchinere, Manchineri, Manitenerí, Manitenére, Maxinéri) [mpb], Mashco Piro [cuj], and Yine (Piro, “Piro”, Pirro, Pira, “Simirinche”, Simiranch, Contaquiro) [pib] as separate languages, unlike other classifications (see Campbell 2012:75). Ethnologue says Machinere is distinct enough from Yine (Piro) “to need separate literature,” and that “Manitenére may be different from Machinere”. | Peru; | South America | -11.0,-73.5 | |
6,796 | xpa | Pirriya | Birria; Biria; Bidia; Piria | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -25.48006595, 142.5485119 | ||
2,773 | ppr | Piru | Pirupiru; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.05,128.1747 | |||
6,189 | tpp | Pisaflores Tepehua | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Totonacan; Tepehua | Pisaflores, El Tepetate, San Pedro Tziltzacuapan, San Jose el Salto | Ethnologue distinguishes 3 Tepehua languages: Tepehua, Huehuetla [tee] Tepehua, Pisaflores [tpp] Tepehua, Tlachichilco [tpt]. INALI also distinguishes 3 “variantes” of Tepehua. The categorization adopted here is that of Carolyn MacKay and Frank Trechsel. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.786931,-98.097382 | ||
2,569 | pih | Pitcairn-Norfolk | Pitcairnese; Pitcairn English; Pitkern; Norfuk; Norf’k; Norfolkese; Norfolk Language | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <630 | Pidgin or Creole; English based | Norfolk English; | Norfolk Island;Pitcairn; | Australia;Pacific | -29.022622, 167.942864 | ||
2,060 | sje | Pite Saami | Arjeplog Saami; Pitesamisk; Pitesamiska; Piitimensaame; Пите-саамский язык; Bidumsámegiella; “Pite Lapp” | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~42 | Uralic; Saami | Sweden;Norway; | Europe | 66.0447,17.8857 | |||
5,030 | pcn | Piti | Pitti; Abisi; Bisi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,530 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Riban; | Nigeria; | Africa | |||
2,570 | pjt | Pitjantjatjara | Bidjandja; Bidjandjadjara; Bidjandjara; Bidjuwongga; Ituarre; Mamoo; Mamu; Mulatara; Nangatadjara; Partutu; Peechintarra; Pidjandja; Pid-jandjara; Pijandarra; Pitdjandjara; Pitjandjadjara; Pitjanjarra; Pitjantjara; Pitjanzazara; Pitjendadjara; Pitjentara; Pitjindjatjara; Pitjinjara; Pitjinjiara; Pitjintara; Pitjintjitjira; Pituari; Tjitiadjara; Wanudjara; Wirtjapakandja; Woŋga-pitja; Wongapitcha; Wongapitjira; Pitjandjara; Pitkindjara; Pitjindjiara; Pitjangjadjara; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Pitjantjatjara; Yankunytjatjara; | Australia; | Australia | -25.97129594, 130.0189562 | ||
4,969 | pit, lnw, wky | Pitta-Pitta | Pita Pita; Pitha-Pitha; Bidhabidha; Bida-Bida; Bidabida; Bidha-Bidha; Bitta Bitta; BittaBitta; Bittha Bittha; Pitapita; Pita-Pita; Pitha Pitha; Pittapitta; Wangkahicho; Wangkahichs; Wangkapit:a; Pitta Pitta; Lanima; Lhanima; Ulaolinya; Yurlayurlanya; Wanggadjara; Wanggayudyuru; Wangkayutjuru; Wangkayutyuru; Wangka-Yutjuru | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Pitta-Pitta; Ringu-Ringu; Rakaya; Ngulupulu; Karanja; Kunkalanja; Mayawarli | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -23.87032743, 139.6751887 | |
2,646 | pix | Piu | Sanbiau; Lanzog; Kuruko; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.9591,146.4257 | |||
5,293 | psd | Plains Indian Sign Language | Plains Sign Language | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | No estimate available | Sign Language; North American | USA;Canada; | North America | 40.0,-100.0 | |||
4,980 | pmw | Plains Miwok | Miwok (Plains); Miwok, Plains; Valley Miwok; | Dormant () | 0 | Utian; Miwokan | Jackson Valley; Lockford; | USA; | North America | 38.0,-121.0 | ||
4,448 | ktj | Plapo Krumen | Plapo; Krumen, Plapo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kru | Côte d’Ivoire; | Africa | ||||
2,956 | gob | Playero | Rio Arauca Guahibo; Yamarero; Pepojivi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <400 | Guajiboan | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 7.0,-71.0 | |||
5,663 | npo | Pochuri Naga | Pochuri; Southern Sangtam; Eastern Rengma; Meluri; Anyo; Pochury; Naga, Pochuri | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <13,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Angami-Pochuri | India; | South Asia | 25.6712,94.779 | |||
3,269 | fra-poi | Poitevin | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | France; | Europe | 46.0579, -0.5493 | |||||
4,975 | plj | Polci | Posə, Posa, Posi, Palci, Pəlci, Palchi, Polchi, Polshi, Posanchi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.9742,9.3328 | |||
5,874 | hnu-pho | Pong | Phong; Poong; Pong 1; Pong 2; Tay Pong; Toum Phong; Khong Kheng; Xa La Vang | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Distinct from Khmuic Phong, Mơưng group Tay Poong and the Phong of the Western Vietic Maleng/Phong/Kri cluster. Some consider it a dialect of Hung. | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.609278,104.922586 | ||
2,206 | png | Pongu | Pongo; Pangu; Arringeu; Tarya; Ri | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >20,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Ubwebwe; Awege; Asebi; Akwa; Cagere; Camajere; Cansu; Caundu; Azhiga; | Nigeria;Burkina Faso; | Africa | 10.0833333333,6.33333333333 | ||
3,265 | pnt | Pontic | Pontic Greek; Romeyka; Rumca; Rumcika; Romeika; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000-200,000 | Indo-European; Greek; Attic | Western Pontic; Eastern Pontic; Coastal Pontic; Romayka; Inland Pontic; | A Greek language originally from the Pontus region, southern end of the Black Sea, now spoken mostly in northern Greece. | Greece; | Europe | 40.847,40.0149 | |
5,287 | pbf, pbe, pow, poe, pps, pls, pca | Popoloca | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,964 | Otomanguean; Popolocan | Ethnologue distinguishes 7 Popoloca languages: Popoloca, Coyotepec [pbf] Popoloca, Mezontla [pbe] Popoloca, San Felipe Otlaltepec [pow] Popoloca, San Juan Atzingo [poe] Popoloca, San Luís Temalacayuca [pps] Popoloca, San Marcos Tlalcoyalco [pls] Popoloca, Santa Inés Ahuatempan [pca]. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||
4,986 | poc | Poqomam | Pokomam; Pocomam; Pocomám | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,548 | Mayan; K’ichean | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.73, -89.74 | |||
6,197 | poh, pob | Poqomchi’ | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 114,423 | Mayan; K’ichean | Ethnologue distinguishes 2 languages for Poqomchi’ where others have only one. The 2 are: Poqomchi’, Eastern [poh] 42,200 (2000), and Poqomchi’, Western [pob] 50,000 (1998). | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.36, -90.58 | |||
3,053 | psw | Port Sandwich | Lamap | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.5,167.75 | |||
7,358 | psr | Portuguese Sign Language | Lingua Gestual Portuguesa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <8,000 | Sign Language; European | Oporto; Lisbon; | Portugal; | Europe | 38.55, -8.53 | ||
121 | pot | Potawatomi | Pottawotomi; Bodéwadmi; Bodewadmi | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Algic; Algonquian; Ojibwa-Potawatomi | USA;Canada; | North America | 39.3251,-95.8495; 45.0269,-84.1992; 35.3135,-96.9255; 45.5601,-88.83 | |||
4,198 | gdb | Pottangi Ollar Gadaba | Ollar Gadaba; Ollari; Ollaro; Hallari; Allar; Hollar Gadbas; San Gadaba; Gadba; Sano; Kondekar; Kondkor; Pottangi Gadba; Pottangi; Gadaba, Pottangi Ollar | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Dravidian; Central Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 18.75,83.5 | |||
10,591 | bye | Pouye | Bouye; Buiye | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <817 | Sepik; Ram | Maurom | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.73, 141.86 | ||
4,714 | msl | Powle-Ma | Molof; Ampas | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Isolate; Pacific | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.42, 140.56 | |||
2,949 | pyn | Poyanawa | Poyanáwa; Poianáua; Puinahua; Poyannawa; Puyanawa | Dormant () | No longer spoken as an everyday language, but a few speakers remember it. | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Brazil; | South America | -7.6238,-73.2568 | |||
5,288 | prt | Prai | Lua’; East Pua Pray; Pray 2; Pray | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,281 | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Lametic | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 19.0049,101.184 | |||
5,290 | prn | Prasuni | Wasi-Wari; Prasun; Veruni; Parun; Paruni; Wasi-Veri; Veron; Verou; Wasi-weri; Pārūnī; Vâsi-vari; Vasi vari; Vasi-vari; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Nuristani | Upper Wasi-Weri; Central Prasun; Lower Prasun; | Afghanistan; | Near East | 35.5,71.0 | ||
8,629 | oci-prv | Provençal | Provençal Occitan; Provenzale; Prouvençau; Mistralien | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Gavot; Transalpin; Dauphinois; Niçard; Rhodanien; Maritime Provençal; Northern Occitan; Limousin; Haut-Limousin; Bas-Limousin; Auvergnat; Bas-Auvergnat; Haut-Auvergnat; Gardiol; Vivaro-Alpine | A variety of Occitan. | France; | Europe | 44, 6 | |
6,999 | prz | Providencia Sign Language | Providence Island Sign Language | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Sign Language; South American | Colombia; | South America | 13.35, -81.37 | |||
2,647 | pux | Puare | Puari; Bkwala | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10-99 | Sko | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.8689,141.6577 | |||
7,116 | psl | Puerto Rican Sign Language | PRSL; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000-40,000 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Puerto Rico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.46, -66.09 | |||
2,767 | pui | Puinave | Guipuinave; Guaipunavos; Puinabe; Guaipuinavi; Waipuinavi; Wonsüht; Guaipunavi; Wãnsöhöt; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,154 | Isolate; South American | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 4.0,-68.0 | |||
5,681 | 05k | Puiron | Puiron | Sino-Tibetan; Zemeic | Nruanghmei (formerly Kabui, including the Puiron dialect often referred to as a separate language). | India; | South Asia | |||||
4,973 | pkp | Pukapuka | Bukabukan; Pukapukan; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,030 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | New Zealand;Cook Islands; | Pacific | -10.871,-165.8441 | |||
5,301 | puw | Puluwatese | Puluwat; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,360 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Pulusukese; Pulapese; Puluwatese; | Micronesia; | Pacific | 7.33333333333,149.333333333 | ||
1,125 | pum | Puma | Puma Pima; Puma La; Puma Kala | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.0167,86.8500 | |||
2,527 | pnm | Punan Batu 1 | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Outer Central Sarawak | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 2.6021,114 | ||||
5,300 | puf | Punan Merah | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Kayanic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 0.510856,115.588564 | ||||
5,298 | puc | Punan Merap | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Rejang-Sajau | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 3.108214,116.271036 | ||||
6,722 | xpt | Punthamara | Bundhamara; Bunthomarra; Buntamara; Banthamurra; Bunthaburra; Kungardutyi; Gungadidji | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Australia; | Australia | -27.83959041,142.9447505 | |||
10,742 | iar | Purari | Evorra; Iai; Koriki; Maipua; Namau | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Non-Austronesian; Elema | Iai (Namau); Purari | Languages that make up the Elema language family are spoken on the southern coast of Papua New Guinea in the central to eastern Gulf Province | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.59, 145.04 | |
4,007 | bxn | Purduna | Buduna; Boordoona; Bootena; Boruna; Budina; Budoona; Bu-tena; Poodena; Poordoona; Purduma; Pinneegooroo; Talandji-Buduna; Burduna; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Kanyara | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -22.907803,115.020447; -23.480018,115.545798; -23.480018,115.545798 | ||
7,569 | tsz, pua | Purepecha | Tarascan, Tarasco, Phorhépecha, Porhé, P’orhépecha | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 117,221 | Isolate; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Cuanajo, Ihuatzio, Isla Janitzio, San Jeronimo, Puacuaro, Cienega de Zacapu, Cañada de los Once Pueblos, Cantera, Pamatacuaro, Angahuán, Nurío, Arantepacua, Cheran | Ethnologue distinguishes Purepecha [tsz] and Western Highland Purepecha [pua], not recognized as separate languages by others. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.533095, -102.315314; 19.802075, -101.988471; 19.703846, -101.570990 | |
1,613 | prx | Purik | Purigskad; Burig; Purig; Purki; Purik Bhotia; Burigskat; Bhōṭiā of Purik | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 132,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 34.6666666667,76.0 | |||
5,429 | suv | Puroik | Sulung; 蘇龍語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000-10,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kho-Bwa | Bugun | “Sulung” is a term given to the Puroik by outsiders. It is not favored by the people themselves. | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 27.361, 93.04 | |
2,766 | pur | Puruborá | Puruba; Aurã; Pumbora; Puroborá; Burubora; Kuyubi; Cujubi; Migueleno; Miguelenho; Boruborá; Purubora; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Tupian | Brazil; | South America | -12.3292,-64.2919 | |||
4,642 | mfl | Putai | Marghi West; West Marg; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Nigeria; | Africa | 11.156214, 12.759244 | |||
5,451 | 1j9 | Putijarra | Budidjara; Putujara; Pawututjara;Puditara; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -24.16283449,121.2749997 | |||
9,649 | pyu | Puyuma | Pyuma; Pilam; Pelam; Piyuma; Panapanayan; Kadas; Tipun; Sprache von Formosa; Proto-Puyuma; 卑南語 | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1000 | Austronesian; Puyuma | Nanwang; Katipul (and Kasavakan); others | Puyuma, meaning ‘unity, concord’ or ‘send to the field’, is an autonym used by the Nanwang community (Teng 2008). Puyuma is now used as a generic term for all the dialects together, because it is the most recognized name in the academic literature. | Taiwan; | East Asia | 22.7583333, 121.1444444; 22.788903, 121.11482 | |
2,526 | pme | Pwaamei | Poamei; Neukaledonien; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 220 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | Pwaamei Naakâ; Pwaamei Yaak; | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.8767,164.7413 | ||
2,525 | pop | Pwapwâ | Poapoa; Neukaledonien; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.8074,164.5367 | |||
4,950 | pby | Pyu | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Isolate | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -4.5, 140.9 | ||||
652 | kjb | Q’anjob’al | Kanjobal (Eastern); Kanjobal; Kanjobal, Eastern; Kanhobal; Conob; Eastern Kanjobal; Qanjobal; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 99,211 | Mayan; Q’anjob’alan-Chujean | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.3333333333,-91.6666666667 | |||
8,090 | kek | Q’eqchi’ | K’ekchí; Kekch; Kekchi; Qeqchi’; Quecchi’; Cacche’; Ketchi’; Kekchi’; Kekchí; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 726,723 | Mayan; K’ichean | Guatemala;Belize; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.38, -89.25 | |||
2,029 | byx; qaqe1238 | Qaqet | Baining; Maqaqet; Kakat; Makakat; Neu-Pommern; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | East New Britain; Baining | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.4553,151.7833 | |||
3,176 | ymq | Qila Muji | Doka; Mujitsu; Phutsu; Phuzu; Phula; Muji | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 22.601, 103.163 | |||
8,199 | peh | Qinghai Bonan | Buddhist Bonan; Baoan; Bao’an; Baonan; Baongan; Bao’an Tu; Dordo; 青海保安語; mistakenly also: Tu, Monguour | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Mongolic; Shirongolic; Southern Shirongolic | The ISO code [peh] lists Qinghai Bonan and Gansu Bonan together, but the most recent linguistic references recognize these two as distinct and separate. | China; | East Asia | 35.32, 102.01; 35.34, 102.02; 35.36, 102.02; 35.39, 102.04 | ||
5,305 | qua | Quapaw | Arkansas; Arkans; Alkansea; Capa; Ogaxpa; Kwapa; Kwapaw; | Awakening () | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dhegihan | USA; | North America | 36.9494,-94.7877 | ||||
7,113 | fcs | Quebec Sign Language | Langue Signe Quebecars; Langue des Signes Québécoise; LSQ; Langue des Signes du Québec; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 730-1,365 | Sign Language; North American | Canada; | North America | 46.00, -74.87 | |||
1,530 | yum | Quechan | Yuma; Kechan; Quecl; Kwtsan; Kwtsaan; Cuchan; Yuma Proper; | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | USA; | North America | 32.7279,-114.7255 | |||||
5,318 | qvy | Queyu | Choyo; Zhaba; 卻隅話; 却域語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | China; | East Asia | 30.8519,99.6659 | |||
10,960 | sanp1261 | Quiatoni Zapotec | San Pedro Quiatoni, San Pablo Lachiriega, Santo Domingo Narro, Soledad Salinas | One of approximately 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | There is a question of whether this language should be considered part of the Central Valley dialect continuum, but for now it is treated as distinct. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||||
5,309 | qui | Quileute | Quillayute; Quile-ute; | Dormant () | 0 | Chimakuan | USA; | North America | 47.9166666667,-124.25 | |||
5,682 | rah | Rabha | Rava | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 139365 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Maitaria; Rangdania | India; | South Asia | 25.9284,90.9777 | ||
2,774 | raz | Rahambuu | Wiau; Wiaoe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.1898,121.0858 | |||
5,683 | rji | Raji | Rajibar | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 472 (in India) | Sino-Tibetan; Raji-Raute | Bandali (Bar Bandale); Naukulya; Purbya; Kumanoni | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 28.0,82.75 | ||
9,549 | rjg | Rajong | Razong; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; West Flores | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.79, 120.70 | |||
5,338 | rkh | Rakahanga-Manihiki | Manihiki-Rakahanga; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 320 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | New Zealand;Cook Islands; | Pacific | -10.4,-161 | |||
4,052 | crc | Raljago | Lonwolwol; Craig Cove; Fali; Fanting; West Ambrym; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.2166666667,168.0 | |||
5,339 | rma | Rama | Melchora; Voto; Boto; Arama; Arrama; | Chibchan; Votic | Nicaragua; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 11.75,-83.75 | |||||
5,684 | adi-ram | Ramo | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <800 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India; | South Asia | ||||
5,326 | rao | Rao | Annaberg; Rao Breri | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Middle Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.75, 144.5 | |||
5,330 | ray | Rapa | Rapan; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | less than 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | French Polynesia; | Pacific | -27.608, -144.3407 | |||
2,520 | rap | Rapa Nui | Easter Island; Pascuense; Rapanui; Öster-Insel Sprache; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Chile; | South America | -27.1166666667,-109.366666667 | |||
5,324 | rac | Rasawa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.38, 136.35 | ||||
2,850 | btn | Ratagnon | Datagnon; Latagnun; Latan; Lactan; Aradigi; Bisaya; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Bisayan | Santa Teresa; Ratagnon; | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 12.28, 121.19 | |||
1,464 | rth | Ratahan | Toratán; Bentenan; Pasan; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sangiric | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 1.08333333333,124.833333333 | ||||
10,309 | hah-rat | Ratsua | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | While Ratsua is listed in Ethnologue as a dialect of Hahon [hah], it is in fact a separate language. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.5245, 154.8006 | |||
5,329 | rau | Raute | Rautye; Harka Gurung; Khamchi; Boto Boli; Bot̪o Boli; Khāmci | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Sino-Tibetan; Raji-Raute | Most of the Raute are foraging people of the Himalaya ridges, and their language is linguistically close to Raji and Banraji. | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 28.9744,80.7969 | ||
10,585 | rwa | Rawo | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 506 | Sko | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.84, 141.60 | ||||
5,328 | rat | Razajerdi | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036, 48.2519 | |||||
10,839 | Razihi | Jabal Rāziḥ | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~24,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Yemen; | Near East | |||||
1,509 | gir | Red Gelao | Voa Dê; Vandu Gelao; 紅仡佬; Cờ Lao; 仡佬語阿歐方言; A-ou; A-uo | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 27.147, 105.614; 27.019, 106.029; 26.073, 105.776 | |||
1,376 | atu | Reel | Atuot; Atwot; Thok Cieng Reel; Thok Reel; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 | Nilotic; Western Nilotic | Sudan; | Africa | 6.557, 30.504 | |||
10,520 | bow | Rema | Bothar | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Morehead-Upper Maro | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -8.42, 141.03 | ||||
2,571 | rmb | Rembarrnga | Rembarranga; Rembarunga; Rembarrunga; Rainbargo; Kaltuy; Rembarnga; Rainbarngo; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 69 | Gunwinyguan; Jala | Northeastern Rembarrnga; Galduyh; | Australia; | Australia | -13.15456146, 134.3934424 | ||
9,529 | reb | Rembong | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; West Flores | Wangka; Namu; Rembong; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
3,901 | bfw | Remo | Remsan; Bonda; Bondo; Bondo Poroja; Nanqa Poroja; Poraja Katha; Bhonda Bhasha; Bondo-Poraja; Remosum; Bunda; Bonda Poroja; Nanga Poroja | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Gutob-Remo-Geta’; Gutob-Remo | Upper Bondo; Lower Bondo | India; | South Asia | 18.0,82.0 | ||
9,789 | lkj | Remun | Milikin; Millikin; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3542 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
5,349 | rsi | Rennell Island Sign Language | Rennellese Sign Language | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Sign Language; Pacific | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -11.62, 160.22 | |||
10,793 | pgk | Rerep | Pangkumu; Tisman | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 380 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.277265,167.663053; | |||
2,825 | res | Reshe | Tsureshe; Tsureja; Bareshe; Gunga; Gungawa; Gunganchi; Yaurawa; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <44,000? | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.8791,4.6115 | |||
1,859 | rgr | Resígaro | Resigaro; Resígero; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Aikhenvald (1999a:70) lists Resígaro as extinct. | Peru; | South America | -2.41666666667,-71.5 | ||
10,778 | Retlatur | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.629468,166.834614; | |||||
2,759 | rey | Reyesano | Maropa; San Borjano; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10-15 | Pano-Tacanan; Takanan | Bolivia; | South America | -14.295242, -67.337351 | |||
5,335 | ria | Riang (India) | Reang; Kau Bru; Tipra | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,900 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India;Bangladesh; | South Asia | 23.68, 92.03 | |||
5,336 | ril | Riang (Myanmar) | Black Karen; Yanglam; Black Yang; Riang-Lang; Liang; Yang Sek; Yin; Yang; Liang Sek; Yang Wan Kun; Riang-Sek; Black Riang; Striped Karen; Yinnet; Ranei; Karennet | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,500 | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; Western Palaungic; Palaung-Riang | China;Myanmar; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 21.9048,98.2342 | |||
2,757 | rkb | Rikbaktsá | Rikbaktsa; Erikbatsa; Aripaktsá; Eribatsa; Eripatsa; Canoeiro; Aripaktsa; Erikpatsa; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1085 | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | -11.8333333333,-57.5 | |||
9,109 | rgu | Rikou | Ringgou; Rote; Roti; Rotinese; Rote Timur; Eastern Rote; Rotti | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Oe Pao; Landu; Ringgou | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||
8,789 | zar, zsr, zpc | Rincón | Rincón Zapotec; Sierra de Villa Alta; Zapotec; Nothern Zapoteco; Zapotec, Rincón; Zapoteco del Rincón; Zapoteco de Yagallo; Northern Villa Alta Zapotec; Northern Sapoteko, Choapan Zapotec; Zapotec; Zapoteco de Choapan | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5000 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Tanetze de Zaragoza, Talea de Castro, San Juan Yaée, Choapam | 1 of approx. 13-14 Eastern Zapotec languages (14 if counting Yuautepec). 1 of 3 Zapotec languages of the Sierra Norte. | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. SIL and INALI count each variety of Zapotec, some of which are mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. The most current linguistic research suggests approx. 18 Zapotec languages distributed in 5 major language areas: (1) Northern (ca. 5 languages); (2) Central (ca. 7 languages); (3) Southern (ca. 4 languages); (4) Papabuco (1 language); (5) Western (1 language). “While there is no consensus yet as to the dialectal classification of Zapotec languages, the point to be made here is that the diversity of Zapotec languages is extremely rich.” (Pérez Báez 2011) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.307124, -96.164485 |
6,511 | kee | Rio Grande Keresan | Rio Grande Keresan; Eastern Keresan; Eastern Keres Pueblo; Santa Ana; Keres; Keresan (Santa Ana); Keresan; Keres, Eastern | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6125 | Keresan | Santo Domingo; Cochiti; Zia; Santa Ana; San Felipe; | Rio Grande Keresan is a complex of Keresan dialects spoken by members of five New Mexico Pueblos located near the Rio Grande or Jemez River north of Albuquerque: Zia, Santa Ana, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, and Cochiti. There is considerable local variation, but all varieties are mutually intelligible, as well as partially intelligible to speakers of Acoma-Laguna. (Golla et al. 2008.) | USA; | North America | 35.5147,-106.3655 | |
1,757 | rri | Ririo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 79 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -6.91,156.9671 | ||||
2,572 | rit | Ritharrngu | Ritarungo; Ridarngo; Rittarungo; Ritaringo; Ritarngo; Ritarnugu; Ridharrngu; Wagelak; Wawilag; Buranad-jini; Dhiyakuy; Diakui; Dijogoi; Djikai; Jikai; Ridarngu; Ridarno; Ritar-ingo; Ritarngu; Ritarrngu; Ritharingau; Ritharrŋu; Tchikai; Yakuy;Ritharngu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >300 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Australia; | Australia | -13.09134716, 136.0384241 | |||
3,206 | rgn | Romagnol | Emiliano-Romagnolo; Rumagnol; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000,000-2,000,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Northern Romagnolo; Southern Romagnolo; | Italy; | Europe | 44.23,11.72 | ||
5,345 | rmx | Romam | Lamam | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; North Bahnaric | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 14.34, 107.45 | |||
3,262 | roh | Romansch | Grishun; Rumauntsch; Rheto-Romance; Rhaeto-Romance; Romansh; Romanche; Rhäto-Romanisch; Romanisch; Rätoromanisch | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~60,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Lower Engadine; Sursilvan; Surmiran-Albula; Upper Engadine; Sursilvan-Oberland; | Switzerland; | Europe | 46.5777,9.6954 | ||
10,659 | rmk | Romkun | Romkuin | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Tamolan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.59, 144.69 | |||
1,856 | ror | Rongga | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; West Flores | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.819653,120.748592 | ||||
5,673 | nbu | Rongmei Naga | Nruanghmei; Rongmei; Kabui; Maruongmai; Rongmai; Kabiu; Naga, Rongmei | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 59,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Zemeic | Songbu | India; | South Asia | 24.9661,93.5375 | ||
5,685 | rnp | Rongpo | Rangpo; “Manchhi Bhassa”; “Marchha”; “Marchha Pahari”; Rangkas; Rangpa; Rang Po Bhasa; “Tolchha”; “Tolcha”; Marchcha; Marchha; Sankiyā | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~12,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | Tolchha; Marchha | India; | South Asia | 30.25,79.5833333333 | ||
5,876 | scb-ruc | Ruc | Kha Mu Gia; Tac Cui | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Very closely related to May and Sach. | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 17.682933,105.784103 | ||
5,332 | rdb | Rudbari | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036, 48.2519 | |||||
5,350 | ruh | Ruga | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India; | South Asia | 25.2844,90.4614 | ||||
486 | mae-ruk | Rukul | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500-1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | |||||
5,031 | ruz | Ruma | Ruruma; Rurama; Turama; Bagwama; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,090 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
5,870 | sgh-rus | Rushani | Rushani; Rushan; Oroshani; Roshni; Roashani | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Ethnologue has Rushani (Rushan, Roshani, Oroshani) as a dialect of Shughni, along with Bartangi (Bartang), Oroshor (Roshorvi), Khufi (Khuf, Chuf), Shughni (Shugan, Shugnan, Shighni, Khugni). It says Khufi and Bartangi dialects may be separate languages, and Oroshani may be separate from Rushani. | Tajikistan;Afghanistan; | Near East | 38.078286, 71.585492 | |||
3,046 | rut | Rutul | Rutuly; Mukhad; Mykhanidy; мыхӀабишды чӀел; myxʼabišdy čʼel; рутульский язык; რუთულური ენა; მუხუდური ენა; Chal; Rutal; Rutultsy; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 19,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Borch; Shina; Ixreko-Muxrek; | Russia;Azerbaijan; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 41.5,47.4166666667 | ||
5,327 | raq | Saam | Rai; Saam Rai; Samakha; Saama Kha; Jindā | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Bungla; Sambya | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.3595,86.9979 | ||
2,592 | saa | Saba | Jelkung | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,340 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 11.1487,18.0175 | |||
2,756 | sae | Sabané | Sabane; Sabanês; Sabones; Sabanê; Sabanés; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Nambikwaran | Brazil; | South America | -12.5277,-59.6859 | |||
5,358 | sbo | Sabüm | Dormant () | 0 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; Central Aslian | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.35, 101.06 | ||||
1,215 | scb | Sach | Chut; Salang; Ruc; May; Kha | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | May; Sach; Ruc | Very closely related to May and Ruc. | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 17.78,105.7666 | |
10,708 | Sadu | 撒都語 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1505 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman | autonym: sa55 du42 pho313 | classified under the Bai nationality (白族) | China; | East Asia | 24.0830, 102.1732 | ||
1,429 | skb | Saek | Sek; Tai Sek; Set; 石語 | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Northern Tai | Na Kadok; Khammouan | Thailand;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 17.4166666667,104.75 | ||
4,786 | tga | Sagalla | Kisagala; Kisagalla; Sagala; Teri; Saghala; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gimba; Kishamba; Kasigau; Dambi; Teri; Mugange; | Kenya; | Africa | -3.419608, 38.554437 | ||
3,368 | waa, tqn, uma, yak | Sahaptin | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~125 | Sahaptian | Southern Sahaptin (or “River”) varieties; Northwest Sahaptin varieties; Northeast Sahaptin varieties | Ethnologue distinguishes 4 Sahaptin languages: Northeast Sahaptin [waa], Tenino [tqn], Umatilla [uma], Walla Walla (Northeast Sahaptin) [waa], and Yakima [yak]. These are considered dialects of Sahaptin by others. Sahaptin has marked dialectal diversity: Southern Sahaptin (or “River”), Northwest Sahaptin, and Northeast Sahaptin. Southern Sahaptin (or “River”) varieties were originally spoken along the Columbia River from the Dalles to the Umatilla River, and included Tenino, Wayam, and Umatilla. Northwest Sahaptin varieties were spoken in the Yakima River drainage and included Klickitat, Taitnapam, Upper Nisqually, Yakima, and Kittitas. Northeast Sahaptin varieties were spoken on the Columbia River above Southern Sahaptin and along the lower Snake River, and included Walla Walla, Wanapam, and Palouse. | USA; | North America | 44.7712,-121.2871 | ||
2,516 | xsy | Saisiyat | Saiset; Seisirat; Saisett; Saisiat; Saisiett; Saisirat; Saisyet; Saisyett; Amutoura; Bouiok; Sprache von Formosa; 賽夏語 | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~ 3,000 | Austronesian; Northwest Formosan | Taai; Tungho | Taiwan; | East Asia | 24.591, 121.148; 24.580, 121.010 | ||
2,093 | sjl | Sajalong | Miji; Dammai; Dhammai; Hruso A; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Unclassified; Sino-Tibetan? | Levai; | India; | South Asia | 27.66, 96.66 | ||
5,311 | quv | Sakapulteko | Sacapulteco; Sacapultec; Sakapulteco; Sakapultec; Sacapulas K’iche’ | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,940 | Mayan; K’ichean | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.9752,-91.0527 | |||
529 | sak | Sake | Asake; Shake; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | -.0247,11.7691 | |||
2,896 | niv | Sakhalin Nivkh | Nivx; Gilyak; сахалинский нивхский язык; Nivkhi; Nivukhi; Ghilyak; Ghiliak; Gilyak; Gelyak; Giriyaaku; Нивхгу диф; Ньиғвӈгун; гиляцкий язык; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >500 | Nivkh | North Sakhalin Gilyak; Amur; East Sakhalin Gilyak; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 51.7814,143.1628 | ||
3,067 | ais | Sakizaya | Northern Amis; Nataoran; Natawran; Tauran; Sprache von Formosa; Nataoran Amis; 南勢阿美語; 撒奇萊雅語; 北部阿美語 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500-600 | Austronesian; East Formosan; Central East Formosan | Ridaw; Nataoran; Sakizaya; Cikosowan; Kaliyawan; Pokpok | The so-called Northern Amis is a cover term for Nataoran Amis and Sakizaya. Scholars have different opinions regarding the status of Sakizaya. Some people consider it a dialect of Northern Amis whereas some scholars propose that Sakizaya should be regarded as an independent language. This language entry may contain both information on Sakizaya as a dialect and as an independent language. | Taiwan; | East Asia | 24.0088,121.5898 | |
10,455 | slr | Salar | 撒拉語; саларский | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 95000 | Turkic; Central Asian Turkic | China; | East Asia | 36.2752, 102.4584 | |||
2,775 | sgu | Salas | Liambata; Lenkaitahe; Salas Gunung; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; East Seram | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.135,130.5505 | |||
10,989 | xmx; made1253 | Salawati | “Maden” | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | fewer than 3,391 | Austronesian; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea; Raja Ampat-South Halmahera | Butlih (Butles); Fiawat (Fiat); Kawit; Rajau; Tepin (Tipin); Wailil (Wale) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.116457,130.8666 | ||
2,606 | sbe | Saliba | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Saliba; Logeya; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.5833333333,150.716666667 | |||
2,605 | slc; sali1298 | Sáliva | Saliba; Sáliba (in Colombia); | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 45? | Saliban | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 6.0,-70.0 | |||
2,776 | loe | Saluan | Saluan, Coastal; Loinang; Loindang; Madi; Mondono; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 74,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Saluan-Banggai | Kintom-Pagimana-Boalemo; Baloa’ Kohumamahon; Kahumamahon; Loinang; Luwuk; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -0.903653,122.640925 | ||
7,256 | 62 | Salvadoran Lenca | Chilanga | Dormant | 0 | Lencan | Salvadoran Lenca reached El Salvador in about A.D. 1 and is responsible for the archaeological site of Classic Quelepa. (Campbell 1996:166) | No known speakers | El Salvador; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||
7,117 | esn | Salvadoran Sign Language | El Salvadoran Sign Language; Lengua de Señas Salvadoreñas, LESSA | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | No estimate available | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | El Salvador; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 13.70, -89.60 | |||
7,253 | ysd | Samatao | Samaduo; Samou; Samataw; 撒慕; 撒馬多; Eastern Samadu | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~400 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Similar to Samei [smh] and Sanie [ysy] but not mutually intelligible (Bradley 2007) | China; | East Asia | 24.9359, 102.7935 | ||
5,173 | 1hp | Samatu | Samadu; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <7,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Not to be confused with Samataw (Samatao) [ysd] spoken in the Kunming area. | China; | East Asia | |||
8,949 | xab | Sambe | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.074976, 8.451004 | ||||
5,392 | smh | Samei | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~18,667 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | |||||
2,648 | swm | Samosa | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 90 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.0116,145.5386 | ||||
5,687 | rav | Sampang | Rai; Sampange Rai; Sangpang; Sangpang Kha; Sangpang Gun; Sangpang Gîn; Jindā | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Tongeccha; Halumbung; Khartamche; Tana; Khotang; Bhalu; Phali; Samarung | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.257,86.9444 | ||
1,223 | sxm | Samre | East Pear | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20-30 | Austro-Asiatic; Pearic; Northern Chong | Thailand;Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 12.1166,103.0833 | |||
3,116 | ztm | San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec | Zapotec; Zapotec, San Agustín Mixtepec; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 59 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. For most linguists the number is much lower, between 4 and 10. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.22, -96.34 | ||
7,409 | cst | San Francisco Bay Costanoan | Čočenyo; Northern Costanoan; Northern Ohlone; Chocheño; Chochenyo; Costanoan | Utian; Costanoan | Costanoan (Ohlone) is a language family with 6 closely related languages or dialect clusters. All are extinct; many varieties are very poorly attested; only Mutsun, Rumsen, and Chocheño have reasonably accurate documentation. Chocheño is a variety of San Francisco Bay Costanoan (together with Tamyen and Ramaytush, poorly attested dialects). Mutsun and Rumsen are often classified together as members of Southern Costanoan (which Ethnologue gives the name Southern Ohlone [css], and treats as a single language. | USA; | North America | 37.432821, -121.900755; | ||||
8,123 | qvs | San Martín Quechua | Lamista; Lamista Quechua; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Quechuan; Quechua IIB | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in Quechuan, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Peru; | South America | |||
5,360 | scf | San Miguel Creole French | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pidgin or Creole; French based | Probably not a separate language; the ancestors came from Saint Lucia in mid-19th century as laborers. It is probably mutually intelligible with other Antillean French Creole varieties. It has some influence from Spanish. | Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||
10,951 | sanv1242 | San Vicente Coatlán | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Coatecan; Southern Trade Network; Core Zapotec; Zapotec; Zapotecan; Otomanguean | Its speakers refer to it as /ðiʔʐ ndê/ ‘this language’. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||||
2,752 | spn | Sanapaná | Sanapana; Quilyacmoc; Kelya’mok; Saapa’ang; Kisapang; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1500 | Enlhet-Enenlhet (Mascoyan) | Paraguay; | South America | -22,-59 | |||
2,826 | sad | Sandawe | Sandaui; Sandaweeki; Sandwe; Kisandawe; Sandawi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60,000 | Isolate; African | Tanzania; | Africa | -5.342583, 35.562744 | |||
9,251 | sgr | Sangisari | Sangesari; Mahdi Shahri; Mehdishahri; Sängesäri; Sangsari; Sängsari; Sängsäri; Sengiseri; Sengsari; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 36,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 35.709517, 53.354588 | |||
5,190 | sgk | Sangkong | Buxia; 桑孔話; 布下土語; 布夏語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Similar to Bisu [bzi] and Phunoi [pho] | China; | East Asia | 21.5158, 100.6957 | ||
7,254 | ysy | Sanie | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~8000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Note not to be confused with Sani [ysn] spoken in Shilin | China; | East Asia | 24.9262, 102.5134 | |||
10,622 | sny | Saniyo-Hiyewe | Sanio; Sanio-Hiowe | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 644 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Western Sepik Hill | Hiyowe (Hiowe); Saniyo (Sanio) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.44, 142.37 | ||
2,919 | qus | Santiago del Estero Quechua | Cuzco; Quichua Santiagueño; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60,000-80,000 | Quechuan; Quechua IIC | Argentina; | South America | -26.7848, -63.6767 | |||
2,750 | xsu | Sanumá | Sanuma; Sanum; Sanɨma; Tsanuma; Sanema; Samatari; Guaika; Samatli; Xamatari; Shiriana; Sanemá; Sanima; Samatali; Chirichano; Sanma; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,497 | Yanomaman | Cobari (Cobariwa, Kobali), Yanoma (Kohoroxitari) | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 4.5,-64.6666666667 | ||
4,787 | ssn | Sanye | Oromo (Waata); Sanya; Wasanye; Ariangulu; Langulo; Waata; Waat; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,400 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Kenya; | Africa | -3.33333333333,39.8333333333 | |||
10,988 | sanz1248 | Sanzhi Dargwa | Dargwa; Dargva; Dargi; Darginskiy; Sunglan ʁaj; Sunglan; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250 | Nakh-Dagestanian; Dargwa; Southwestern Dargwa; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 41.9779562670328, 47.56669789363135; 42.24099262711256, 48.00302379826936; | |||
5,408 | spr | Saparua | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Siri-Sori; Iha-Seram; Kulur; Iha-Saparua; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.5757,128.6464 | |||
2,749 | spc; sape1238 | Sapé | Caliana; Kaliana; Kariana; Calianá; Chirichano; Cariana; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Isolate; South America | Sapé / Kaliana has sometimes been considered extinct, though reports persist of possible (but unidentified) speakers; 40 words were collected from what appear to be rememberers in 2008 (Perozo et al. 2008). | Venezuela; | South America | 5.0033,-63.5449 | ||
2,777 | spi | Saponi | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.4025,136.5037 | ||||
5,412 | sre | Sara | Riok; Sara Bakati’ | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Land Dayak | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 1.20, 109.62 | |||
2,748 | sar | Saraveca | Sarave; Saraveka; Zarabe; | Dormant () | 0 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Central | Bolivia; | South America | ||||
5,413 | srh | Sarikoli | Sarykoly; Salikur; Tajik; Tadzik; Tajiki; 薩里庫爾語; 色勒庫爾語; (中國)塔吉克語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 16,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | China; | East Asia | 37.9463,75.1272 | |||
5,411 | sra | Saruga | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.0715,145.5685 | ||||
2,593 | swy | Sarwa | Sarua; Saroua; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 10.5958,17.0397 | |||
10,451 | sas | Sasak | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,600,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Western Malayo-Polynesian; Bali-Sasak | an Austronesian language spoken in the province of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), on the island of Lombok, eastern Indonesia. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.583333, 116.116667 | |||
5,361 | sdc | Sassarese Sardinian | Sardinian; Sardinian, Sassarese; Northwestern Sardinian; Sassarese; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance | Italy; | Europe | 40.6139,8.6132 | |||
5,426 | stw | Satawalese | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 460 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Micronesia; | Pacific | 7.3406,147.041 | ||||
3,052 | stq | Saterfriesisch | East Frisian; Saterfriesiesch; Saterländisch; Saterlandic Frisian; Frisian; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; Anglo-Frisian | Germany; | Europe | 53.1059,7.6787 | |||
1,528 | sac | Sauk-Fox | Fox; Mesquakie; Meskwakie; Meskwaki; Sac and Fox; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Algic; Algonquian; Fox | USA; | North America | 41.9637,-92.5768 | |||
6,065 | ojw | Saulteaux | Ojibwa; Ojibway; Ojibwe; Chippeway; Plains Ojibway; Western Ojibwa; Salteaux; Nakawēmowin | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Algic; Algonquian; Ojibwa-Potawatomi | Canada; | North America | 50.5573,-98.6562 | |||
2,778 | srt | Sauri | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | East Geelvink Bay | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.33, 136.79 | ||||
4,667 | mjt | Sauria Paharia | Malto; Malti; Maltu; Maler; Sawriya Malto; Malatri; Râjmahal | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 117,000 | Dravidian; North Dravidian | Litipara; Godda; Hiranpur; Sahibganj | Endangered in some locations, attributed low status. | India;Bangladesh; | South Asia | 24.81, 87.64 | |
2,779 | sao | Sause | Seuce | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Isolate; Pacific | Some question any relation to Tor languages. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.1706,139.7515 | ||
5,362 | sdg | Savi | Sawi; Sauji; Sau; Dardu | Unknown | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Afghanistan;Pakistan; | South Asia;Near East | 35.0,71.5 | ||||
2,490 | svs | Savosavo | Savo; Savo Island; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Isolate | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -9.1316, 159.8124 | |||
9,490 | swt | Sawila | Manata; Wullili; Sawali; “Tanglapui”; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Lalamana; Salimana; Sileba; Loona; Manase; Kanaumana; Kilaara; Saliira; Lamotena; | While Sawila [swt] and Kula [tpg] are both sometimes called ‘Tanglapui,’ they are separate languages which are not mutually intelligible. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.218577, 125.133487 | |
294 | swn | Sawknah | Sokna; Sawkna; | Dormant () | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Libya; | Africa | 29.066667, 15.783333 | ||||
5,286 | pos | Sayula Popoluca | Popoluca de Sayula; Sayulateco; Popoluca, Sayula; Sayula; Sayultec; Popoluca (Sayula); Sayula Mixean; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,025 | Mixe-Zoquean; Mixean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.8333333333,-95.0 | |||
10,894 | sco | Scots | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Germanic; West; English | Doric, Lallans, Ulster. Difficult intelligibility among dialects. Northern Scots on the Scottish Islands is considered by some a different language (Shetlandic or Orcadian). Lallans is main literary dialect. Scots is reportedly most similar to English [eng] and Frisian [fry] | 57.149, -2.094 | ||||||
3,049 | gla | Scottish Gaelic | Gaelic, Scottish; Gaelic (Scots); Scottish Gaelic; Scotch-Gaelic; Gàidhlig; Gaelic; Scots Gaelic; Albannach Gaidhlig; Erse; Gadhelisch | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000-30,000 | Indo-European; Celtic; Goidelic | Inner Hebrides; Outer Hebrides; Western Isles; Highland; Glaswegian Gaelic; Canadian Gaelic; | United Kingdom; | Europe | 57.0,-4.0 | ||
10,784 | Se | Fanafo | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.383333,166.999409; | ||||
1,472 | shs | Secwepemctsin (Shuswap) | Shuswap; Secwepemc; Secwepemctsín; At-nah; Shooswap; səxwəxcín; Secwepemctsía; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 187 | Salishan; Interior Salish | Western; Fraser River; Chu Chua; Deadman’s Creek-Kamloops; Canim Lake; Pavilion-Bonaparte; Eastern; Kinbasket; Shuswap Lake; | Canada; | North America | 51.7600000, -119.9600000 | ||
10,847 | Sedehi | Varnosfaderani | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <200,000? | Indo-European; Northwest Iranian; Central Plateau | Iran; | Near East | |||||
515 | trv | Seediq | Taroko; Sediq; Saediq; Seedik; Sejiq; Sedeq; Seedek; Seedeq; Shedekka; Sedek; Sediakk; Sedik; Sazek; Bu-Hwan; Che-Hwan; Daiya-Ataiyal; Hogo; Iboho; Paran; Taruku; Toroko; Truku; Toda; Taroko; 賽德克語; 太魯閣語; 都達方言; Tgdaya | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Unknown | Austronesian; Atayalic | Truku; Toda; Tgdaya | Taiwan; | East Asia | 23.77, 121.35; 23.84, 120.99 | ||
5,071 | seg | Segeju | Kisegeju; Sageju; Sengeju; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | -4.8173,39.0783 | |||
5,688 | skj | Seke (Nepal) | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Tangbe; Tetang; Chuksang | Related to Gurung. Some similarities with Thakali and Manangba. Very different from Lowa. Tangbe people do not understand Chuksang very well; but Chuksang understand Tangbe. They are reported to understand Gurung but Gurung speakers do not understand Seke. | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.9166666667,83.75 | ||
1,465 | ske | Seke (Vanuatu) | Ske; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.825, 168.169 | |||
4,615 | syi | Seki | Sekyani; Sekiani; Sekiyani; Sekiana; Shekiyana; Sheke; Seke; Beseki; Bulu; Seseki; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,690 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon;Equatorial Guinea; | Africa | ||||
1,309 | lip; sekp1241 | Sekpele | Sɛkpɛlé; Likpe; Mu; Bosele; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Sɛkpɛlé (Situnkpa, Semate, Sela); Sekwá; Sɛlɛ | Ghana; | Africa | 7.1060,0.360 | |||
7,190 | kgi | Selangor Sign Language | KLSL; Kuala Lumpur Sign Language; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 3.13, 101.61 | |||
6,039 | snw | Selee | Santrokofi; Sentrokofi; Bale; Sele; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ghana; | Africa | ||||
1,257 | sea | Semai | Senoi; Sengoi; Sakai; Central Sakai; Central “Sakai”; Zentral Sakai | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <29,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; Central Aslian | Jelai; Telom; Lipis; Perak II; Perak I; Betau; Cameron; Bil; Ulu Kampar; Orang Tanjong of Ulu Langat; Sungkai; Bidor | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 4.33333333333,101.666666667 | ||
1,256 | szc | Semaq Beri | Semaq Bri; Semoq Beri; Ulu Tembeling | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,488 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; South Aslian | Not to be confused with Semelai [sza] | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 4.0012,102.8443 | ||
1,255 | sza | Semelai | Bera; Semelai Bera; Serting | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,103 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; South Aslian | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 3.099, 102.622 | |||
5,395 | smy | Semnani | Simnani; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 34.8679,53.4924 | |||
5,432 | syn | Senaya | Sena:ya; Christian Neo-Aramaic; Shan Sray; Lshan Sray; Soray; Sray; Shan Gyanan; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <200 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | From Charles Häberl: [Senaya is] “distinct from other sub-groups and not mutually intelligible. Located at the Southeastern periphery of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects. Same vicinity as Hulaulá but not mutually intelligible. Chaldean Catholics from Iranian Kurdistan.” | Iran; | Near East | 35.1852,46.5932 | ||
2,649 | sej | Sene | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.3753,147.7825 | ||||
514 | see | Seneca | Tsonnontouan; Taroko; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Iroquoian; Northern Iroquoian | USA;Canada; | North America | 42.3291,-78.868; 43.0555,-80.1938 | |||
2,780 | snu | Senggi | Sengi; Viid | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Border; Waris | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.4339, 140.7685 | |||
10,614 | spk | Sengo | Manambu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Sepik; Ndu | Laycock (1973) includes the village of Sengo as potentially Manambu-speaking, but, following Staalsen (1975), Sengo is treated as a separate language in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.02, 142.96 | ||
2,650 | ssz | Sengseng | Asengseng; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,750 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.0681,150.2792 | |||
4,569 | 1iz | Sengwer | Cherengany; Mei; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,000 | Nilotic; Southern Nilotic | Kenya; | Africa | ||||
8,489 | sjs | Senhaja de Srair | Sanhāja of Srair; Senhajiya; Sanhaja de Srair; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Morocco; | Africa | 34.881362, -4.611313 | |||
5,420 | std | Sentinel | Sentinelese | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | unknown | Unclassified | India; | South Asia | 11.5446,92.2576 | |||
5,404 | spb | Sepa (Indonesia) | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central Maluku; Nunusaku | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.322117,129.130469 | ||||
2,651 | spe | Sepa (Papua New Guinea) | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.3245,144.9755 | ||||
10,651 | spm | Sepen | Akukem | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 409 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.23, 144.81 | |||
10,581 | iws | Sepik Iwam | Yawenian | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Sepik; Iwam | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.31, 142.12 | |||
2,652 | sry | Sera | Ssia; Serra | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 432 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.0033,141.9158 | |||
5,846 | sei | Seri | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 716-1,000 | Isolate; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | (Formerly sometimes associated with the Hokan hypothesis, but this has generally been abandoned.) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 29.0,-112.0 | |||
2,781 | sve | Serili | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 330 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Babar | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.1136,129.9023 | ||||
1,518 | ser | Serrano | Maara’yam püvüravk; Serran; Kitanemuk; | Awakening () | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Takic | Serrano; Vanyume; Kitanemuk; Tongva/Pipimarra’yam | USA; | North America | 34.1212,-117.2221 | |||
5,421 | stf | Seta | Aunalei | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 155 | Torricelli; One | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.41926,141.7941 | |||
5,424 | stm | Setaman | Setamin | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 381 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Mountain Ok | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.31, 141.83 | |||
5,357 | sbi | Seti | Aunalei | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 113 | Torricelli; One | Seti could be regarded as a dialect of Seta (Laycock 1973). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.44052,141.8483 | ||
5,419 | sta | Settla | Kisettla; Kisetla | As a pidgin, this language has no native speakers. | Pidgin or Creole; Swahili based | Zambia; | Africa | -15.2, 28.3 | ||||
4,607 | sze | Sezo | Seze; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Mao | Ethiopia; | Africa | ||||
5,032 | scw | Sha | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | |||||
1,379 | sbf | Shabo | Chabu; Shabu; Sabu; Shako; Mekeyer; Mikeyir; Mikair; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <600 | Unclassified; Komuz? | Ethiopia; | Africa | 7.58333333333, 35.4166666667 | |||
9,250 | srz | Shahmirzadi | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 35.776586, 53.318583 | |||||
4,014 | swo | Shanenawa | Katukina Shanenawa | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Fleck (2013:18) gives Shanenawa as a dialect of Yaminawa, as does Campbell (2012:101): Yaminawa (Pano-Tacanan, Panoan), with the dialects: Sharanawa, Yawanawa, Shanenawa [Katukina de Feijó], Shawanawa [Arara], Mastanawa, and Marinawa. Several of these are treated as independent languages in some sources. Ethnologue (2013) treats Shanenawa as an unclassified language. | Brazil; | South America | -8.1014, -70.2129 | ||
5,047 | sho | Shanga | Shangawa; Shonga; Shongawa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Eastern Mande | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
5,365 | shj | Shatt | Caning; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | Daju; Eastern Daju | Sudan; | Africa | 10.8333333333, 30.0 | |||
5,409 | sqh | Shau | Sho; Lìsháù | No estimate available | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | |||||
1,517 | sjw | Shawnee | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Algic; Algonquian | USA; | North America | 35.359,-96.9298 | ||||
1,326 | shx | She | Huo Nte; 畬語; 山哈 | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Hmong-Mien; Hmongic | Lianhua; Luofu; | China; | East Asia | 23.3333,115.2459 | ||
5,932 | bcq-she | Shé | She; Sce; Kaba; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,116 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Bench | Ethiopia; | Africa | 7.748522,35.949797 | |||
1,527 | sec | She shashishalhem (Sechelt) | Sechelt; sháshishálem; Siciatl; Seshelt; Shashishalhem; šášíšáɬəm; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Salishan; Central Salish | Canada; | North America | 49.3400000, -123.9500000 | |||
2,701 | she | Sheko | Shekko; Shekka; Tschako; Shako; Shak; Shakko; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Dizoid | Dorsha; Bulla; | Ethiopia; | Africa | 7.463219,35.452667 | |||
10,893 | sth | Shelta | Cant, Gammon, Irish Traveler Cant, Sheldru, The Cant | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 27,000 | None known. Based largely on Irish [gle] with influence from an undocumented source. | Shelta is a secret language of travelers in the British Isles. | United Kingdom;Ireland; | Europe | 53.178583, -7.556409; 55.290105, -4.265580 | ||
4,479 | lan | Shen | Laru; Larawa; Laranchi; Laro; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.277677, 4.468075;10.340420, 4.466015;10.33338,4.399911; 10.323110, 4.257018 | |||
490 | scv | Sheni | Shenanci; Seni; Shani; Shaini; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.383333, 8.75 | |||
5,689 | sdp | Sherdukpen | Ngnok; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kho-Bwa | India; | South Asia | 27.0,92.5 | |||
5,690 | xsr | Sherpa | Sharpa; Sharpa Bhotia; Xiaerba; Serwa; Sharpā; Bhōṭiā of northwestern Nepal; Sharwa | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 ~ 70,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Khumbu; Solu; Ramechap | India;Nepal;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 27.75,86.8333333333 | ||
5,033 | gua | Shiki | Gubi; Guba; Gubawa; Mashiki; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Guru; Gubi; | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.5238,9.72769 | ||
2,737 | sik | Shikuyana | Sikiana; Chikena; Chiquena; Chiquiana; Shikiana; Sikiána; Sikiâna; Sikïiyana; Sikiyana; Tshikiana; Xikiyana; Xikujan; Katxúyana; Kaxuiana; Kashuyana-Warikyana; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <162 | Cariban; Parukotoan | Shikuyana; Warikyana; | For some, Shikuyana is a dialect of Kashuyana (Kaxuiana, Katxúyana), for others the two are separate languages. ELCat has a separate entry for each. | Suriname; | South America | 1.9991,-56.2719 | |
5,691 | adi-shi | Shimong | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | |||||
2,738 | shp | Shipibo | Shipibo-Conibo; Shipibo-Konibo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 22,517 | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Shipibo; Conibo; Shetebo; Pisquibo; Capanahua (Kapanawa) of the Tapiche River | Fleck (2013): Shipibo-Konibo is a single language with 3 dialects: Shipibo; Konibo (currently fused) and obsolescent Kapanawa of the Tapiche River (no longer spoken as an everyday language, but a few speakers remember it) (p. 11). Shipibo and Kapanawa of the Tapiche River share 90% of their vocabulary and have fewer phonological differences than American and British dialects of English (p. 17). The Kapanawas of the Tapiche River and the (Shipibo-)Konibos are so closely related linguistically that their separation must have taken place closer to 1600 a.d. (p. 21). . | Peru; | South America | -7.5,-75.0 | |
5,048 | 0ii | Shirawa | Shira | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||||
852 | jeb | Shiwilu | Xiwilu; Jebero; Chébero; Jébero; Xihuila; Xébero; Xevero; Xebero; Chebero; Hevero; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <30 | Cahuapanan | Now called Xiwilu. | Peru; | South America | -5.41666666667,-76.5 | ||
5,431 | sxg | Shixing | Xumi; 史興話; 旭米語 | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1000 | Sino-Tibetan; Naic | two sub-varieties with restricted mutual intelligibility (Lower Xumi and Upper Xumi) | Xumi (旭米語, /ʃʉ-hĩ ketɕɐ/) means ‘the language of the Shu people’. It is also known as Shixing 史興語 (Chirkova 2015, p. c.). | In the Muli County where this group lives, the Shixing-speaking people are known as Xùmǐ 旭米 (currently their official denomination in Chinese) or Sùmǔ 粟母, both of which are Chinese renderings of the group’s name in Prinmi (Púmǐ), Prinmi being the language of Mùlǐ’s ethnic majority (Chirkova 2009). | China; | East Asia | 28.5263,100.4734 |
2,061 | sle | Sholaga | Kadu Sholigar; Sholiga; Sholigar; Solaga; Soliga; Soligar; Solanayakkans; Sholanayika; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.9848,77.143267 | |||
5,146 | sii | Shom Peng | Shom Pen; Shompeng; Shompen; Shobang; Inland of Great Nicobar; Inlanddialekt; Shom-Pen; ʃom-pe | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300-400 | Austro-Asiatic; Nicobarese; South Nicobar | India; | South Asia | 7.02, 93.81 | |||
3,048 | cjs | Shor | Kuznets Tatar; Kondoma Tatar; Mras-Su Tatar; шорский язык; Шор тили; šor tili; Тадар тили; tadar tili; Schoren; Minusinsk-Tataren; Şorca; Şor Türkçesi; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Turkic; South Siberian | Qïzïl; Mrassa; Kondoma; Qača; SaƔay; | The Shor language belongs to the Turkish-Tatar languages — East Hunnish branch, Uighur-Oguz group, Khakass subgroup. It differs from its kindred languages (Khakass, Kamas, Chylym Tatar) in several specific traits in phonetics and grammar. There are two dialects in Shor: Mrasu in the Tom and Mrasu basins, and Kondoma in the Lower-Tom and Kondoma basins. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 53.0,88.0 | |
1,473 | shh | Shoshone | Shoshoni; Shoshoni-Goshiute; Shonshoni; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Numic | Western Shoshone; Northern Shoshone; Eastern Shoshone; | USA; | North America | 43.0438,-112.4629; 40.0358,-113.9835; 43.014,-108.8209 | ||
600 | shg | Shua | Mashuakwe; Tshumakwe; Shua-Khwe; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,100 (Shua and Tshwa combined) | Khoe; Kalahari | Ts’èxa, Cara, ǀXaise, Danisi | Shua and Tshwa [hio] form a dialect cluster. | Botswana; | Africa | -20.086889, 26.570435 | |
4,329 | jiv | Shuar | “Jívaro”; Chiwaro; Jíbaro; Shuara; Xivaro; Chicham; | Chicham family (Jivaroan) | “Jívaro” is pejorative. Shuar is the preferred name. Crevels (2012) distinguishes Achuar-Shiwiara, Shiwiar-Chicham, and Shuar (Jivaroan languages of Ecuador), and Achuar-Shiwiar (Shiwiar-Maina), Awajún (Aguajún, Ahuajún, Aguaruna), and Huambisa (in Peru). It is not clear how her division of languages matches that of other classifications, e.g. Campbell (2012:93) with: Shuar (Jívaro, Maina, Jíbaro), Aguaruna (Aguajun, Ahuajun), Achuar (Achual, Achuar-Shiwiar), and Huambisa. Ethnologue distinguishes 3 “Jívaro” languages: Shuar [jiv]; Wampís (Huambisa); and Achuar-Shiwiar [acu]. | Ecuador; | South America | -2.8826,-78.0303 | ||||
5,867 | sgh | Shughni | Shugnan-Rushan; Shighni; Khugni; | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000-100,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Shughni, Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sarikoli | Ethnologue has Rushani (Rushan, Roshani, Oroshani) as a dialect of Shughni, along with Bartangi (Bartang), Oroshor (Roshorvi), Khufi (Khuf, Chuf), Shughni (Shugan, Shugnan, Shighni, Khugni). It says Khufi and Bartangi dialects may be separate languages, and Oroshani may be separate from Rushani. Speakers of Bartangī, Orōšōrī, Rōšānī, and Šuḡnī can understand each other; one may say that they speak “regional dialects.” On the other hand, “dialect” also seems justified from a historical point of view (Lentz, 1933, p. 14). Synchronically, the question “dialect of which language?” poses ethnic problems, as no generally recognized standard form exists. Even speakers of the most closely related Orōšōrī would never accept that they speak a “dialect” of Bartangī, and the reverse also holds true. (For the native classification see Sköld, 1936, p. 14.) It is accordingly preferable to call Bartangī, Orōšōrī, Rōšānī, and Šuḡnī “languages” and members of a genetically closely related “language group” (for this term cf., e.g., Heger, 1976) corresponding to the Russian expression “yazykovaya gruppa.” (Buddruss, G. 1988: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bartangi-a-member-of-the-sugni-q) | Tajikistan;Afghanistan; | Near East | ||
5,425 | sts | Shumashti | Šumāštī; Shumasht; Dardu; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Afghanistan; | Near East | 34.6108,70.7569 | ||||
5,368 | shw | Shwai | Shirumba; Shuway; Ludumor; Cwaya; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,500 | Niger-Congo; Heiban; West-Central Heiban | Ndano; Shabun; Cerumba; | Sudan; | Africa | 11.3184, 30.4156 | ||
2,514 | spg; sian1255 | Sian | Sihan | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~250-300 | Austronesian; Western Malayo-Polynesian; Punan; North Borneo; Melanau-Kajang | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 2.7199,113.7018 | |||
10,683 | mmp | Siawi | Musa; Musan; Musian; Siafli; Siwai | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 75? | Amto-Musan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.05, 141.42 | |||
4,779 | nco | Sibe | Nagovisi; Sibbe; Sibe-Nagovisi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | South Bougainville; Nasioi | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.388497,155.398378 | |||
5,811 | wbh-sic | Sichela | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20,000? | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Narrow Bantu; East Bantu; Mbozi; | Tanzania; | Africa | -8.511761, 32.660766 | ||||
9,874 | chq, cco, cvn | Sierra Chinantec | jmiih dzä mo’; Chinanteco de la Sierra; Valle Nacional Chinantec; Quiotepec Chinantec; Comaltepec Chinantec | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,440 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jmiih dzä mo’ | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. According to the most recent and accurate sources available, there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.775007, -96.307712; 17.627008, -96.593399; 17.569248, -96.54685 | |
4,056 | csm, nsq, skd | Sierra Miwok | Central Sierra Miwok: Tuolumne; Central Sierra Miwok; Northern Sierra Miwok: Seroushamne; Northern Sierra Miwok; Southern Sierra Miwok: Southern Sierra Miwok; Mewoc; Miwoc; Talatui; Talutui; Mokélumne; Moquelumnan; San Raphael; Me-Wuk; Yosemite; Meewoc; Sawos; | Utian; Miwokan | Central Sierra Miwok, Northern Sierra Miwok, Southern Sierra Miwok | Part of Eastern Miwok; often three emergent languages are distinguished in the Sierra Miwok dialect complex: Northern Sierra Miwok [nsq, skd], Central Sierra Miwok, and Southern Sierra Miwok [skd]. Here we follow Golla (2011:160) in treating these varieties as dialects rather than as separate languages; Callaghan noted “at least partial mutual intelligibility throughout the dialect continuum” (Golla 2011:160). | Central Sierra Miwok has the subdialects: West Central; East Central. Northern Sierra Miwok has the subdialects: Fiddletown; Ione; West Point; Camanche. Southern Sierra Miwok has the subdialects: Yosemite; Mariposa; Southern. | USA; | North America | 37.962,-120.2384 | ||
6,169 | poi | Sierra Popoluca | Highland Popoluca, Popoluca de la Sierra, Soteapanec, Soteapan Zoque, | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 26,017 | Mixe-Zoquean; Zoquean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.3333333333,-95.1666666667 | |||
3,519 | tos | Sierra Totonac | Highland Totonac, Totonako, Highland; Totonaco de la Sierra; Totonac; Totonac (Sierra); Totonako; Totonaco; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120,000 | Totonacan; Totonac | Zapotitlan, Coatepec, Huehuetla (Chilocoyo del Carmen), Ozelonacaxtla, Caxhuacan Olintla | Ethnologue distinguishes 9 Totonac languages: Totonac, Coyutla [toc] Totonac, Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán [tlp] Totonac, Highland [tos] Totonac, Papantla [top] Totonac, Tecpatlán [tcw] Totonac, Upper Necaxa [tku] Totonac, Ozumatlán [tqt] Totonac, Xicotepec de Juárez [too] Totonac, Yecuatla [tlc]. David Beck includes Coyutla under Sierra Totonac. However, MacKay and Trechsel say that Coyutla Totonac also seems to share a great deal of its morphology with the Northern varieties and thus may not be “Sierra” as Beck claims. The classification of these and many other varieties must remain “open” until further fieldwork can be done and additional material made available. The categorization adopted here is that of Carolyn MacKay and Frank Trechsel. However, all acknowledge that there is no real consensus on the linguistic categorization of this area. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.9166666667,-97.4166666667 | |
530 | sxe | Sighu | Lesighu; Mississiou; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Several hundred | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | -.0549, 13.5461 | |||
5,192 | slt | Sila | Sida; Asong; Kha Pai | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,118 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Kha Pai, ‘white slaves’, is a former pejorative name, and Asong is the name under which the earliest data was recorded in the 1890s (Bradley 2007). | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 22.3094,102.041 | ||
10,559 | mkc | Siliput | Mai; Maimai; Seleput; Sokorok | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <263 | Torricelli; Maimai | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.61, 142.40 | |||
3,228 | xsp | Silopi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 180 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.135,145.5784 | ||||
4,616 | sbw | Simba | Nsindak; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | -1.292157, 10.925697 | |||
1,721 | gnw | Simba Guaraní | Simba Guaraní; Western Bolivian Guaraní; Chiriguano; Ava; GuaraSimba; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Unknown | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guarani | The classification of some Guaraní varieties is uncertain and controversial. For Dietrich (2007), Simba belongs to the Chiriguano group which is composed of various dialects, with Tapiete as a separate but very closely related language, and with Simba, Chané, and Izoceño are subdialects of Ava; the Chané are the modern decendants of Izoceño. Rodrigues and Cabral (2012) have Chiriguano, with Ava and Simba as its dialects. | Argentina;Bolivia; | South America | -20.1694,-63.8525 | ||
5,692 | smt | Simte | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,150 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 24.1968,93.3563 | ||||
1,067 | sgp | Singpho | Sing-Fo; Kachin; Jingphaw | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Turung | mutually unintelligible with Jingphaw/Kachin spoken in Burma (Morey 2006) | India; | South Asia | 27.5569,96.7456 | |
10,785 | nsw | Sinia | Navut | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 520 | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.309171,166.801655; | |||
3,817 | skq | Sininkere | Silinkere; Silanke; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Burkina Faso; | Africa | ||||
8,569 | 1nq | Sinkiang Dagur | Turkestan Dagur; Daur; 新疆達斡爾 | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Mongolic; Daguric | Earlier not distinguished from Evenki: Ongkor Solon, (Chinese pinyin:) Suolun | Kazakhstan;China; | Near East;East Asia | 43.521202, 81.742894 | |||
5,343 | rmo | Sinte Romani | Romani, Sinte; Romany; Manuche; Manouche; Ziguener; Sintí; Tsigane; Rommanes; Sinte; Sinti; Zigeuner; European Romany; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 318,920 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Lallere; Kranaria; Manouche; Gadschkene; Manuche; Praistiki; Estracharia; Slovenian-Croatian; Slovenian-Croatian Romani; Abbruzzesi; Eftawagaria; Krantiki; Piedmont Sintí; Serbian Romani; | Turkey;Germany;Russia;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Lithuania;France;Italy;Greece;Macedonia;United Kingdom;Poland;Czech Republic;Netherlands;Switzerland;Finland;Austria;Croatia;Latvia;Slovakia;Hungary;Albania;Belarus;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Slovenia;Serbia;Montenegro; | Europe;Caucasus;East Asia | 47.5,16.5 | ||
6,512 | dak, lkt, sto | Sioux | Lakota | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,000 | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dakota | Santee-Sisseton (Dakota); Yankton-Yanktonai; Teton (Lakota); | Sioux is the cover term for the varieties of the Dakotan dialect complex, with three well defined dialect areas: Stoney, currently spoken in southwestern Alberta; Assinibone, in southern Saskatchewan and northern Montana; and Sioux, spoken widely in North and South Dakota, Minnesota, and in southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Intelligibility between these dialect areas is low, although speakers can communicate after a while with some difficulty, and they are perhaps best considered emergent languages. Sioux is further divided into three major dialects, Santee-Sisseton (Dakota), Yankton-Yanktonai, and Teton (Lakota), between which there is a fair degree of mutual intelligibility. Ethnologue distinguishes four Dakota languages: Assiniboine [asb], Dakota [dak], Lakota [lkt], Stoney [sto]. | USA;Canada; | North America | 43.0588,-102.5244 | |
5,310 | qum | Sipakapa | Sipacapa; Sipacapense; Sipakapense; Sipacapeño; Sipacapa Quiché | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,344 | Mayan; K’ichean | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.25,-91.75 | |||
10,746 | Siphuthi | Seputhi; Sephuthi; Phuthi; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~20,000 | Niger-Congo; Benue-Congo; Bantu; Southern Bantu; Nguni; | South Africa;Lesotho; | Africa | -30.572829, 27.732915; | ||||
9,630 | fos | Siraya | Formosan; Siraia; Siraiya; Sideia; Sideis; Sideisch; Baksa; Pepohoan; Pepo-Hwan; Formosanisch; Sprache von Formosa; 西拉雅語 | Awakening () | Austronesian; East Formosan | Pangsoia-Dolatok; Makatao; Taivoan; Siraya; Lamai | Taiwan; | East Asia | 23.1, 120.2 | |||
10,829 | ysr | Sirenikski | Sirenik; Old Sirenik; | Dormant () | Eskimo-Aleut; Eskimo | Sireniki; Imtuk | Former language of the village of Sireniki and several smaller villages to the west of Sireniki along the south-eastern coast of Chukotka. | Sirenikski represents a third branch of the Eskimo language family, coordinate to Yupik and Inuit. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 64.416667, -173.95 | |
5,374 | sir | Siri | Sirawa; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,800 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
2,734 | sri | Siriano | Sirianó; Siriana; Desano-Siriano; Chiranga; Desano-Siriano; Siria-Masã; Sarirá; Cirnga; Si-Ra; Sura Masa; Siriane; Surianá; Surirá; Suryana | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Siriano [sri] and Desano [des] are not considered separate languages Desano (Desano-Siriano) by several scholars. (Cf. Campbell 2012:107.) “Lexical similarity: 90% with Desano [des], but the 2 languages diverge in their use of grammatical suffixes (Crevels 2007)” (Ethnologue 2013). | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.318919, -69.247622 | ||||
2,730 | srq | Sirionó | Mbia Chee; Mbya; Siriono; Chori; Mbia; mbya; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guarayoan | Bolivia; | South America | -15.510264,-63.997361 | |||
5,415 | srx | Sirmauri | Sirmouri; Sirmuri | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northern Zone | Dharthi; Giripari | India; | South Asia | 30.9823,77.1569 | ||
10,329 | sbq | Sirva | Sileibi; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.98, 145.22 | |||
5,370 | sih | Sîshëë | Zire; Zira; Sirhe; Siche; Nerë; Neukaledonien; Yirhe; Yirhee; Ziche | Awakening () | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -21.7193,165.6738 | ||||
2,685 | sso | Sissano | Sisano; Sinano; Sinama; Aissano; Siau | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.0129,142.0491 | |||
8,390 | sis | Siuslaw | Umpqua; Ku-itc (Kuitsh) | Dormant () | Ø | Isolate; North America | Siuslaw; Lower Umpqua (Kuitsh) | Siuslaw (proper) and Lower Umpqua are two closely related dialects. There have been no known native speakers since the 1970s. | USA; | North America | 42.653122, -124.358941 | |
5,376 | siy | Sivandi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,030 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 29.9168,51.5945 | ||||
295 | siz | Siwi | Siwi; Siwa; Sioua; Oasis Berber; Zenati; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Egypt; | Africa | 29.1666666667, 25.5 | |||
2,091 | tsi-sou | Ski:xs (Southern Tsimshian) | Sgüüxs; Sguxs; Old Klemtu; Klemtu; Sküüxs; Southern Tsimshian | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Tsimshian | USA;Canada; | North America | 52.5900000,-128.5300000 | |||
3,047 | sms | Skolt Saami | Koltta; Eastern Saami; Kola Saami; Koltansaame; колтта-саамский язык; sääʹmǩiõll; nuõrttsääʹmǩiõll; Skoltesamisk; Skoltesamiska; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Uralic; Saami | Notozero; | Russia;Norway;Finland; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 69.505596, 28.592182 | ||
10,587 | skv | Skou | Sekol; Sekou; Səkou; Sko; Skouw; Skow; Sukou; Te Mawo; Tumawo; Nuclear Skou; Te Máwo pílang nè ne | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <700 | Sko | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.64, 140.90 | |||
1,450 | squ | Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim (Squamish) | Sqwxwumish; Skwxwu7mesh; Squawmisht; sqʷxʷúʔməš; Sk̲wx̲wú7mesh; SKwXwu7mesh snichim; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | Salishan; Central Salish | Canada; | North America | 49.667,-123.167 | |||
4,465 | kxq | Smärky Kanum | Kanum; Kanum, Smärky | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Morehead-Upper Maro | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
3,040 | tsi | Sm̓algya̱x ( Coast Tsimshian) | Sm’algyax; Tsimshian; Coast Tsimshian; Chimmezyan; Zimshian; Coast Tsimshian; Sm’algyax; Tsimshean; Tsimpshean; Ts’emsia’n; Maritime; Lower Tsimshianic; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <430 | Tsimshian | Some consider this a dialect of Tsimshian and consider Tsimshian a single language. | USA;Canada; | North America | 54.3800000, -129.5200000 | ||
9,589 | ssq | So’a | Soa; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; West Flores | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.68, 121.05 | |||
2,782 | sob | Sobei | Biga; Imasi; Liki | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,850 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.91666666667,138.75 | |||
5,402 | soj | Soi | Soh; Sohi; So’i | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,030 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 31.6533, 55.6787 | |||
4,585 | sok | Sokoro | Bedanga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Bedanga; Sokoro; | Chad; | Africa | |||
8,570 | 1nr | Solon | Manchurian Solon; Solon Evenki; 索倫語; 索倫鄂溫克; 輝河方言; 鄂溫克語輝方言 | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >15,000 | Tungusic; Northern Tungusic | Nonni (Nenjiang) Solon; Tsitsikar (Qiqihaer) Solon; Hailar Solon | An aberrant and in some respects archaic branch of Evenki; areally involved in a satellite relationship to Dagur; there is considerable but poorly investigated dialectal variation | China; | East Asia | 48.166,119.4873 | |
2,686 | smc | Som | Somm; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.1296,146.4642 | |||
5,394 | smu | Somray | Samray; Samrai; Samre; Western Pear | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Austro-Asiatic; Pearic; Northern Chong | Possibly extinct | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 13.685,101.5931 | ||
536 | kgt | Somyev | Somyewe; Somyɛwɛ; Kila; Kilayen; Kila Yang; Somyiwe; Sombe; Sombə; Fur | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 6.9318, 11.5136 | |||
5,401 | soi | Sonha | Sonaha; Sonahaa; Sunah; Sunha | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 579 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Eastern Zone | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.778950, 81.217711 | |||
5,403 | sov | Sonsorol | Sonsorolese; Sonsorol-Tobi; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Pulo Anna; Sonsorolese; | Northern Mariana Islands;Palau; | Pacific | 5.33333333333,132.25 | ||
5,081 | teu | Soo | So; Tepeth; Tepes | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Kuliak | Uganda; | Africa | 2.58333333333, 34.75 | |||
5,410 | sqt | Soqoṭri | Soqoṭrī; Soqotri; Saqatri; Sokotri; Suqutri; Socotri; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50,000? | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Modern South Arabian | Central Soqotri; Northern Soqotri; North Central Soqotri; Northwest Central Soqotri; `Abd Al-Kuri; Southern Soqotri; Western Soqotri; | Yemen;United Arab Emirates; | Near East | 12.479891, 53.796180 | ||
5,619 | srb | Sora | Saora; Savara; Sabara; Saonras; Shabari; Sabar; Saura; Sawaria; Swara; Soːra | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150,000-300,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; South Munda; Sora-Juray-Gorum; Sora-Juray | India; | South Asia | 20.0,84.3333333333 | |||
9,249 | sqo | Sorkhei | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | |||||
2,846 | ays | Sorsogon Ayta | Ayta, Sorsogon | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 13.027,124.1549 | |||
2,513 | 1l9 | Sörsörian | Sosorian; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | ||||
4,441 | krz | Sota Kanum | Kanum; Enkelembu; Knwne; Kenume; Kanum, Sota | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Morehead-Upper Maro | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.40, 140.97 | |||
2,607 | mqm | South Marquesan | Marquesan; Marquesas-Inseln Sprache; Marquesas; Marquesan, South | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | One or two thousand | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Fatu Hiva; Hiva Oa; Tahuta; | French Polynesia; | Pacific | -8.91666666667,-140.083333333 | ||
10,689 | kts | South Muyu | Digoel; Digoeleesch; Digul; Kati Metomka; Kati-Metomka; Metomka; Moejoe; Muyu; Ok Bari; South Kati; Yonggom; Yongkom; Yongom | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Lowland Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -6.01, 140.81 | |||
5,389 | sma | South Saami | Saami (Central-South); Saami (Southern); Same; Samic; Saamen kieli; Sāme-giellâ; Vefsn; Eteläsaame; Saamí meridional; “Lapon”; Sabme; Same; “Lopary”; “Lappic”; “Lapp”; “Lappisk”; “Lapin kieli”; Saamskij jazyk; “Südlappisch”; “Lappish”; “Røroslappisk”; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Uralic; Saami | The preferred name for this group of languages is Saami. “Lapp” is an outdated term, and is not recommended for use. It is included in the list of alternate names here, for the benefit of those searching for language names referenced in older materials. | 64.6666666667,16.75 | ||||
7,930 | ijs | Southeast Ijo | Ijaw; Brass Ijo; Ịjọ; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 71,500 | Niger-Congo; Ijoid; Eastern Ijo | Akassa; Nembe; | Nigeria; | Africa | |||
4,861 | nit | Southeastern Kolami | Kōlāmì; Kolami; Naiki; Naikī; Kolami, Southeastern | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Dravidian; Central Dravidian | Metla-Kinwat; Utnur; Asifabad; Naiki | India; | South Asia | 20.0, 78.5 | ||
4,987 | pom | Southeastern Pomo | Pomo, Southeastern; Lower Lake Pomo; Southeast Pomo; Pomo (Southeastern); Lower Lake; Southeast Clear Lake Pomo; | Awakening () | Pomoan | Sulphur Bank; | USA; | North America | 39.0,-122.5 | |||
3,044 | alt | Southern Altai | Altai Kalmuck; Oirot; южноалтайский язык; алтай тили; Oyrot; Altai | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20,000 | Turkic; South Siberian | Telengit; Teleut; Tuba; Qumanda; Qü; Talangit; Altai Proper; | The Altay language is divided into two large groups: the southern group consists of the languages of the Altay, Teleuts and Telengits, the northern group of the Kumandin and Chelkan languages. The northern dialects of Altay belong to the eastern branch of the Uighur-Oguz group, the southern dialects to the Kirgiz-Kipchak group. The linguistic differences between the northern and the southern dialectal groups are so big that they seriously hamper mutual comprehension. The northern dialects of Altay are close to the Kondoma dialect of the Shor language. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 51.0,87.0 | |
10,535 | jmx, miy, vmc | Southern Baja Mixtec | Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec; Coicoyán Mixtec; Mixteco del Oeste de Juxtlahuaca; Ayutla Mixtec; Coastal Guerrero Mixtec; Mixteco de Ayutla; Juxtlahuaca Mixtec; Central Juxtlahuaca Mixtec; Mixteco de Juxtlahuaca | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 47,500 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco de Chochoapa; Mixteco de Guerrero de la Costa Occidental; Mixteco de Guerrero del Este Medio; Mixteco del Oeste; Mixteco del Oeste Alto? | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.31, -98.13 | |
2,519 | raro1241 | Southern Cook Islands Māori | Māori; Kuki Airani; Te Reo Māori o te Pae Tonga o te Kuki Airani | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000-20,200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; East Polynesian | Mangaia [mang1042]; Ma’uke [mauk1238]; Rarotonga [raro1242]; Miti’aro [miti1242]; Aitutaki [aitu1237] | Australia;French Polynesia;New Zealand;Cook Islands; | Australia;Pacific | -8, -156; -23, -167 | ||
2,597 | cmi | Southern Emberá | Emberá- Baudó (Baudó, Catrú), Emberá-Chamí (Chami), Epena (Emberá-Saija, Saija, Epená Saija, Epéna Pedée, Southern Embera, Southern Empera, Cholo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~88,799 | Chocoan | Basurudó | The Emberá dialect continuum (Catío, Chamí, Napipí River, Saija, Sambú) includes Southern Emberá and Northern Emberá (Emperã, Eberã Bed’ea, Eperã Pedea, Atrato, Darién, Dariena, Panama Embera, Eberã, Cholo [Choco]). Ethnologue lists 6 distinct Emberá languages, 2 Northern Emberá: Emberá-Catío [cto] Northern Emberá [Emp] and 4 Southern Emberá: Emberá-Baudó [bdc] Emberá-Chamí [cmi] Epena (Emberá-Saija) [sjia] Emberá-Tadó [tdc]. | Colombia;Panama; | South America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 5.0,-76.0 | |
5,634 | ghe | Southern Ghale | Gurung; Galle Gurung; Ghale; Ghale, Southern; Lila Ke; Ril-Lila | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1649 (2001 census) | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Laprak; Kyaura; Barpak | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.2501,84.718 | ||
7,590 | mxp | Southern Highland Mixe | Tlahuitoltepec Mixe, West Central Mixe | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3617 | Mixe-Zoquean; Mixean | Zempoaltepetl: Ayutla; Tlahuitoltepec; Tamazulapam; Non-Zempoaltepetl: Tepuxtepec; Tepantlali; Mixistlán (Wichmann 1995) | Southern Highland Mixe is an “emergent language” in Oaxacan Mixe. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.027241, -96.076791 | |
8,551 | 1og | Southern Khanty | Southern Khant; Ostyak; южно-хантыйский язык; хӑнты ясӑң; Southern Khante; Ostiak; Ugrian Ostyak; остяцкий язык; | Dormant () | No known speakers | Uralic; Khanty | Dem’yanka; Konda; Irtysh | Though often considered to be a single language, Khanty is actually a group of three mutually unintelligible conglomerations of dialects that may well be counted as separate languages. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 60.4301,69.9829 | |
3,182 | ymc | Southern Muji | Aga; Khlaka; Lahi; Muzi; Phula; Tjeki; Tshebu; Tshibu; Muji, Southern; Hlaka; Mujima | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 26,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Ma’andi; Dazhai; Gamadi; Jinhe; Tongchang; Yingpan; | China; | East Asia | 22.908, 103.220; 22.913, 103.322; 23.132, 103.381 | ||
10,374 | nik | Southern Nicobarese | Nicobarese, Southern; Condul; Great Nicobar; Little Nicobar; Milo; Lo’ong; Ong; Lamongse; Lamongshe; Takahanyilang | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Approximately 7,500 | Austro-Asiatic; Nicobarese | Condul (Lamongse); Great Nicobar (Lo’ong); Little Nicobar (Ong); Milo | Unclear how many of the dialects subsumed under Southern Nicobarese are languages in their own right. | India; | South Asia | 7.3134, 93.6968; 6.85, 93.8726 | |
9,330 | 0xs | Southern Northeastern Neo-Aramaic | Assyrian; NENA | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Alqōš; Barṭəlle; Baṭnaya; Dahuk; Karmlēš; Qaraqosh (Baġdede); Təll əSqopa; Təll Kepe; Haṣṣan; (Christian) ʿAmidya (Amәdya); Ankawa; ʕAqra; Aradhin; (Christian) Arbīl; Baqofa; (Christian) Dohuk; Judi (Bêspin); Mangesh; (Christian) Nerwa; Pešxabur; Ṣapna; Sulemaniyya; (Christian) Zaxo | Comprised of Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholic, Chaldean Catholic, Assyrian, in the area around Mosul (Nineveh Plains, Dohuk, etc.). | Turkey; | Europe | 36.34, 43.13 | ||
1,533 | peq | Southern Pomo | Russian River; Pomo, Southern; Gallinoméro; South Pomo; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pomoan | West Creek; Salmonhole; | USA; | North America | 38.7048,-122.8971 | ||
5,608 | pmj | Southern Pumi | Prinmi; Primi; Pumi; P’umi; Pimi; Primmi; Pruumi; P’ömi; P’rome; Southern Prinmi; 南普米語 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | Qinghua | China; | East Asia | 28.0,101.0 | ||
5,613 | qxs | Southern Qiang | Qiang; 羌語南部方言 | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | Daqishan; Taoping; Longxi; Mianchi; Heihu; Jiaochang | Northern Qiang varieties and Southern Qiang varieties are mutually unintelligible. | China; | East Asia | 32.0,102.666666667 | ||
5,686 | nre | Southern Rengma Naga | Terüpvunyu; Rengma Proper; Rengma Naga; Mozhumi; Moiyui; Mon; Unza; Nzong; Nzonyu; Injang; Southern Rengma; Western Rengma; Central Rengma | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 65,328 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Angami-Pochuri | Keteneneyu; Azonyu; Terüpvunyu (Central Rengma comprised of Western Rengma and Eastern Rengma); Southern Rengma; Ntenyi (Northern Rengma [distant]) | India; | South Asia | 26.298275,93.655055 | ||
1,991 | rgs | Southern Roglai | Rai; Ríoglai; Roglai, Southern | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Chamic | Rai; | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 12.249, 109.195; 10.950, 108.101 | ||
8,555 | 1or | Southern Selkup | Ket Selkup; южноселькупский язык; tüj qumyt әty; šöš qumyt әty; śüssü qumyt әty; tüjqum; šöšqum; śüssogum; сӱccӱ ӄумыт әты; шӧш ӄумыт әты; тӱй ӄумыт әты; eteläselkuppi; кетский селькупский язык; Ket’ Selkup; Ostyak Samoyed; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Uralic; Samoyedic | Upper Ob Selkup; Ket Selkup | The three main varieties of Selkup have traditionally been counted as dialects of a single language; their differences are, however, comparable to those between, for instance, Ket, Yug, and Pumpokol. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 58.6626,85.8581 | |
10,844 | stp, tla; sout2975 | Southern Tepehuán | Tepecano; O’dam; Audam | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 36,543 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Tepiman | lowland Southeastern Tephuan (O’dam); central Central Tepehuan (O’dam); highland Southwestern Tepehuan (Audam) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 22.921014,-104.609572 | ||
1,471 | tix | Southern Tiwa | Tiwa (Southern); Isleta-Sandia; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,600 | Kiowa-Tanoan; Tanoan | Ysleta del Sur; Isleta; Sandia; | USA; | North America | 34.9057,-106.7066; 35.2516,-106.565 | ||
1,744 | tjs | Southern Tujia | Tuchia; Tujia; Tujia, Southern; Mozi; 土家語; 南部土家語 | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tujia | Northern Tujia [tji] and Southern Tujia [tjs] are not mutually intelligible. | China; | East Asia | 28.258,109.9398 | ||
4,534 | lrr | Southern Yamphu | Lohorong; Lohrung; Lohrung Khap; Lohrung Khate; Yakkhaba Lorung; Lōhōrōng; Balai; Lorung, Southern | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3000-5000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Gessa; Yamphe | Merged with Yamphe (yma) since 2012 (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=yma). Southern Yamphu (lrr) is closed related to Yamphu (ybi). | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.4266,87.2498 | |
10,854 | Southern Yauyos Quechua | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <450 | Quechuan; Quechua IIA | Lincha-Tana; San Pedro de Huacarpana-Topará; Apurí-Madeán-Víñac; Huangáscar-Chocos-Azángaro; Cacra-Hongos; | Sources differ greatly with respect to Quechuan languages and varieties, both with respect to which may be separate languages vs. which just dialects of the same language, and with respect to how to classify them. The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in Quechuan, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Southern Yauyos Quechua consists of: Lincha-Tana, Apurí-Madeán-Víñac, Azángaro-Chocos-Huangáscar, San Pedro de Huacarpana, and Cacra-Hongos (dialects treated in Shimelman 2017). There is also Chavín de Topará. Cacra-Hongos is closest to Quechua I, possibly a Quechua I dialect itself. The other dialects are Quechua II (some with heavy Quechua I influence). Ethnologue has only Yauyos Quechua [qux] and does not distinguish Northern Yauyos and Southern Yauyos as separate languages; however, they are distinct (see Shimelman 2017). (Willem Adelaar personal communication.) | Peru; | South America | ||||
4,171 | ciw | Southwestern Ojibwa | Ojibwe (Minnesota); Ojibwa; Ojibway; Ojibwe; Chippeway; Chippewa; Chipewa; Chipeway; Anishinabe | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5000 | Algic; Algonquian; Ojibwa-Potawatomi | Ojibwayan is a dialect complex, varieties of which are spoken in a large number of communities in the north-central United States, and in Canada from Alberta to Quebec. At least 7 regional dialects or emergent languages can be distinguished: Severn Ojibwe, Northern Algonquin, Saulteaux, Central Southern Ojibwe (Anishinaabemowin), Eastern Ojibwe (including Southern Algonquin), Ottawa (Odawa), and Old Algonquin. The first two are classified as Northern Ojibwe, and the rest as Southern Ojibwe. Ethnologue has Chippewa (Southwestern Ojibwa). For others, Central Southern Ojibwa is an emergent language of the Ojibwayan dialect complex. Different groups refer to themselves and their language as Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippewa, Chippeway, and Anishinabe, but local varieties do not differ substantially. | USA; | North America | 46.0706,-93.6677 | ||
2,510 | sww | Sowa | Dormant () | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.775905, 168.185812 | |||||
10,668 | sow | Sowanda | Punda-Umeda; Pundina; Waina; Waina-Sowanda; Wanja; Wanya; Wina | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 | Border; Waris | Punda-Umeda; Waina | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -3.28, 140.92 | ||
10,480 | Soyot | Soyote; Tuva; сойотский язык; сойоты | Awakening () | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Sayan Turkic | For taxonomic and language revitalization purposes, Soyot is best recognized as a separate language (Juha Janhunen p.c.). Also, Soyot is linguistically very close to Tofa [kim]. (Валентин Рассадин, p.c.) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 52.0406, 101.0659 | ||||
5,693 | spt | Spiti Bhoti | Spiti; Spitian; Piti Bhoti | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 32.2871,78.2652 | |||
3,568 | sci | Sri Lanka Malay | Sri Lankan Creole Malay; Melayu Bahasa; Java Jati; Sri Lankan Malay; Melayu; Sri Lanka pe Melayu; Java; Ja basawa; Java mozhi | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pidgin or Creole; Malay based | Restructured vernacular of Malay base spoken by at least five different communities in Sri Lanka; influenced by Tamil and Sinhala. | Sri Lanka; | South Asia | 6.92, 79.86 | |||
7,191 | sqs | Sri Lankan Sign Language | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,800 | Sign Language; South Asian | Sri Lanka; | South Asia | 7.11, 79.86 | ||||
1,449 | sto | Stoney | Stoney; Assiniboin; Stonies; Stony; Nakoda; Alberta Assiniboine; Nakon; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000-1,500 | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Dakota | Stoney is an emergent language in the Dakotan dialect complex of Siouan. Dakotan is a Siouan dialect complex, with three well defined dialect areas: Stoney, currently spoken in southwestern Alberta; Assinibone, in southern Saskatchewan and northern Montana; and Sioux, spoken widely in North and South Dakota, Minnesota, and in southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Intelligibility between these dialect areas is low, although speakers can communicate after a while with some difficulty, and they are perhaps best considered emergent languages. | Canada; | North America | 53.75,-116.5 | ||
1,935 | lil | St̓át̓imcets (Lillooet) | Lillooet; St̓át̓imc; Statimc; Stl’atl’imx; Stl’atl’imc; Sƛ’aƛ’imxǝc; Stlatliumh; Slatlemuk; St’at’imcets; sƛ’ɛƛ’əmxcín; Statimcets | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 98 | Salishan; Interior Salish | Upper Lillooet; Lower Lillooet | Two main dialects (St’áAt’imcets and Ucwalmícwts). | Canada; | North America | 50.7300000, -123.0100000 | |
10,029 | szp | Suabo | Suabau; Inanwatan; Mirabo; Iagu; Solowat; Itigo; Bira | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Trans-New Guinea; South Bird’s Head | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.1, 132.197 | |||
4,789 | sxb | Suba | Olusuba | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 174,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Kaksingri; Wiregi; Ungoe; Mfangano; Gwasi; Muhuru; Suna; | Kenya;Tanzania; | Africa | -.9942, 34.519 | ||
3,544 | sbs | Subiya | Echisubia; Subia; Supia; Chikwahane; Chikuahane; Ciikuhane; Mbalangwe; Kwahane; Kuahane; Sesubea; Chikuhane; Kuhane; Sesubiya; Cisubiya; Tjikuhane | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 24,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Botswana;Namibia;Zambia; | Africa | -17.75,24. 9166666667 | |||
5,427 | sue | Suena | Yema; Yarawe; Yarawi; Yema-Yarawa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Binanderean | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.75,147.55 | |||
10,676 | sug | Suganga | Blimo; North Mianmin; Wagarabai | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 680 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Mountain Ok | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.51, 141.20 | |||
856 | syk | Sukur | Sakun; Sugur; Adikimmu Sukur; Gemasakun; Sakul; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~15,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.735838, 13.567772 | |||
10,810 | sua | Sulka | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Isolate; Pacific | “At present Sulka has not been demonstrated to form bona-fide family with any of the other languages of New Britain (Reesink 2005:145-146, Stebbins 2009, Dunn et al. 2005a, Dunn et al. 2005b).” (Hammarström, forthcoming) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
2,688 | siv | Sumariup | Sogoba; Latoma | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.7, 143.3 | |||
1,860 | nsm | Sumi Naga | Simi; Sema; Sumi; Naga (Sumi); Zumomi; Naga, Sumi | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Angami-Pochuri | Zumomi; Dayang; Lazemi; Zhimomi; | Incipient language shift. | India; | South Asia | 25,94.2025 | |
6,199 | sum, yan, ulw | Sumo | Sumo-Mayangna, Sumu, Ulwa, Ulua, Ulúa, Woolwa, Mayangna | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~10,000 | Misumalpan | Mayangna (Northern Sumo), Ulwa (Southern Sumo), Panamahka (Panamaca), Nicaraguan Tawahka (Tuahka, Taguasca), Bawihka, Kukra. | Some scholars believe there is only a single Sumo [Sum] language; others hold that there are two separate languages; Mayangna [yan] and Ulwa [ulw]. | Honduras;Nicaragua; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 13.0,-84.5 | |
5,694 | suz | Sunwar | Sunuwar; Sunbar; Sunwari; Sonowar; Sonowal; Mukhiya; Kwoico Lo; Sunuwār; Sunuvār; Koĩc; Kirānti-Kõints | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 26,611 (2001 census) | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.3485,86.2337 | |||
1,220 | syo | Suoy | Su’ung; Pear | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <500 | Austro-Asiatic; Pearic; Southern Chong | Cambodia; | Southeast Asia | 12.564,102.529 | |||
488 | tdl | Sur | Tapshin; Tapshinawa; Suru; Myet; Nsur; Dishili; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <4,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.329154, 9.474335 | |||
5,695 | suz-sur | Surel | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few hundred | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.6969, 86.3058 | ||||
5,057 | suq | Suri | Surma; Shuri; Churi; Dhuri; Shuro; Eastern Suri; Tirmaga; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~28,000 | Surmic; Southeast Surmic | Tirma; Chai; | Ethiopia;South Sudan; | Africa | 5.75, 35.25 | ||
5,034 | sde | Surubu | Srubu; Fiti; Skrubu; Zurubu; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,170 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
2,727 | mdz | Suruí do Pará | Suruí; Suruí do Tocantins; Akewere; Akewara; Aikewara; Mudjétire; “Mudjetíre”; “Mudjetíre-Suruí”; Suruí; Suruí do Tocantins; Mudjetíre; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 264 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Teneteharan | Brazil; | South America | -5.2441,-52.7014 | |||
2,689 | ssu | Susuami | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Trans-New Guinea; Angan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.2044,146.5493 | ||||
2,725 | suy | Suyá | Suya; Kisêdjê; Suiá | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 409 | Jean; Northern Je | Beiço de Pau (Tapayúna), Yaruma (Jarumá, Waiku) | Suyá and Tapayúna belong to the same language. | Brazil; | South America | -10.5559,-53.0639 | |
3,042 | sva | Svan | lušnu nin; სვანური ენა; ლუშნუ ნინ; svanuri ena; сванский язык; лушну нин | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000 | South Caucasian | Lashx; Lower Bal; Upper Bal; Lentex; | It is important to note that South Caucasian is not genetically related in any demonstrable way to other language families of the Caucasus. | Georgia; | Caucasus | 43.0,42.5 | |
7,359 | swl | Swedish Sign Language | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language; European | Sweden; | Europe | 58.93, 16.11 | |||||
7,360 | ssr | Swiss-French Sign Language | Langage Gestuelle; Langue des Signes Suisse romande; LSF-SR | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,700 | Sign Language; European | Geneva, Lausanne, Neuchatel, Fribourg, Sion | “The sign language used in German Switzerland, DSGS, is similar to the sign language used in the southern parts of Germany, LSF-SR to the sign language used in France (LSF) and LIS-SI to Italian Sign Language (LIS). An interesting study that remains to be done is of the extent to which these Swiss sign languages could be considered regional dialects of the sign languages of these neighboring countries.” (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010) | Switzerland; | Europe | 46.72, 6.78 | |
7,361 | sgg | Swiss-German Sign Language | Natürliche Gebärde; Deutschschweizerische Gebärdensprache; DSGS; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,500 | Sign Language; European | Basel, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen, Zurich | “The sign language used in German Switzerland, DSGS, is similar to the sign language used in the southern parts of Germany, LSF-SR to the sign language used in France (LSF) and LIS-SI to Italian Sign Language (LIS). An interesting study that remains to be done is of the extent to which these Swiss sign languages could be considered regional dialects of the sign languages of these neighboring countries.” (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010) | Switzerland;Liechtenstein; | Europe | 47.11, 9.08 | |
7,362 | slf | Swiss-Italian Sign Language | Lingua dei Segni Italiana; LIS-SI | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Sign Language; European | Lugano, Bellinzona | “The sign language used in German Switzerland, DSGS, is similar to the sign language used in the southern parts of Germany, LSF-SR to the sign language used in France (LSF) and LIS-SI to Italian Sign Language (LIS). An interesting study that remains to be done is of the extent to which these Swiss sign languages could be considered regional dialects of the sign languages of these neighboring countries.” (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010) | Switzerland; | Europe | 46.31,8.79 | |
6,045 | 1eu | Swoeng | Lavi; Lavy | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~492 | Austro-Asiatic; Bahnaric; Eastern Bahnaric; West Bahnaric | The Swoeng (autonym) or Lavi should not be confused with the Loven further south. Recently located by Thai linguist Theraphan Luangthongkum. | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 15.3333, 106.75 | ||
5,433 | kaga1252 | Syuba | Shuba; Shyuba; Kagate Bhote; Kāgatē | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Sino-Tibetan; Central Bodic; Bodish | “Although Yolmo [scp] and Kagate could be considered dialects of the same language, there are sufficient historical and political motivations for considering them as separate languages.” (Lauren Gawne 2013) Kagate is an exonym and Syuba is the endonym for both the language and the community, and sometimes serves as a family name. | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.349813, 86.071987 | ||
1,430 | tct | T’en | Then; Yanghuang; Rau; Yang Huang; Rao; 佯僙語 | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Lakkia-Kam-Sui; Kam-Sui | Hedong; Hexi; Huishui | China; | East Asia | 25.871,107.0476 | ||
593 | nmn | Taa | !Xóõ; Tâa; !Xuun; N/amani; Ng|amani; Tsasi; Qgoon; /Namani; Tshasi; !Ko; Casi; /Nu//een | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,600 | Tuu; Hua | Ki|hazi; Kakia; Xatia; Nusan; Ng|u||en; Auni; Ng|u|en; !Kwi; | Botswana;Namibia; | Africa | -23.382598, 21.566162; -23.484660, 19.905853 | ||
1,515 | mky | Taba | East Makian; Makian Dalam; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,000-40,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Not to be confused with West Makian (Moi), a Papuan language spoken on the western half of Makian Island. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||
3,051 | tab | Tabasaran | Tabassaran; табасаранский язык; თაბასარანული ენა; Թաբասարաներեն; табасаран чIал; tabasaran č’al; Tabasaran dili; Tabasarantsy; Ghumghum; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 93,630 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | South Tabasaran; | Russia;Azerbaijan; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 41.8333333333,47.9166666667 | ||
6,674 | knv | Tabo | Hibaradai; Hiwi; Waia; Waya | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3000 | Isolate; Pacific | Aramia River; Fly River | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.95824,143.2032 | ||
2,724 | tna | Tacana | Takana; Tupamasa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,153 | Pano-Tacanan; Takana | Bolivia; | South America | -13.5,-68.0 | |||
5,711 | tgz | Tagalaka | Dagalang; Da:galag; Takalak; Targa-lag; Tarkalag; Dagalag; Tagalag; Targalag; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | ||||
5,812 | tda | Tagdal | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-20,000 | Mixed Language; Songhay-Tuareg | Azawagh; Air; | Niger; | Africa | ||||
5,696 | tgj | Tagin | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~25,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | India; | South Asia | |||||
1,448 | tgx | Tagish | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Northern Athabaskan | It is possible that the last fluent speaker of Tagish was Lucy Wren, who died May 2008. She is described as “one of a few individuals remaining who retain[ed] some knowledge of the language” (http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/firstnations/tagish.html). “In addition to Tlingit, English and Southern Tutchone, Lucy also spoke Tagish, and was possibly the best remaining speaker of that language” (http://www.ynlc.ca/bios/t2z/wrenl/wrenl.html). | Canada; | North America | 60.1601,-134.6842 | |||
1,136 | tag | Tagoi | Tumale; Tagoy; Umāle; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,000 | Niger-Congo; Rashad | Moreb; Tumale; Tagoi; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.8252, 30.1657 | ||
290 | thv | Tahaggart Tamahaq | Tamahaq (Tahaggart); Tamachek; Tamashekin; Tomachek; Tuareg; Touareg; Tourage; Toureg; Tamasheq; Tamahaq, Tahaggart | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 62,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Ghat; Hoggar; | Algeria;Niger;Libya; | Africa | 23.0, 6.0 | ||
3,545 | tjo | Tahshanit | Tarighit; Temacine Tamazight; Tugurt; Touggourt Tamazight; Taħʃaniʦ; Righ; Oued-Righ Berber | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Algeria; | Africa | 33.0777, 6.0671 | |||
1,426 | aio; aito1238 | Tai Aiton | Aitonia; Sham Doaniya | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Southwestern Tai | India; | South Asia | ||||
1,428 | tyr | Tai Daeng | Red Tai; Red Thai; Tai Rouge; Thai Do; Thai Dang; Tai Deng; Daeng; Táy-Môc-Châu; Môc-Châu | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Southwestern Tai | Vietnam;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 19.8833,104.6166 | |||
1,245 | tlq | Tai Loi | Loi; Tailoi; Wakut; Monglwe; Angku; Āng-kú; Mong-Lwe; Tailoi von Möng-Lwe; Tai-Loi; Wa-Küt; Muak Sa-aak | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,460 (in Myanmar and China) | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Angkuic | Tai Loi; Doi | This language is spoken primarily in Myanmar and the Myanmar-China border. Also some in Laos. Note that Mok (mqt) is also called “Tai Loi” (Bradley 2007). | Myanmar;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 21.178,100.356 | |
1,427 | tdd | Tai Neua | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70,000 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Southwestern Tai | Tai Neua literally means ‘northern Tai’. Tai Neua (tdd) in Laos is closely related to Tai Daeng and Phutai. It is often confused with another Southwestern Tai language of the same name spoken in western Lincang (臨滄) and western Pu’er (普洱) of Yunnan Province, China. The China Tai Neua, which has no ISO code for it, is closely related to Dehong Dai and Xishuangbanna Dai (Tai Lue) and is considered a component of the Dai nationality in China. Both Tai Neua (tdd) and the China Tai Neua belong to Southeastern Tai of Tai-Kadai (David Bradley 2014, personal communication). | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 20.5166,104.3166 | |||
2,216 | gpn | Taiap | East Parana; Guana; Chuala; Chana; Gapun | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 75 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.08333333333, 144.5 | |||
2,783 | aos | Taikat | Tajkat; Arso; Abrap; Marap; Taigat | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <600? | Border; Taikat | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.8429, 140.846 | |||
2,805 | bsn-tai | Taiwano | Taiwano; Taibano; Taiwaeno; Eduria; Taiguana | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 22 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Taiwano (Eduria) is a dialect of Barasano for many classifiers; Ethnologue gives Barasana-Eduria (BSN), indicating 98% similarity between Eduria and Barasano, just some phonological differences. Nevertheless, Tukanoanists hold Eduria (Taiwano) to be a separate language. | Colombia; | South America | |||
2,784 | pee | Taje | Petapa; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1-10 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
3,585 | abh | Tajiki Spoken Arabic | Tajiki Arabic; Jugari; Bukhara Arabic; Buxara Arabic; Tajiji Arabic; Central Asian Arabic; Arabic; Arabic, Tajiki Spoken | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Arabic | Balkh Arabic; | Uzbekistan;Tajikistan;Afghanistan; | Near East | 40.06, 64.40 | ||
2,786 | tdj | Tajio | Kasimbar; Tadjio; Ta’adjio; Adjio; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
3,541 | tks | Takestani | Takistani; Tati (Southern); | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 220,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Khalkhal; Tarom; Kharaqan; Ramand; Zanjan; | Iran; | Near East | 36.0,49.6666666667 | ||
5,626 | twm | Takpa | Dwags; Dakpa; Northern Monpa; Cuona Menba; 錯那門巴 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few thousand | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | The original ISO code [tkk] has merged with [twm] since 2010 (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2010-017&lang=tkk) | India;China;Bhutan; | South Asia;East Asia | 34.0617,77.5909 | ||
1,021 | tak | Tala | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Lungu; Gayar; Dooka; Karakara; Gar; Jimi; Mbaaru; Kuuku | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.221004, 9.906132 | |||
8,069 | tlj | Talinga-Bwisi | Talinga; Kitalinga; Lubwisi; Olubwisi; Bwissi; Mawissi; Lubwissi; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 75,000-85,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Democratic Republic of the Congo;Uganda; | Africa | ||||
3,537 | tlo | Talodi | Jomang; Gajomang; Ajomang; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Niger-Congo; Talodi | Sudan; | Africa | 10.5833333333, 30.5 | |||
2,787 | tlk | Taloki | Taluki; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.5928,122.8628 | |||
2,788 | tln | Talondo’ | Nordost-Celebes; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Sulawesi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.3723,119.3774 | |||
5,172 | yta | Talu | Taliu; Tagu; Tazhi; 他留話 | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,138 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 26.5623,102.8506 | |||
5,697 | tly | Talysh | Talish; زبان تالشی; Talış dili; Talyshi; Talishi; Talesh; Taleshi; Tolışi; Толыши; تالشی زَوُن; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 912,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Astara; Lerik; Northern Talyshi; Central Talyshi; Massali; Southern Talyshi; Lenkoran; | Azerbaijan;Iran; | Caucasus;Near East | 37.0,49.0 | ||
4,676 | mla | Tamambo | Malo; Tamabo; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000-4,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Ataripoe; Avunatari; | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.6666666667,167.166666667 | ||
2,594 | tax | Tamki | Temki; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 11.48, 18.2125 | |||
1,446 | tcb | Tanacross | Nee’anděg’; Transitional Tanana; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Dene (Athabaskan); | Tanacross is the ancestral language of the Mansfield-Ketchumstock and Healy Lake-Joseph Village bands. It is spoken today at Healy Lake, Dot Lake, and Tanacross on the middle Tanana River. The name Tanacross derives from the English name Tanana Crossing, a ford on the Eagle Trail. | USA; | North America | 63.658611,-144.065833; 63.988889,-144.708056; 63.376111,-143.356944 | ||
10,732 | tcm | Tanahmerah | Sumeri | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Isolate; Pacific | Not to be confused with several other places and languages in Indonesian Papua also called tanahmerah (literally ‘brown earth’ in Malay) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.55, 133.18 | ||
2,455 | tpv | Tanapag | Northern Carolinian; Tallabwog; Sprache der Marianen; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Northern Mariana Islands; | Pacific | 15.24, 145.76 | |||
2,789 | tni | Tandia | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.8552,134.522 | ||||
3,523 | tnx | Tanema | Tanima; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Temotu | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -11.680631,166.902781 | |||
7,170 | adi-tan | Tangam | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <200 | Sino-Tibetan; Tani | Ethnologue’s Adi [adi] amalgamates several ethnolinguistically and linguistically distinct groups and thus subsumes several languages: Ethnologue listed varieties: Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Gallong (Galong), Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Milang is definitely a separate language (possibly not a member of the Tani family). Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Padam also are all most likely separate languages. Bori, Minyong and Tangam also may be separate languages. | India; | South Asia | 29.1473, 94.5538 | |||
7,374 | nmf | Tangkhul Naga | Tangkhul; Tagkhul; Thangkhulm; Champhung; Luhuppa; Luppa; Somra; Naga (Tangkhul); Kupome; Luhupa; Central Luhupa; Northern Luhupa; Tangkul; Tśamphung | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 58,167 | Sino-Tibetan; Tangkhul | Khunggoi; Kupome; Khangoi; Ukhrul; Phadang | Though usually treated as a single language, Tangkhul Naga is a dialect continuum. Several of these dialects are not mutually intelligible. | India; | South Asia | 25.05, 94.36 | |
3,539 | tkx | Tangko | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Trans-New Guinea; Ok | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.13, 140.27 | |||||
5,175 | ytl | Tanglang | Tholo; 堂郎語 | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 947 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 26.0863,99.7119 | |||
10,788 | tgp | Tangoa | Movono | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 370 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.592599,166.991513; | |||
10,653 | tgu | Tangu | Tanggu; Tanggum | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,330 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Ataitan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.46, 144.92 | |||
10,655 | tbs | Tanguat | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 510 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Ataitan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.57, 144.93 | ||||
3,003 | tbe | Tanimbili | Nyisunggu; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Temotu | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | ||||
5,155 | tnc | Tanimuca-Retuarã | Uairã; Tanimuca-Letuama; Retuama; Retuarã; Letuama; Letuhama; Ufaina; Tanimuca-Retuar; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,952 | Tucanoan; Western Tucanoan | Retuarã, Tanimuca | Tanimuca and Retuarã are 2 ethnic groups living near each other who speak the same language (Ethnologue 2016). | Colombia; | South America | -0.5,-70.6666666667 | |
10,747 | tao | Tao | Yami; 達悟; 雅美 | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Batanic | Iraralay; Imowrod | Taiwan; | East Asia | 22.045, 121.544 | ||
6,510 | twf | Taos | Northern Tiwa; Tiwa, Northern; Tiwa; Tiwa (Northern); | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | Kiowa-Tanoan; Tanoan | Ethnologue puts Taos and Picuris together in its “Northern Tiwa” [twf], lists Taos and Picuris as dialects, but yet says that “Taos and Picuris are not mutually intelligible (Golla 2007).” Others distinguish these as two separate languages. | USA; | North America | 36.4717,-105.5596 | ||
4,712 | mrs | Tape | Maragus; Maragaus; Mallicolo; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10-15 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.0746, 167.415 | |||
2,921 | tpj | Tapiete | Chiriguano, Ava, Simba, Chané, Izoceño [Isosó, Izozó], | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 207 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guaranian | Apapocuva; | There is considerable confusion about different Guaranían languages and varieties, several of which are sometimes called “Ñandeva (Nhandeva) as at least one of their alternate names. It is sometimes difficult to determine from reports which are the same with varying names and which are different with the same name. For cases involving overlapping names, Rodrigues and Cabral (2012:498) have among several others in their Guaraní Branch of Tupían: Kaiwá (Kayowá, Kaiowá, Caiová, Caiguá, Pãi, Pãi-Tavyterã) Brazil, Paraguay Nhandéva (Ñandeva, Chiripá) Brazil, Paraguay Chiriguano (Ava, Simba) Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay Tapiete Bolivia (Argentina) Ethnologue has: Kaiwá [kgk] (Caingua, Caiua, Caiwa, Cayua, Kaiova, Kaiowá, Kayova) Ava Guaraní [nhd] (Apytare, Ava, Chiripá, Tsiripá, Txiripá) Pai Tavytera [pta] (Ava, Pai, Tavytera) Ñandeva [tpj] (Guasurango, Guasurangue, Ñanagua, Nandeva, Tapiete, Tirumbae, Yanaigua) Ethnologue calls this language Ñandeva [tpj] (Guasurango, Guasurangue, Ñanagua, Nandeva, Tapiete, Tirumbae, Yanaigua); it may include varieties or languages others align not with this language but with others). Dietrich (2007) considers the Chiriguano group to be composed of various dialects, with Tapiete a separate but very closely related language. Simba, Chané, and Izoceño are subdialects of Ava; the Chané are the modern decendants of Izoceño. | Argentina;Bolivia;Paraguay; | South America | -19.75, -61.6666666667 | |
2,168 | taf | Tapirapé | Tapi’irape | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 564 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Teneteharan | Brazil; | South America | -10.6606,-50.4602 | |||
3,453 | tar, thh, tcu, twr, tac | Tarahumara | Tarahumara, Southwestern; Tarahumara del Suroeste; Tubare; Taraumara; Tarahumara; South-western; Vorohio; Rocoroibo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 85,018 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Tarahumaran | Western; Central; Southwestern; Northern; Southeastern; | Ethnologue distinguishes 5 Tarahumara languages: Tarahumara, Central [tar] Tarahumara, Northern [thh] Tarahumara, Southeastern [tcu] Tarahumara, Southwestern [twr] Tarahumara, Western [tac]. INALI also has 5 “variantes” of Tarahumara. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 28.61, -107.66; 26.73, -106.71; 27.46, -107.85; 27.03, -107.58; 27.56, -107.15 | |
3,504 | tro | Tarao Naga | Tarao; Tarau; Taraotrong; Naga (Tarao); Naga, Tarao | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 870 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 24.25,94.1666666667 | |||
2,167 | tae | Tariana | Tariano; Tarîna; Taliáseri; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 90 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Kumandene; Wamiarikune | “The two dialects are highly endangered, and barely mutually intelligible” (Aikhenvald 2016:299). | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 1.0,-69.1666666667 | |
2,790 | tpf | Tarpia | Tarfia; Sufrai; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 564 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.38, 139.97 | |||
6,969 | tdm | Taruma | Aroaqui; Taruamá; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few | Isolate; South American | There is a family of speakers in a community near Lethem in Guyana (Willem Adelaar, personal communication). | Brazil;Guyana; | South America | 2.515, -59.5678 | ||
5,005 | twq | Tasawaq | Ingelshi; Tasawa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000-10,000 | Songhay | Niger; | Africa | 16.785806, 6.930974 | |||
3,530 | tmt | Tasmate | Meri; Oa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.101933,166.649933 | |||
2,166 | tav | Tatuyo | Oa; Tatuyo; Pamoa; Tatutapuyo; Juna; Tatu-tapuya; Karapaná; Karapano; Carapana-Tapuya; Mochda; Moxdoa; Mextã; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 331 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Part of Carapano (Karapaná, Karapano, Carapana-Tapuya, Tatuyo, Mochda, Moxdoa, Mextã). Ethnologue considers Tatuyo as separate languages of the “East Central” branch of “Eastern Tukanoan.” | Colombia; | South America | 0.416666666667,-70.5 | ||
2,691 | tuh | Taulil | Butam; Neu-Pommern; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 800 | East New Britain; Taulili | Butam; Taulil; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.41666666667,152.083333333 | ||
10,757 | dgw | Taungurung | Daungwurrung; Daung Wurrung; Dhagung-wurrung; Taungurong; Thagawurung | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan, Kulin | Some researchers consider Taungurung to be a dialect of Woiwurrung. | Australia; | Australia | -36.966911, 145.420664 | |||
2,791 | tad | Tause | Doa; Darha; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Lakes Plain | Weirate; Tause; Deirate; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.8744,136.2469 | ||
2,163 | trr | Taushiro | Pinche; Pinchi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Isolate; South American | Peru; | South America | -3.25,-75.5 | |||
1,411 | tbp; tawo1244 | Taworta | Dabra; Taworta-Aero; Taria; Bok; Taburta; Diebroud | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.2776,138.7902 | |||
3,525 | tnu | Tay Khang | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 18.66, 104.37 | ||||
5,180 | 1ho | Tazhi | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | ||||||
286 | grr | Taznatit | Zenati; Zenatia; Znatiya; Zenete; Shilha; Garawa; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Gourara; Touat; | Algeria; | Africa | 29.3413, .3955 | ||
1,447 | tht | Tāłtān (Tahltan) | Nahanni; Tahltan; Tahl-tan | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 43 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | Canada; | North America | 57.8700000, -130.0400000 | |||
5,107 | tck | Tchitchege | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | -1.8508, 13.612 | ||||
301 | bqa | Tchumbuli | Basa; Tshummbuli; Chombulon; Tchombolo; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,838 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Cobecha; Tchumbuli; | Benin; | Africa | |||
2,792 | tve | Te’un | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -6.9809,129.1394 | ||||
2,453 | tkw | Teanu | Buma; Puma; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Temotu | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -11.6333333333,166.833333333 | ||||
7,192 | tsy | Tebul Sign Language | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Sign Language; African | Possibly a variety of Malian Sign Language (LSM) | Mali; | Africa | 14.577499,-3.082291 | |||
8,735 | dtu | Tebul Ure | Oru Yille; Tew Tegu; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000-4,000 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; North Plateau | Mali; | Africa | ||||
3,496 | ttc | Teco | Teko; Tectiteco; Tectitec; Tectitán Mam; Maya-Tekiteko; Tektiteko; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,900 | Mayan; Mamean | Guatemala;Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.4166666667,-92.0833333333 | |||
4,831 | tuq | Tedaga | Teda; Toda; Todaga; Todga; Tuda; Tudaga; Tubu; Tebu; Tebou; Tibbu; Toubou; Tū-bu; Tib-bo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 42,500 | Saharan; Tebu | Kecherda; | Nigeria;Niger;Chad;Libya; | Africa | 16.0, 15.0 | ||
5,093 | tfo | Tefaro | Demba; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | East Geelvink Bay | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.35, 136.75 | |||
182 | ras | Tegali | Orig; Tagale; Tegele; Tekele; Togole; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 35,700 | Niger-Congo; Rashad | Gom; Tegali; Umale; | Tegali may be considered a dialect cluster within the Rashad family. (Blench n.d.) | Sudan; | Africa | 12.060869, 31.560233 | |
2,160 | teh | Tehuelche | Tehuelche; Aoniken; Aonek’enk; Inaquen; Patagón; Aonek’enk; Chon; Gununa-Kena; Gününa Küna; Inaquean; Tsoneka; Tewelche | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1-2 | Chonan; Continental Chonan | Argentina; | South America | -48.0, -68.0 | |||
2,087 | twe | Teiwa | Tewa | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Lebang; Deing; Madar; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.267, 124.207 | ||
3,114 | ztt | Tejalapan Zapotec | Zapoteco de San Felipe Tejalapan, Zapoteco de Tejalápam | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Ethnologue lists 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. For most linguists the number is much lower, between 4 and 10. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.1099,-96.8539 | ||
10,675 | tlf | Telefol | Eripataman; Teleefool; Telefool; Telefolmin; Telefomin | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,500 | Telefol | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Mountain Ok | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.07, 141.73 | ||
2,158 | tqb | Tembé | Tenetehára; Tenetehára; Timbé; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Teneteharan | Pindare; Mearim; Tembe of Gurupi; Zutiua; | Brazil; | South America | -2.6467,-46.7248 | ||
5,095 | teq | Temein | Temainian; Rone; Ronge; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,000 | Temein | Sudan; | Africa | 11.9166666667, 29.4166666667 | |||
5,100 | tea | Temiar | Temer; Northern Sakai; Seroq; Pie; Sakai; Nord Sakai | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; Central Aslian | Tanjong Rambutan; Ulu Kinta; Kenderong; Sakai of Plus Korbu; Kenering; Lanoh Kobak; Sungai Piah; Tembe’; Grik; Po-Klo | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 5.0,101.5 | |||
3,532 | tmo | Temoq | Ulu Indau; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300 | Austro-Asiatic; Aslian; South Aslian | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 2.867,102.837 | |||
3,528 | tmw | Temuan | Benua; Niap; Beduanda; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Temuan; Beduanda; Belanda; Berembun; Udai; Mantra; | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 3.3709,101.984 | ||
2,155 | pah | Tenharín | Tenharim; Tenharem; Tenharin; Tenharín; Parintintin; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian | The Kawahíwa people started moving to Rondônia from Mato-Grosso, by the second half of the 18th century, and they definitively started separating from each other. The Parintintín, Tenharin and Djiahúj (Diahói) were one group at that time, and then they split in three different groups. Their languages are still very close, but their own feeling is that they speak different languages although they are intelligible. There are also lexical differences, different idioms, and morphosyntactic differences as well. And they are also differentiated culturally from each other in some aspects. Tenharin is the only language that is still spoken as the main language of communication by old people, and by some young people as well. (Personal communication, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral, 2016.) | Brazil; | South America | -8.4071,-61.1499 | ||
2,693 | tns | Tenis | Tench; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; St. Matthias | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -1.6394,150.6939 | |||
5,060 | tex | Tennet | Tenet; | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000-10,000 | Surmic; Southwest Surmic | South Sudan; | Africa | 4.41666666667, 32.5 | |||
2,489 | tio | Teop | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Wainanana; Petspets; Losiara; Melilup; Taunita; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.66666666667,155.0 | |||
3,665 | ash | Tequiraca | Tekiraka; Aushiri; Auishiri; Avishiri; Avixiri; Abiquira; Abishira; Abigira; Agouisiri; Ixignor; Vacacocha; Avirxiri; Tequraca | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate; South American | Peru; | South America | -2.0869,-74.5092 | |||
3,566 | sjt | Ter Saami | Ter Sami; Kola Saami; Eastern Saami; йоканьгско-саамский язык; терско-саамский язык; turjansaame; saa´mekiill; Darjjesámegiella; “Ter Lappish”; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Uralic; Saami | Yokanga | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 67.414348, 39.130051 | ||
3,508 | trb | Terebu | Terepu; Turupu; Turubu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.69, 143.84 | |||
2,154 | ter | Terena | Tereno; Etelena; Terêna; Guaná; Chané; Kinikinao; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,439 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Guaná; Kinikanao; Etelena; Chané; | Brazil; | South America | -20.0,-56.0 | ||
5,098 | tef | Teressa | Taih-Long; Teressa-Bompoka; Təih-lɔng; Luro; Pauhut; Powahat | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,080 | Austro-Asiatic; Nicobarese | Bompoka | India; | South Asia | 7.915,93.3837 | ||
5,092 | tfr | Teribe | Tiribí; Tirub; Terraba; Naso; Tirribi; Norteño; Quequexque; Tiribi; | Chibchan; Isthmic | “The consensus among Teribe speakers is that the name “Teribe” originated when the Spanish explorers came up what is now known as the Teribe River and asked what this place was. The Teribes answered, tjer di, which means, ‘river of the Grandmother’. (The Grandmother was the protective spirit who controlled that area and to whom the Teribes went for help and healing.) The Spaniards corrupted that into Teribe and the name stuck (to the river and the people). The Teribes refer to themselves and their language as Naso which has come to mean ‘Indian, native’ but which probably derives from the two words na ‘here’ and so, sogo ‘owner’ to mean ‘the owners of this place’” (Oakes 2001:3) | “The language known as Térraba or Brorán in Costa Rica is an almost-extinct dialect of Teribe with five elderly living speakers as of 1991 (Grimes 1996:60). According to Teribes who have conversed with these Térraba speakers, the two dialects are easily mutually intelligible.” (Oakes 2001:3) | Costa Rica;Panama; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 9.33333333333,-82.6666666667 | |||
10,787 | tft | Ternate | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 42,000 | North Halmaheran | Not to be confused with Ternate Malay. Linguistically similar to neighboring Tidore, though considered by speakers to be a distinct language. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 0.783333, 127.366667 | |||
4,364 | keg | Tese | Teis-Umm-Danab; Keiga Jirru; Keiga Girru; Dese; Teis-um-Danab; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,400 | Temein | Sudan; | Africa | 11.2161, 29.8471 | |||
2,151 | teb | Teteté | Eteteguaje; Tetete; | Dormant () | Ø | Tucanoan; Western Tucanoan | Possibly a dialect of Siona-Secoya. Report as similar to Secoya, but intelligible only with difficulty. | Ecuador; | South America | -.0109,-76.5966 | ||
8,509 | 1nl | Tetserret | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Niger; | Africa | 15.406024, 6.269760 | ||||
2,150 | 0qk | Teushen | Tehuesh; Patagón; Teuéx; Teuesh; Teuesen; Chon; | Dormant () | 0 | Chonan; Continental Chonan | Argentina; | South America | -44,-69 | |||
5,881 | tew | Tewa | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Kiowa-Tanoan; Tanoan | Hano (Arizona Tewa), San Juan (Ohkay Owingeh), Nambe, Pojoaque, Santa Clara (Kapo), San Ildefonso, Tesuque, Santa Domino (Kewa), Santa Ana (Tamaya) | USA; | North America | 36.0833333333,-106.083333333 | |||
5,285 | poq | Texistepec | Popoluca de Texistepec; Texistepec Zoque; Popoluca, Texistepec; Texistepequeño; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Mixe-Zoquean; Zoquean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.89, -94.81 | |||
10,952 | texm1235 | Texmelucan Zapotec | Texmelucan Papabuco | Otomanguean; Zapotecan; Papabuco | 1 of approximately 3 Papabuco languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||||
10,536 | miu, mxb | Tezoatlan Mixtec | Cacaloxtepec Mixtec; Huajuapan Mixtec; Mixteco de Cacaloxtepec; Tezoatlán Mixtec; Mixteco de Tezoatlán de Segura y Luna | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,540 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco del Noroeste Central Alto; Mixteco del Noroeste Central Bajo; Mixteco del Noroeste Medio?; Mixteco del Oeste Alto? | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.64, -97.81 | |
4,837 | thy | Tha | Joole Manga; Kapawa; Joole Marga; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.176669, 11.170143 | |||
5,702 | tcz | Thado Chin | Thado; Thadou; Thado-Ubiphei; Thado-Pao; Kuki; Kuki-Thado; Thaadou Kuki; Chin (Thado); Chin, Thado; Thādo-pao; သာဒိုး ချင်း | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | unknown | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Thangngen; Hawkip; Sairang; Shithlou; Kaokeep; Singson; Changsen; Khongzai; Kipgen; Langiung; Baite; Jangshen | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 24.4166666667,93.9166666667 | ||
1,222 | soa; thai1259 | Thai Song | Song; Thai Song Dam; Lao Song; Lao Song Dam; ลาวโซ่ง; ลาวโซ่งดำ | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Southwestern Tai | This is Song (soa) in the Tai-Kadai language family, different from Song (1l3) in the Mon-Khmer language family though both are spoken in Thailand. | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 13.228214,99.852433 | ||||
5,703 | ths | Thakali | Tapaang; Thaksya; Panchgaunle; Thāksya | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,113 | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Syang; Tukche; Marpha | Nepal; | South Asia | 29.0,83.75 | ||
4,077 | dhl | Thalanyji | Dalandji; Dalendi; Djalendi; Dalaindji; Dalangi; Talandji; Talanji; Talanjee; Talaindji; Talainji; Tallainji; Tal-lainga; Tallainga; Talandi; Talangee; Taloinga; Thalantji; Inikurdira; Jinigudira; Jinigudera; Jinigura; Jiniguri; Jarungura; Talandji-Buduna; Taliandji;Dhalandji; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few | Pama-Nyungan; Kanyara | Australia; | Australia | -22.847071,113.816528; -21.867234,114.132729; -22.631758,116.333771 | |||
5,646 | nki | Thangal Naga | Khoirao; Khoirao Naga; Koirao; Kolya; Mayangkhang; Miyang-Khang; Ngari; Thangal; Thanggal; Tukaimi; Miyāng Khāng; Liyāng; Naga, Thangal | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <23,600 | Sino-Tibetan; Zemeic | India; | South Asia | 25.2198,94.1583 | |||
4,838 | thf | Thangmi | Thami; Dolakha; Thāmī | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18991 | Sino-Tibetan; Newaric | Dolakhā; Sindhupālcok | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 27.52, 86.07; 27.47, 86.05; 27.42, 85.57; 27.44, 85.57; 27.31, 86.58; 27.48, 85.48 | ||
2,452 | ssf | Thao | Sau; Sao; Shao; Chuihwan; Chui-Huan; Suihwan; Vulung; Sprache von Formosa; 邵語 | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Austronesian; Western Plains | Brawbaw; Shtafari; | Taiwan; | East Asia | |||
4,078 | dhr | Tharrkari | Targari; Dal’gari; Tarkarri; Thargari; Tharrgari; Tarugari; Dargari; Tarkari; Dalgari; Tarl-garri;Dhargari; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2 | Pama-Nyungan; Mantharta | Australia; | Australia | -24.322071, 114.817200 | |||
1,214 | thm | Thavung | Aheu; Phon Soung; So; Sotawueng; Kha Tong Luang; Phonsung; So Thavung; Ahlao; Phonesoung; Kha; Tong-luang; Kha Tong Luong; Phi Taung Luang; Ka Tawng Luang; Sach; Tac-cui; Ahao | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~450 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Thailand;Laos; | Southeast Asia | 17.3168,103.5142 | |||
6,798 | iin | Thiinma | Thiin; Te:n; Teen; Deen; Deenma; Denma; Dhiyin; Dhiyinma; Teenma; Tenma; Thenma; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Mantharta | Australia; | Australia | -23.644524,116.672973 | |||
10,804 | Tholp | Nethalp | Dormant () | 0 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.243010,167.134045; | ||||
3,447 | tyl | Thu Lao | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Tai-Kadai; Kam-Tai; Be-Tai; Tai; Southwest-Central Tai; Central Tai; Tay | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | |||||
5,101 | tdh | Thulung | Rai; Thulunge Rai; Thulu Luwa; Thululoa; Thulung La; Tholong Lo; Thulung Jemu; Toaku Lwa | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Eastern Thulung; Southern Thulung; Central Thulung; Northern Thulung; Lannachyo | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 27.4166666667,86.5 | ||
5,704 | ctd | Tiddim Chin | Chin, Tedim; Tedim; Tiddim; Chin (Tiddim); Chin (Tedim); Kamhau; တီးတိန်ချင်း | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >100,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | Sokte; Kamhau | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 23.3333333333,93.6666666667 | ||
4,836 | tia | Tidikelt Tamazight | Tidikelt; Tamazight; Tidikelt Berber; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Tit; Tidikelt; | Algeria; | Africa | 26.8828, 2.5488 | ||
10,935 | tvo | Tidore | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 44000 | North Halmaheran | Language primarily spoken on the island of Tidore of the coast of Halmahera in North Maluku, Indonesia. Closely related to Ternate. Formerly spoken more widely under the influence of the Tidore sultanate. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 0.683333,127.4 | |||
3,818 | tiq | Tiéfo | Foro; Tyefo; Tyeforo; Kiefo; Tiefo | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Noumoudara-Koumoudara; Dramandougou-Nyarafo; | Burkina Faso; | Africa | |||
10,677 | tif | Tifal | Tifalmin | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,800 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Mountain Ok | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.04, 141.29 | |||
9,129 | txq | Tii | Rote; Roti; Rotinese; Rote Barat; Western Rote; Thie; Ti | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -10.84, 122.96 | |||
2,148 | tca | Tikuna | Ticuna; Tucuna; Tukuna; Tukúna; Magüta; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50,102 | Tikuna-Yurí | Brazil;Peru;Colombia; | South America | -4.0,-70.5 | |||
4,936 | otl | Tilapa Otomí | Otomí; Othomí; Otomi, Tilapa; Otomi; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Otomanguean; Otopamean | Ixtenco Otomí; Tilapa Otomí; Jalisco Otomí; Western Otomí; Northeast Otomí; Northwestern Otomí; | Ethnologue has 9 Otomí languages: Otomi, Eastern Highland [otm] Otomi, Estado de México [ots] Otomi, Ixtenco [otz] Otomi, Mezquital [ote] Otomi, Querétaro [otq] Otomi, Temoaya [ott] Otomi, Tenango [otn] Otomi, Texcatepec [otx Otomi, Tilapa [otl]. INALI also has 9 “variantes” of Otomí. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.8923,-99.2986 | |
4,834 | tij | Tilung | Tiling; Tilling; Tilung Blama | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Dorunkecha; Choskule | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.1501,86.5077 | ||
1,439 | tms | Tima | Lomorik; Lomuriki; Tamanik; Yibwa; Domurik; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5,000 | Niger-Congo; Katla-Tima | Sudan; | Africa | 11.6666666667, 29.25 | |||
4,483 | lbf | Tinani | Gondhla; Gondla; Lahauli; Lahouli; Lahuli; Rangloi; Teenan; Tinan Lahuli | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Kanauri | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 32.3333333333,77.1666666667 | ||||
3,039 | tin | Tindi | Tindal; Tindin; тиндийский язык; тиндальский язык; идеринский язык; идаринский язык; идараб мицци; Idarab mittsi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000-6,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Andic | The Tindi language belongs to the Andi subgroup of the northwestern group of Dagestan languages (Avar-Ando-Dido). Tindis call their language Idarab mitstsi — ‘the language of the Idar village’. It is closely related to the languages of Chamalal and Bagulal. Two dialects, Tindi and Angida-Aknada, can be distinguished. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.3666666667,46.25 | ||
2,146 | tit | Tinigua | Tiniguan; Tiniwa; Tiniguas; Timigua; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1? | Tiniguan | Colombia; | South America | 2.3833,-73.6413 | |||
2,153 | dih-tip | Tipai | Tiipay (Jamul); Mexican Diegueño; Kamia; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | Ha’a; San Jose de la Zorra; Neji; Cuyapaipe; Manzanita; La Huerta; San José; Jamul; | Emergent language in the Diegueño complex of Yuman dialects. | USA;Mexico; | North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 32.6049,-116.4678; 32,-116.1166 | |
3,509 | tra | Tirahi | Tirāhī; Dardu; | Dormant () | 0 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Afghanistan; | Near East | 34.3139,70.3729 | |||
8,738 | tde | Tiranige Diga | Tiranige; Duleri; Duleri Dom; Tiranige Diga Dogon | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,200 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; West Dogon | Mali; | Africa | 15, -3 | |||
10,817 | mme | Tirax | Mae, Dirak | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.011314,167.264440; | |||
4,480 | lax | Tiwa | Lalung; Dowyan | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 27072 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | India; | South Asia | 25.7801,92.5927 | |||
2,574 | tiw | Tiwi | Tunuvivi; Diwi; Wonga:k; Wongak; Wunuk; Ni-mara; Woranguwe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Isolate | Australia; | Australia | -11.6788294, 130.8353696 | |||
5,560 | 0gq | Tjungundji | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | |||||
7,069 | 1kp | Tjupany | Tjupany; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | ||||
3,514 | tpt | Tlachichilco Tepehua | Tepehua, Tlachichilco; TlachichilcoTepewa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Totonacan; Tepehua | Tlachichilco, Tierra Colorada, Chintipan, Tecomajapa | Ethnologue distinguishes 3 Tepehua languages: Tepehua, Huehuetla [tee] Tepehua, Pisaflores [tpp] Tepehua, Tlachichilco [tpt]. INALI also distinguishes 3 “variantes” of Tepehua. The categorization adopted here is that of Carolyn MacKay and Frank Trechsel. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.5833333333,-98.25 | |
3,125 | tlac1240 | Tlacolulita Zapotec | Southeastern Yautepec Zapotec, Zapoteco de Asunción Tlacolulita | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | One of approximately 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.3,-95.7166 | ||
3,513 | tpx, tpc, tcf, tpl | Tlapanec | Tlappanec; Tlapaneco; Tlapanec, Me’pa; Me’phaa; Tlapaneko; Tlapaneco; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120,072 | Otomanguean; Tlapanec-Subtiaba | Acatepec, Azoyú, Malinaltepec, Tlacoapa | Ethnologue has 4 Tlapanec languages: Me’phaa, Acatepec [tpx] Me’phaa, Azoyú [tpc] Me’phaa, Malinaltepec [tcf] Me’phaa, Tlacoapa [tpl]. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.7325, -98.6034; 17.2624, -98.7482; 17.4101, -99.2423; 17.8135, -98.604 | |
850 | tli | Tlingit | Łingít; Tlinkit; Thlinget; Inland Tlingit; Lingit; Kolosch; Kolosh | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Tlingit | Tongass; Southern Sanya; Southern Henya; Transitional; Northern; Inland | USA;Canada; | North America | 59.6200000, -132.8700000 | ||
3,517 | toz | To | Dormant () | 0 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Cameroon; | Africa | |||||
2,143 | tob | Toba | Qom; Toba Qom; Toba Sur; Namqom | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 31,593 | Guaicuruan | Argentina;Paraguay; | South America | -26.5, -59.0 | |||
2,794 | tti | Tobati | Jotafa; Yotafa; Yautefa; Humboldt Jotafa; Jayapura; Enggros; Tobwadic | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.58333333333,140.666666667 | |||
10,936 | tlb | Tobelo | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | North Halmaheran | Heleworuru, Boeng, Dodinga, Lake Paca, Kukumutuk, and Popon | Language of Tobelo town and the southern portion of Kao Bay, as well as various migrant communities across Halmahera and neighboring islands. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 1.731944,128.007778 | ||
2,451 | tox | Tobian | Ramari Hatohobei; Hatohobeian; Tobi; Hatohobei; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 22 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Palau; | Pacific | 2.9594,131.8084 | |||
5,115 | taz | Tocho | Toicho; Tacho; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,800 | Niger-Congo; Talodi | Sudan; | Africa | 10.8764, 30.1135 | |||
5,103 | tcx | Toda | Todi; Tuda | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Dravidian; South Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 11.4166666667,76.75 | |||
2,365 | kim | Tofa | Karagas; Tofalar; тофаларский язык; Tofaca; Tofa Türkçesi; Тоъфа дыл; Tòfa dıl; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~40 | Turkic; South Siberian | The surviving Kamas language belongs to the Uighur-Tüküi group of the Turkic languages, related to Khakass and, in particular, to its Kyzyl dialect. Characteristically, there is a strong Samoyedic substratum. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 53.75,98.0 | ||
2,795 | tlg | Tofanma | Tofamna; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 251 | Namla-Tofanma | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.5675,140.7925 | |||
842 | toj | Tojolabal | tojolab’al | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Mayan; Q’anjob’alan-Chujean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.3333333333,-91.5 | ||||
3,543 | tkl | Tokelauan | Tokelau; Fakaafo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Fewer than 8,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | New Zealand;Tokelau; | Pacific | -9.383, -171.224; -9.189, -171.818; -8.57, -172.501; -36.865, 174.776 | |||
5,334 | rga | Toksiki | Soisoru; Roria; Mores | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 75 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.3583,166.8988 | |||
2,055 | jic | Tol | Eastern Jicaque; Tolpan; Jicaque; Xicaque; Western Tol; Cicaque; Hicaque; Ikake; Taguaca; Tauhca; Torrupan; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Jicaquean | Honduras; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.6666666667,-87.0 | |||
2,450 | tlm | Tolomako | Tolomako-Jereviu; Big Bay; Marina; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <450 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.1834,166.8438 | |||
855 | tol | Tolowa | Smith River; Chetco-Tolowa; Tolowa-Chetco; Smith River Athabaskan; Chetco; Siletz Dee-ni | Awakening () | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Pacific Coast Athabaskan | Chetco; Tolowa | USA; | North America | 41.9566,-124.1915 | |||
2,796 | tdi | Tomadino | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.5836,121.9729 | ||||
2,797 | ttp | Tombelala | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Kaili-Pamona | Mbelala; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.5315,121.9454 | |||
2,793 | txm | Tomini | Tiadje; Tialo; Mouton; | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
8,709 | tst | Tondi Songway Kiini | TSK | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Songhay | Mali; | Africa | 15.101295, -2.771507 | |||
3,524 | tons1239 | Tonsawang | Tombatu; Toundanow; Lo’bahikolai | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | optimistic estimate of 8,000-10,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian;Western Malayo-Polynesian; Philipine; Minahasan | Indonesia;Solomon Islands; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | 0.990354, 124.680771 | |||
2,140 | trz | Torá | Tora; Toraz; | Dormant () | 0 | Chapacuran; Southern Chapacuran | Brazil; | South America | -6.6646,-61.4135 | |||
582 | trj | Toram | Torom; Torum; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <4,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 11.1581, 19.6023 | |||
2,139 | tno | Toromona | Toromono | Dormant () | 0? | Pano-Tacanan; Tacanan | Crevels (2012: 174): Today it is still not clear whether the group [Toromona, [tno]] perished during the rubber boom or retired to inaccessible parts of the rainforest. There are rumors about a mysterious group wandering through the forest south of the Araona territory in Puerto Araona (province of Iturralde, La Paz department). It remains a mystery whether this actually is the Toromona “ghost” group or another group. Rodríguez Bazán (2000: 136) considers Toromona an unclassified language whose speakers have not yet been contacted by non-Indians. (Cited in Campbell 2012:148). Ethnologue (2013): It is not clear whether this group [Toromona, [tno]] exists; they have never been contacted. There are rumors concerning an uncontacted group of Araona. | Bolivia; | South America | -12.711767,-68.248586 | ||
10,289 | tcs | Torres Strait Creole | Torres Strait Pidgin; Lockhart Creole; Torres Strait Broken; West Torres; Cape York Creole; Yumplatok; Ap-Ne-Ap; Blaik; Creole | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6000 | Pidgin or Creole; English based | Modern Langus; Ap-Ne-Ap | Australia; | Australia | -10.544521, 142.253666 | ||
3,501 | trw | Torwali | Torwālī; Turvali; Dardu | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 80,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Bahrain; Chail | Pakistan; | South Asia | 34.25,72.0 | ||
3,451 | txo | Toto | Tōtō | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,400 | Sino-Tibetan; Dhimalish | India; | South Asia | 26.6867,89.5056 | |||
2,488 | txe | Totoli | Tontoli; Tolitoli; Gage; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~7500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Tomini-Tolitoli | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
10,950 | zph | Totomachapam | Totomachapan Zapotec, Totomachapan | Soltecano; Zapotec; Zapotecan | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||||
3,540 | toc, tlp, tos, top, tcw, tku, tqt, too, tlc | Totonac | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 244,033 | Totonacan; Totonac | Ethnologue distinguishes 9 Totonac languages: Totonac, Coyutla [toc] Totonac, Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán [tlp] Totonac, Highland [tos] Totonac, Papantla [top] Totonac, Tecpatlán [tcw] Totonac, Upper Necaxa [tku] Totonac, Ozumatlán [tqt] Totonac, Xicotepec de Juárez [too] Totonac, Yecuatla [tlc] | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 19.865, -96.7755; 20.1644, -97.6927; 20.1766, -98.0527; 20.4477, -97.32 | |||
7,589 | mto | Totontepec Mixe | Northern Highland Mixe, Ayuk, Northwestern Mixe | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,200 | Mixe-Zoquean; Mixean | Totontepec Mixe is an “emergent language”, belonging to Oaxaca Mixe. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||
3,495 | ttk | Totoró | Totoro; Polindara | Dormant () | Ø | Barbacoan; Northern Barbacoan | Ethnologue mistakenly classifies Totoro (and 5 other Coconuco “languages”) as Paezan, rather than Barbacoan. | Colombia; | South America | 2.504,-76.4016 | ||
10,811 | tqu | Touo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,870 | Isolate | Touo is sometimes grouped with the other Central Solomons languages and beyond (Wurm 1973b) but closer inspection shows that a genealogical relation is not demonstrable (Dunn and Terrill 2012, Terrill 2011)” (Hammarström, forthcoming). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
3,494 | ttn | Towei | Towe | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~115 | Pauwasi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.87, 140.80 | |||
3,127 | tran1297, guev1238, lach1250, peta1247, quia1235 | Transyautepecan Zapotec | Petapa Zapotec; Zapotec; Zapotec, Petapa; Zapoteco de Santa María Petapa; Eastern Zapotec; Transyautepecan Zapotec dialect continuum | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000 | Otomanguean, Zapotecan | Santa María Petapa, Santo Domingo Petapa, Santa María Guienagati, Guevea de Humboldt, Guadalupe Guevea, Guigovelaga, Santiago Lachiguirí, Quiavicuzas | One of approximately 11-12 Central Zapotec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.8333,-95.1166 | |
3,505 | trm | Tregami | Trigami; Tregāmī; Gambīrī; Gambiri | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Nuristani | Afghanistan; | Near East | 34.9017,70.9085 | |||
6,990 | lst | Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language | Trinidad Sign Language; TTSL; TSL; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Sign Language; South American | Trindad and Tobago; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||
2,909 | trn | Trinitario | Trimitarios; Moxo; Moxos; Mojos; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,140 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Southern Outlier | Loreto; Javierano; | Aikhenvald (1999a: 67) lists Moxo and Ignaciano as alternative names for the same language. Ethnologue lists Mojo as an alternative name for Ignaciano, with Trinitario as a dialect with limited intelligibility, but also lists Trinitario as a separate language with the dialects Loreto [Loretano] and Javierano.) | Bolivia; | South America | -15.699319,-64.980583 | |
2,137 | tri | Trió | Tiríyo; Tiriyó; Trio; Pianakoto; Tiriyo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,456 | Cariban; Guianan | Pianokotó (probably extinct) | Brazil;Suriname; | South America | 3.25,-55.75 | ||
6,193 | trs, trc, trq | Triqui | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25,883 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Ethnologue has 3 Triqui languages: Triqui, Chicahuaxtla [trs] Triqui, Copala [trc] Triqui, San Martín Itunyoso [trq]. INALI gives 4 “variantes” of Triqui. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||||
1,251 | kuf-tri | Triw | Triw | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,328 | Austro-Asiatic; Katuic; Katu | Laos; | Southeast Asia | 15.6833, 107.2 | |||
2,132 | tpy | Trumai | Trumaí; Tramalhy; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Isolate; South American | Brazil; | South America | -11.9166666667,-53.5833333333 | |||
2,690 | tsb | Ts’amay | Tsamai; S’amai; Tamaha; Tsamako; Tsamakko; Bago S’aamakk-Ulo; Kuile; Kule; Cule; Tsamay; Tsemay; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,621 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 5.4382, 37.2463 | |||
4,570 | 1iy | Ts’ixa | Ts’exa | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~180 | Khoe; Kalahari | The Shua language Ts’exa. Very little is known about it. Potentially a dialect of Shua [shg]. | Botswana; | Africa | -19.088076, 24.301758 | ||
2,131 | cof | Tsafiki | Colorado; Tsachila; Colima; Campaz; Tsáchela; Tsafiqui; Tsáfiki; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,872 | Barbacoan; Southern Barbacoan | Ecuador; | South America | -1.0,-79.3333333333 | |||
3,034 | tkr | Tsakhur | Tsaxur; Caxur; цахурский язык; Saxur dili; წახური ენა; цӀаӀхна миз; cʼäxna miz; Sakhur; Tsakhury; Tsakhar; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~19,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Mikik; Kirmico-Lek; Misles; | The Tsakhur language belongs to the southeastern group of the Lezgi-Samur branch of Dagestan languages. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia;Azerbaijan; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 41.6666666667,47.1666666667 | |
3,499 | tsd | Tsakonian | Tsaconia; Tsakonia; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2000-4000 | Indo-European; Greek; Doric | Southern Tsakonian; Northern Tsakonian; | Greece; | Europe | 37.262826, 22.683782; 37.264144, 22.649813; 37.291668, 22.651277; 37.167092, 22.858031 | ||
1,992 | huq | Tsat | Utsat; Utset; Huihui; Hui; Hainan Cham; 回輝話; 占語 | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <4,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Chamic | China; | East Asia | 18.25,109.5 | |||
1,526 | sek | Tse’khene (Sekani) | Tsek’ene; Sekani; Tsek’ehne; Tsek’hene; Tθek’ehne | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 59 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | Canada; | North America | 56.6100000, -125.2800000 | |||
2,211 | ddo | Tsez | Dido; Cez; цезский язык; დიდოური ენა; цезйас мец; cezyas mec; цез мец; cez mec; Tsuntin; Didoi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000-8,000 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Tsezic | Sagadin; | The Dido language belongs to the northwestern group of Dagestan languages (Avar-Ando-Dido), and has a high degree of inner differentiation (five dialects: the Kidero, Shaitl, Asakh, Shapikh and Sagada). The Sagada dialect is notable for its difference from the others. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 42.25,45.75 | |
781 | hio | Tshwa | Cuaa; Cua; Hiechware; Chware; Tsoa; Sarwa; Shua; Sesarwa; Haitshuari; Hietshware; Hiotshuwau; Hiochuwau; Tshuwau; Chuwau; Gabake-Ntshori; G||abake; Masarwa; Tati; Tati Bushman; Kwe-Etshori Kwee; Kwe; Kwe-Tshori; Haitshuwau; G//abake; Kwee; Tshoa; Cire-cire; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,100 (Shua and Tshwa combined) | Khoe; Kalahari | Tsua; Kua; Cua | Tshwa and Shua [shg] form a dialect cluster. | Botswana;Zimbabwe; | Africa | -22.603869, 26.828613 | |
1,687 | clc | Tsilhqot’in (Chilcotin) | Chilcotin; Tinneh; Tsilhqot’in; Tzilkotin; | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 765 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Dene (Athabaskan) | Spoken in central interior British Columbia, in seven communities: ʔEsdilagh First Nation, Tl’esqox Indian Band, Tl’etinqox-T’in Government, Tsi Del Del First Nation, Ulkatchot’en First Nation, Xeni Gwet’in First Nations Government , Yunesit’ in Government, and in urban areas, especially Williams Lake. | Canada; | North America | 52.031,-123.1678; | ||
3,497 | tsu | Tsou | Tsu-U; Tsoo; Tsuou; Tsu-Wo; Tzo; Tso; Namakaban; Niitaka; Tibola; Tibolah; Tibolak; Tibolal; Sprache von Formosa; 鄒語 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1000 | Austronesian; Tsouic | Duhtu; Iimutsu; Luhtu; Tapangu; Tfuea | The Tsouic language has traditionally been divided into the northern branch (Tsou) and the southern branch (Kanakanabu and Saaroa). The Kanakanabu people and the Saaroa people, who had long been classified under the Tsou nationality, have been officially recognized as two independent ethnic groups in June 26, 2014. | Taiwan; | East Asia | 23.5,120.75 | |
3,490 | ttz | Tsum | Tsumge | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,790 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Nepal; | South Asia | 28.4723,85.008 | |||
1,529 | srs | Tsuut’ina | Sarcee; Sarsi; Tsutina; Tsuu T’ina; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 47 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | Canada; | North America | 52.5,-116.0 | |||
7,769 | tvd | Tsuvadi | Kambari; Avadi; Abadi; Evadi; Kamberi; Ibeto; Tsuva’di | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
3,813 | two | Tswapong | Setswapong; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Botswana; | Africa | ||||
2,449 | pmt | Tuamotuan | Pa’umotu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Tapuhoe; Reao; Vahitu; Fangatau; Parata; Napuka; Marangai; | French Polynesia; | Pacific | -17.0,-144.0 | ||
6,513 | tub | Tubatulabal | Tübatulabal; Kern River; Kern; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan | USA; | North America | 35.6444,-118.5183 | |||
10,479 | Tuha | Uyghur Uryangkha; Uighur Uryangkhai; Khövsgöl Uryangkhay; Khövsgöl Uryangkhai; уйгуро-урянхайский; Soyot Uryangkhai; Soyed | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Sayan Turkic | For taxonomic and language revitalization purposes, Uighur Uryangkhai is best recognized as a separate language (Juha Janhunen, p.c.). | Mongolia; | East Asia | 50.95334449, 101.64276123; 50.55527045, 101.58782959; 50.77479702, 100.80343366; 50.61994765, 101.85587883 | |||
2,129 | tuo | Tukano | Tucano; Tukána; Tukana; Takuna; Daxsea; Dasea; Ye’pâ-masa, | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,996 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Papihua, Papiwa, Pisamira, Pisatapuyo, Pisa-tapuyo, Wasona (Uasona), Yohoraa (Curaua) | Tukano is a widely-spoken lingua franca in the region. It is difficult to get an accurate count of speakers; sources vary considerably for this, and it is difficult to get figures for the speakers in Colombia. Confusion seems to come from the fact that many use Tukano as a second language, and some counts lump all speakers of all Tukanoan languages together under the label “Tukano”. Socioambiental (2014) has population numbers: 6241 (Dsei/Foirn, 2005) in Brazil, 6,330 (1988) in Colombia (and 11 (INE, 2001) in Venezuela), but seems to be including ALL Tukanoan languages in that – Crevels’ (2012) numbers may be complicated by this. In Colombia, the “Informe preliminar: auto-diagnostico sociolingüístico de la lengua tucano” (2009, done for the Ministry of Culture) identified 1,460 speakers of Tukano from an ethnic population of about 2104. | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.5,-69.1666666667 | |
10,453 | Tule | Tulai | Dormant () | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | |||||
5,094 | tey | Tulishi | Tulesh; Thulishi; Kuntulishi; Tuleshi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,500 | Kadu | Kamda; Tulishi; Dar El Kabira; | Sudan; | Africa | 11.5984, 29.0917 | ||
5,872 | hnu-tou | Tum | Toum | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Vietic; Pong-Chut | Some consider Tum a dialect of Hung. | Laos; | Southeast Asia | |||
5,035 | kku | Tumi | Tutumi; Kitimi; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,270 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | ||||
10,521 | tmq | Tumleo | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 610 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.12, 142.40 | ||||
5,111 | tbr | Tumtum | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,300 | Kadu | Tumtum; Talassa; Karondi; | Sudan; | Africa | 10.477, 30.4321 | |||
10,467 | Tunayana | Katuena | Cariban; Parukotoan | Some consider Tunayana a dialect of Waiwai, for example Ethnologue (2016). | Guyana;Suriname; | South America | 2.356611, -56.794210 | |||||
3,029 | enh | Tundra Enets | Somatu Enets; Madu; тундровый энецкий; сомату; Yenisei Samoyed; онаь базаан; ona’ bazaan; enetj; enets; Yenisey; Jenissei-Dialekt; Jenisei; Enets; Jenisej-Samojedisch; Enzisch; Yenisey Samoyedic; iénisséi; enete; èncy; Yensisei-Samoyed; Yenisei Samoyedic; Yenisei Somoyed; Enec; Yenets; Yenisey-Samoyedic; Eńeć; Samojedi; Samojedimanzela; enyec nyelv; enetsin kieli; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30 | Uralic; Samoyedic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 67.5,86.5 | |||
2,062 | yrk-tun | Tundra Nenets | Tundra Yurak; Bol’shezemel’sk Nenets; tundranenetsi; тундровый ненецкий язык; nyenetsya’ vada; Dialekt der Tundrajuraken; ненэцяʼ вада; нешанский язык; нещанский язык; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Uralic; Samoyedic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 67.033163,71.176756 | |||
3,024 | ykg | Tundra Yukagir | Northern Yukagir; Vadul Yukaghir; cеверноюкагирский язык; вадульский юкагирский язык; pohjoisjukagiirin kieli; Вадун аруу | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Yukaghir | Omok (extinct) | The genetically isolated Yukaghir language has been regarded as one of the Paleo-Asiatic languages. It has been hypothesized that the Yukaghir language is related to the Uralic languages. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 69.0,155.0 | |
3,527 | tbn, tnb, tnd, tuf | Tunebo | Uwa; U’wa; U’w Cuwa; U’w Kuwa; Sínsiga; Cobaría; Tegría; Pedraza | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,231 | Chibchan; Magdalenic | Cobaría; Tegría; Agua Blanca; Barro Negro | Ethnologue gives 4 Tunebo languages (in a subbranch of Chibchan they call Cundicocuyese): Tunebo, Angosturas [tnd] Tunebo, Barro Negro [tbn] Tunebo, Central [tuf] Tunebo, Western [tnb]. Others have only one (see Constenla Umaña 2012). | Colombia; | South America | 6.4463, -72.0483 | |
4,586 | tug | Tunia | Tounia; Tunya; Tun; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,260 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Tunya; Perim; | Chad; | Africa | |||
8,969 | tun | Tunica | Tonika; Tunixka | Awakening () | Isolate; North American | USA; | North America | 31.126700, -92.066100 | ||||
5,053 | tqq | Tunni | Af-Tunni; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 23,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Somalia; | Africa | ||||
4,119 | dza | Tunzu | Dugusa; Duguza | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.9039, 9.1186 | |||
557 | ttf | Tuotomb | Ponek; Bonek; Tuotom; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 4.4449, 10.371 | |||
2,127 | tpr | Tuparí | Tupari; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 276 | Tupian; Tuparian | Brazil; | South America | -12.0876,-62.4792 | |||
2,695 | trh | Turaka | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Trans-New Guinea; Dagan | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -9.796,149.447 | ||||
3,507 | trd | Turi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Munda; North Munda; Kherwarian | India; | South Asia | 21.8411,87.2973 | ||||
3,502 | tru | Turoyo | Ṭurōyō; Suryoyo; Syryoyo; Turani; Süryani; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 84,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Iwardo; Anhil; Midyat; Raite; Midin; Kfarze; | Turkey;Iraq;Syria;Lebanon; | Europe;Near East | 37.1900, 40.4416 | ||
3,512 | tqm | Turumsa | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Unclassified; Doso-Turumsa? | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -7.93, 142.57 | ||||
1,168 | tus | Tuscarora | Skarohreh; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2-3 | Iroquoian; Northern Iroquoian | USA;Canada; | North America | 43.0877,-79.0627; 43.072,-80.015 | |||
2,447 | tmi | Tutuba | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.5727,167.275 | ||||
7,309 | tyv | Tuva | Tuvin; Tyva; Tuvan; Tuvia; Tokha; Soyot; Soyon; Soyod; Tannu-Tuva; Tuba; Tuvinian; Uriankhai; Uriankhai-Monchak; Uryankhai; Diba; Kök Mungak; Tuwa; Uryankhai-Monchak; Tuva-Uriankhai; Tuwa-Uriankhai; Sayan Samoyedic; Urjanchaisch; Sojonisch; Sojotisch; Tuvinisch; Uriangkhai; Karagas; South Siberian Turkic; тыва дыл; tyva dyl; тувинский язык; Тува хэл; Tuvaca | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 242,754 | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Sayan Turkic | Russia;China;Mongolia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 51.7134, 94.3945 | |||
3,487 | tvl | Tuvaluan | Ellice; Ellicean; Tuvalu; | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~9,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | North Tuvaluan; South Tuvaluan; | Nauru;New Zealand;Fiji;Kiribati;Tuvalu; | Pacific | -8.5,179.166666667 | ||
3,452 | tww | Tuwari | Akiapmin | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 90 | Unclassified; Leonhard Schultze? | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.80, 142.09 | |||
5,467 | bov | Tuwuli | Bowili; Bowiri; Liwuli; Siwuri; Bawuli; Tuwili; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~11,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Kwa | Ghana; | Africa | 7.0572, .3845 | |||
2,124 | tue | Tuyuka | Tuyuca; Dochkafuara; Tejuca | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.5,-70.0833333333 | |||||
532 | twn | Twendi | Cambap; Tiwa (Northern); | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Cameroon; | Africa | 6.120244, 11.488438 | |||
3,441 | tzj | Tz’utujil | Tzutuhil; Tzutujil; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 47,669 | Mayan; K’ichean | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 14.6394, -91.2301 | |||
8,602 | tzb, tzh | Tzeltal | Tseltal; Tzendal | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 261,084 | Mayan; Ch’olan-Tseltalan | Bachajón, Oxchuc; Amatenango del Valle; Chanal, Cancuc, Tenango, Tenejapa, Eastern Tzeltal, Highland Tzeltal. | Ethnologue distinguishes Bachajón Tzeltal and Oxchuc Tzeltal as separate languages, though most linguists see these only as variants of a single Tzeltal language. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.64, -92.28 | |
8,603 | tzc, tze, tzu, tzs, tzo, tzz | Tzotzil | Ts’ots’il | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 229,203 | Mayan; Ch’olan-Tseltalan | Chamula; Chenalhó; Huixtán; San Andrés Larrainzar; Venustiano Carranza; Zinacantán | Ethnologue distinguishes 6 varieties of Tzotzil as independent languages where other linguists find only a single Tzotzil language. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.64, -92.74 | |
3,405 | uuu | U | Puman; P’uman; Pouma; Angku; Āng-kú; 烏語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic; Angkuic | China; | East Asia | 23.4844,99.8404 | |||
9,149 | aoz | Uab Meto | Atoni; Meto; Uab Atoni Pah Meto; Uab Pah Meto; Timor; Timorese; Timol; Timoreesch; Timoreezen; Dawan (pejorative); Timor Dawan; Rawan; Orang Gunung; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | Biboki-Insana; Amfoan-Fatule’u-Amabi; Amanuban-Amanatun; Kusa-Manlea; Mollo-Miomafo; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -9.77, 124.14 | ||
2,595 | ubi | Ubi | Oubi | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 12.1534, 18.6946 | |||
8,593 | uda | Uda | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | 4.70, 8.07 | ||||
3,021 | ude | Udege | Udihe; Udeghe; удэгейский язык; удэйский язык; Удиэ; Udekhe; Udegeis; Udehe; Sprache der Udehe; Udeheische; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <100 | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Amur Tungusic | Bikin; Iman; Sikhota Alin; Anjuski; Khor; Samargin; Khungari | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 47.6666666667,136.25 | ||
3,011 | udi | Udi | удин муз; удинский язык; უდიური ენა; udin muz; Udi dili; Uti; Udin; | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~5,500 | Northeast Caucasian; Daghestanian; Lezgic | Zinobiani; Nidzh; Oghuz; | Russia;Azerbaijan;Georgia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 41.0,48.0 | ||
3,010 | udm | Udmurt | Votyak; удмурт кыл; удмуртский язык; вотяцкий язык; udmurt kyl; Ud-murt; Wotjakisch; Votiak; Udmurty; Votiak; Votjakisch; Udmurtskij Jazyk; Wotiaki; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 324,338 | Uralic; Permian | South Udmurt; North Udmurt; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 57.5,52.5 | ||
3,435 | ugo | Ugong | Lawa; ‘Ugong; Gong; Ugawng; Kanburi Lawa; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Kok Chiang; Suphanburi; | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | |||
5,845 | uis | Uisai | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | South Bougainville; Buin | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.56, 155.71 | ||||
2,798 | udj | Ujir | Udjir; Aru; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 980 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Aru | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.6105,134.2776 | |||
565 | ukh | Ukhwejo | Benkonjo; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Ukhwejo; Kamsili; Bikaka; Piiga; | Central African Republic; | Africa | 3.3626, 16.0565 | ||
3,425 | umi | Ukit | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; Melanau-Kajang | Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 1.57, 114.58 | ||||
3,433 | ukg | Ukuriguma | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 170 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.1063,145.4747 | ||||
3,432 | ukq | Ukwa | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Delta Cross | Nigeria; | Africa | |||||
10,523 | svb | Ulau-Suain | Suain | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,271 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.35, 142.90 | |||
3,009 | ulc | Ulch | Olcha; Ulcha; ульчский язык; Ulchi; Ulych; Olch; Olchis; Hoche; Hol-Chih; Olča; Нани; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Amur Tungusic | The Ulchi language belongs to the southern group of the Manchu-Tungus languages and is so close to the Nanai language that it has been regarded as a Nanai dialect. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 52.25,140.333333333 | ||
3,428 | uli | Ulithian | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,075 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Micronesia; | Pacific | 9.91666666667,139.583333333 | ||||
10,509 | yla | Ulwa | Yaul | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600 | Mongol-Langam-Ulwa | Manu; Maruat-Dimiri-Yaul | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.483, 144.015; -4.423, 143.912; -4.415, 143.908; -4.416, 143.936 | ||
9,829 | ulu | Uma’ Lung | Kenyah (Uma’ Lung); Oma Longh; Òma Lóngh | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 2.99, 117.22 | |||
3,424 | umr | Umbugarla | Mbakarla; Mbukarla; Bugula; Numbugala; Ambugala; | Dormant () | 0 | Isolate | Umbukarla; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -13.169661,131.916425 | |
3,426 | umg | Umbuygamu | Moroba-Lama; Baka; Banjigam; Barungguan; Barunguan; Ganganda; Jintjingga; Kuuku-yani; Morrabalama ; Morrobalama; Morrobolam; Njindingga; Umbindhamu; Umbuigamu; Umpuykumu; Yintjingga; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | |||
3,007 | sju | Ume Saami | Southern Saami; Ume Sami; Umesamiska; Umesamisk; Uumajansaame; уме-саамский язык; Ubmejensámien giella; “Ume Lapp”; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Uralic; Saami | Sweden; | Europe | 65.1091,18.2153 | |||
6,725 | xud | Umiida | Umida; Umi:da; Oomida; Wumide; Aobidai of Ongkarango; O:ka:ta, O:kada; Okat; Oken; Okwata; Umeda; Umede; Umidi | Dormant () | 0? | Worrorran; Western Worrorran | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -16.48120833,124.1827128 | ||
2,575 | ump | Umpila | Ombila; Ompeila; Ompela; Oom-billa; Umpilo; Umbila; Koko-umpilo; ʔumpila; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -13.48164763,143.5323774 | |||
3,427 | umd | Umpithamu | Baka; Banjigam; Barungguan; Barunguan; Ganganda; Jintjingga; Koko Ompindamo; Kuuku-Umpinthamu; Njindingga; Umbuigamu; Umpinthamu; Uuku Umpithamu; ‘Uuk-Umpithamu; Yintjingga;Umbindhamu; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >2 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -13.91182628,143.6122417 | ||
1,961 | umo | Umutina | Umotína; Umutina; Barbados; Barbado; | Awakening () | Bororoan | Brazil; | South America | -15.0425,-57.1026 | ||||
2,144 | unm | Unami | Oklahoma Delaware; Lenni-Lenape; Lenape; Tla Wilano; Unami Delaware; | Dormant () | 0 | Algic; Algonquian; Eastern Algonquian | Southern Unami; Northern Unami; Unalachtigo; | USA; | North America | 40.0,-75.1666666667 | ||
4,572 | ghl | Uncunwee | Ghulfan; Gulfan; Wunci; Wuncimbe; Nubian (Hill); | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <16,000 | Nubian | Sudan; | Africa | 11.923790, 29.660110 | |||
6,799 | xun | Unggarranggu | Unggarrangu; Unggarangi; Oonggarrangoo; Uŋgaranji; Uŋgaraŋi; Ongkarango; Ungarangi; Ungaranji; Unggaranggu | Dormant () | 0? | Worrorran; Western Worrorran | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -16.4794917,123.6668837 | ||
6,726 | xgu | Unggumi | Ungkami; Wunggumi; Oonggoomi; Ungami; Uŋgumi; Wongkami; Wongkomi; Wungami; Ngarangari; Ong Komi; Ongaranjan; Ungumi | Dormant () | 0? | Worrorran; Western Worrorran | Australia; | Australia | -17.21965549,124.8608367 | |||
10,753 | onu | Unua | Onua | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | The name ‘Unua’ is derived from bangon nue ‘mouth river’. (Elizabeth Pearce 2015) | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.26, 167.60 | |||
6,469 | yuf | Upland Yuman | Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai; Upper Colorado River Yuman; Northern Pai; Upland; Hualapai, Havasupai, Yavapai; Pai; Upper River Yuman; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,600-1,650 | Cochimi-Yuman; Yuman | Yavape; Prescott; Verde Valley Yavpe; Walapai; Havasupai; Kewevkapaya; Yavapai; | Spoken by 3 historically and culturally distinct groups, the Hualapai, the Havasupai, and the Yavapai, although all varieties are mutually intelligible. | USA; | North America | 36.2429,-112.6897; 35.5279,-113.4297; 36.2377,-112.7094; 34.5638,-112.4453 | |
1,167 | kuu | Upper Kuskokwim | Kolchan; Kuskokwim (Upper); Kuskokwim, Upper; Mcgrath Ingalik; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | USA; | North America | 63.0091,-154.3889 | |||
8,349 | szl | Upper Silesian | Silesian; ślōnskŏ gŏdka; ślōnski, ślōnskŏ mŏwa, Śląski, Szlonzok; Eng: Silesian; Pol: język śląski; Ces: slezský jazyk | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 56,000 | Indo-European; Balto-Slavic; Slavic; West Slavic | Cieszyn Silesian; Lach; Gliwice Silesian; Sulkovian Silesian; Prudnik Silesian; Niemodlin Silesian; Opole Silesian; Kluczbork Silesian; Jabłonków Silesian; | Poland; | Europe | 50.680797,17.878417;49.667628,18.361816 | ||
4,280 | hsb | Upper Sorbian | Sorbian; Sorbian (Upper); Eastern Sorbian; Upper Sorbian; Obersorbisch; Haut Sorabe; Upper Lusatian; Wendish; Hornjoserbski; Hornoserbski; Wendisch; Sorbian, Upper | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,240 | Indo-European; Balto-Slavic; Slavic; West Slavic | Kamenz; Bautzen; | Germany; | Europe | 51.5,14.0 | ||
9,851 | chz | Upper Southeastern Chinantec | jumi dsa mojai; Chinanteco del sureste alto; Ozumacín Chinantec; Chinantec; Chinanteco; Chinanteko; Juujmii; Chinanteco de Ayotzintepec | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,140 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jumi dsa mojai | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. The most recent and accurate sources claim that there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||
1,165 | tau | Upper Tanana | Nee’aanegn; Nabesna; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 55 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Dene( Athabaskan); | Northway; Tetlin; Scottie Creek; Nabesna; Beaver Creek | USA;Canada; | North America | 62.969167, -141.905; 63.137778, -142.524444; 62.385278, -140.893056; 62.6836111, -141.2547222 | ||
3,518 | tov | Upper Taromi | Taromi, Upper | No estimate available | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 38.2036, 48.2519 | ||||
9,871 | cuc | Upper West-Central Chinantec | jaú jm; jmiih kia’ dzä jii’; Chinanteco del oeste central alto; Usila Chinantec; Chinantec; Chinanteco; Chinanteko | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,410 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jaú jm; jmiih kia’ dzä jii’ | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. The most recent and accurate sources claim that there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||
3,414 | uro | Ura (Papua New Guinea) | Uramät; Uramit; Uramet; Uramot; Auramot; Neu-Pommern; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,900 | East New Britain; Baining | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.64, 151.95 | |||
2,446 | uur | Ura (Vanuatu) | Aryau; Arau | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~6 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; South Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -18.6666666667,169.083333333 | |||
3,417 | urf | Uradhi | Yinwum; Jinwum; Yeemwoom; Uraδi; Yaraikana; Bandji; Gudang; Dyaraga; Kekoseno; Otati; Oradhi; Wotati; Wutati; Wotadi; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Yadhaykenu; Atampaya; Yaraytyana; Utyangikwathiya; Yumukuntyi; Wuthathi; Mutyanthi; Yatay; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -12.41788993,141.8611366 | |
1,988 | urk | Urak Lawoi’ | Orak Lawoi’; Lawta; Chaw Talay; Chawnam; Lawoi; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Chamic; Malayic | Thailand;Malaysia; | Southeast Asia | 7.880, 98.392; 7.511, 99.084; 6.551, 100.047 | ||||
10,694 | urm | Urapmin | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 370 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Mountain Ok | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.09, 141.54 | ||||
1,960 | ura | Urarina | Simacu; Shimacu; Itukale; Itucali; Kachá; Itucale; Urariña; Oruarina; Shimaku; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2000 | Isolate; South American | Peru; | South America | -4.5,-75.5 | |||
10,556 | urt | Urat | Urakin; Wasepnau | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,280 | Torricelli | Wasep Ngau (North Urat); Wasep Yam (South Urat); Wusyep Tep (East Urat); Wusyep Yihre (Central Urat) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.60, 142.79 | ||
10,568 | urim | Urim | Kalp; Kurom; Tayon; Wan | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,538 | Torricelli | Kukwo (Kalpm); Yangkolen | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.60, 142.79 | ||
10,575 | urx | Urimo | Yaugiba | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 835 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.86, 143.70 | |||
9,289 | 08g | Urmia Northeastern Neo-Aramaic | Assyrian; NENA | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 20,560 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Särdä:rïd (Sardarud); Sipurghan; Solduz; Christian Urmi | Iran; | Near East | 37.3319, 45.0421 | ||
3,419 | urc | Urningangga | Uningangk; Wuningak; Wuningangk;Urningangg; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Giimbiyu | Australia; | Australia | -13.036453,133.380356 | |||
1,959 | ure | Uru | Uro; Morato; Muratu (Uru-Murato); Iru-Itu; Uru-Chipaya language area; Uru of Iru-Itu; Uchumataqu; Iru-Wit’u; Chholo; | Dormant () | 0 | Chipaya-Uru | Murato (Uru-Murato, Chholo); Iru Itu; Uchumataqu (Uru de Irohito); Uru Chulluni | There is uncertainty about whether Chipaya and Uru are separate languages. | Bolivia; | South America | -16.75,-69.0 | |
3,415 | urn | Uruangnirin | Faur; Tubiruasa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Yamdena-Sekar | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.45, 132.75 | |||
10,721 | urv | Uruava | Dormant () | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.225209, 155.573703 | |||||
7,007 | uks | Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language | Urubú Sign Language; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7 | Sign Language; South American | 7 (Kakumasu 1968). Deaf users are monolingual. L2 users: 500 (2013). | Brazil; | South America | -2.54, -46.42 | ||
1,957 | urz | Uruewawau | Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau; Uru-Eu-Uau-Uau; Eru-Eu-Wau-Wau; Kagwahiva; Wau Wau; Uruewawáu; Uru-eu-wau-wau; Uru-eu-uau-uau; Uruewauwau; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 183 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Kawahib | Brazil; | South America | -11.6852,-63.6547 | |||
7,119 | ugy | Uruguayan Sign Language | Lengua de Señas Uruguaya, LSU | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Sign Language; South American | Uruguay; | South America | -34.60, -56.45 | |||
3,004 | uum | Urum | урумский язык; урум тыль; Urumca; Urum Türkçesi; урумська мова; | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Turkic; Kipchak | Russia;Georgia;Ukraine;Greece; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 47.1166666667,37.55 | ||||
3,410 | ush | Ushojo | Ushuji; Dardu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Pakistan; | South Asia | 35.081912, 72.666050 | |||
6,198 | usp | Uspanteko | Uspanteco; Uspantec | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,231 | Mayan; K’ichean | Guatemala; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 15.3475,-90.8684 | |||
2,965 | ute | Ute | Ute-Southern Paiute; Pai Ute; Paviotso; South Paiute; Southern Paiute; Chemehuevi; Ute-Chemehuevi | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3,500 | Uto-Aztecan; Northern Uto-Aztecan; Numic | Ute; Chemehuevi; Ute-Chemehuevi; Southern Paiute; | Ute-Chemehuevi is a dialect chain within Southern Numic that extends from central Colorado westward across Utah and southern Nevada to the eastern Mojave Desert in California. There are three major regional varieties, all mutually intelligible. Ute (Colorado and central Utah), Southern Paiute (southern Utah, Arizona, and Nevada), and Chemehuevi (southern California). | USA; | North America | 37.6818,-113.088; 34.0138,-114.2146; 37.115,-107.6331; 37.2105,-108.7223; 40.2329,-109.8223 | |
3,409 | usu | Uya | Usu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 270 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.2851,145.4974 | |||
10,833 | auz | Uzbeki Spoken Arabic | Tajiki; Central Asian Arabic | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 700 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; West; Central; Arabic | Uzbekistan; | Near East | 38.833333, 66.083333; | |||
10,369 | piv | Vaeakau-Taumako | Pileni; Pilheni; Taumako | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,662 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Polynesian | Nupani; Vaeakau; Taumako | Although children are still learning Vaeakau-Taumako, the language is in danger from rising sea levels. Speakers may need to move to Santa Cruz or Honiara to survive in the longer term, leading to an increase in the use of Pijin, and potentially the disappearance of the Vaeakau-Taumako language. | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -10.187460, 166.300435; -10.173293, 166.247360; -9.875764, 167.178998; -10.168731, 166.200271; | |
3,402 | vaf | Vafsi | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~20,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Vafs; Gurchan; | Iran; | Near East | 34.6666666667,49.9166666667 | |||
5,706 | vap | Vaiphei | Bhaipei; Vaipei; Veiphei | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <39,673? | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India; | South Asia | 24.14, 93.72 | |||
10,769 | vlp | Valpei | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.883, 166.577 | ||||
2,445 | mkt | Vamale | Moaeke; Hmwaeke; Pamale; Neukaledonien; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; New Caledonian | Vamale; Hmwaeke; | New Caledonia; | Pacific | -20.9665,164.7866 | ||
10,588 | vam | Vanimo | Dumo; Duso; Manimo; Wanimo | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,660 | Sko | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.69, 141.26 | |||
3,372 | vnk | Vano | Vanikoro; Vanikolo; Lovono; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Temotu | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -11.6286,166.8383 | |||
3,834 | alm | Varavara | Amblong; Aje | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >100? | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.4933, 166.9846 | |||
10,976 | TVK | Vatlongos | Southeast Ambrym | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500-3,700 | Austronesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | South Vatlongos Ase-Taveak [sout2859]; Endu Vatlongos [endu1237] | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.30, 168.21 | ||
3,398 | ved | Veddah | Veda; Vedda; Veddha; Weda; Wedda; Weddo; Beda; Bedda | Dormant () | 0? | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan | Sri Lanka; | South Asia | 7.0,81.0 | |||
2,704 | val | Vehes | Buasi; Vehees; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 70 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.9427,146.9311 | |||
7,118 | vsl | Venezuelan Sign Language | Lengua de Señas Venezolana | No estimate available | Sign Language; South American | Venezuela; | South America | 10.33, -66.77 | ||||
3,002 | vep | Veps | Vepsian; vepsä; вепсский язык; lüüd; vesj; chudj; Wepsisch; vepse; lüd; vepsy; Vepsä; Vepsisch; l΄üd’ikel΄; vepsskij jazyk; Chudy; Chuhari; Chukhari; vepsän kel’; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,613 | Uralic; Finnic | Southern Veps; Prionezh; Central Veps; | Veps belongs to the Baltic-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languages. According to the location of the people, it is divided into three main dialects: Northern or Äänis-Veps, Central-Veps and Southern Veps. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 60.0,35.0 | |
2,487 | vra | Vera’a | Banks-Inseln; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 275 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central-Eastern Oceanic; Remote Oceanic; North and Central Vanuatu; Northeast Vanuatu-Banks Islands; East Vanuatu; | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.813097,167.423783 | |||
1,101 | vid | Vidunda | Chividunda; Kividunda; Ndunda | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | -6.8664, 37.304 | |||
1,849 | vil | Vilela | Dormant () | 0 | Lule-Vilela | Argentina; | South America | -26.9808,-59.6777 | ||||
3,371 | vnm | Vinmavis | Vinmavis; Lambumbu; Mallicolo; | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Winiv; | Vanuatu; | Pacific | |||
5,073 | vin | Vinza | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | |||||
3,397 | vis | Vishavan | Malankudi; Malarkuti | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~150 | Dravidian; South-Central Dravidian | India; | South Asia | 10.18, 76.76 | |||
945 | 08e | Vivaro-Alpine | Vivaro-Alpine Occitan; Alpine Provençal, Vivaroalpenc, Vivaroaupenc, Alpine Provencal | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | France;Italy; | Europe | ||||
10,794 | Vivti | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -16.250234,167.531217; | |||||
5,346 | rmy | Vlax Romani | Romani, Vlax; Romany; Romenes; Rom; “Gypsy”; Tsigene; Romanese; Vlax Romany; Danubian; Zigeuner; European Romany; Rroma; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 885,970 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Central Zone | Central Vlax Romani; South Albanian; Lovari; Ukraine-Moldavia; Machvano; Ghagar; Serbo-Bosnian; Sedentary Romania; Grekurja; Churari; Southern Vlax Romani; Kalderash; Eastern; Sedentary Bulgaria; Ukrainian Vlax Romani; North Albanian; Southern Vlax; Zagundzi; | Turkey;Germany;Russia;Ukraine;Bulgaria;Romania;Lithuania;France;Italy;Greece;Spain;Portugal;Macedonia;Moldova;Poland;Czech Republic;Sweden;Netherlands;Norway;Switzerland;Finland;Austria;Croatia;Latvia;Slovakia;Hungary;Albania;Belarus;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Slovenia;Serbia;Montenegro; | Europe;Caucasus;East Asia | 47.0,21.5 | ||
10,765 | mlv | Volow | Valuwa | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | This language was considered a dialect of Mwotlap [mlv]. | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.65, 167.713 | ||
2,998 | vro | Võro | Dialekt von Võru; Võro kiil; Werro; Voro; Võru; Voru; Vôru; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 50,000? | Uralic; Finnic | Seto; | North and South Estonian are genetically deeply different from each other (one could claim that they are farther away from each other than North/Standard Estonian and Finnish). As the modern Estonian ethno-national identity came into being in the 19th century, the Northern variety began to be used as the standard written language of the emerging modern nation, and the Southern literary traditions which had existed until then fell out of use, while the Southern varieties came to be perceived as “dialects of Estonian”. New activism in the written use of the Southern varieties arose in the 1980s, and new written standards for Võru (Võro is the traditional Southern form) and Setu (Seto) were developed. Originally the idea was to create a common Võro-Seto written standard, but the speakers themselves often objected. Although the differences between Võru and Setu are minimal (details of pronunciation such as the more “Russian-type” palatalization in Seto, stronger Russian influences in the Seto lexicon, the inessive case ending (*hnA >) Seto -h vs. Võro -n, etc.), the identities of the speakers are clearly different. Võru speakers regard themselves as Estonians, Setu speakers today often have a dual identity (Setu AND Estonian); until 1917, the Setu belonged to Russia, to the Russian cultural area and the Orthodox church, and culturally, they see themselves as a clearly distinct group. Today, Võru and Setu are used in writing to some extent but there are debates around the orthographies, and the general opinion among the speakers seems to be that they are two different languages. | Estonia; | Europe | 57.8096, 27.29 | |
2,993 | vot | Votic | Vod; Vot; водский язык; vaďďaa tšeeli; maa tšeeli; vađđa; vadjdjaa; maaceeli; Wotisch; vad’d’alaizet; vod’; čudy; Vodian; Votish; Votisch; vodskij jazyk; vadjan keel; vatjan kieli; Vote; Votian; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Uralic; Finnic | West Vod; East Vod; | The Votic language belongs to the southern group of the Baltic-Finnic languages and is the closest relative of the Estonian language. Western, eastern (main dialects), Kukkusi and Kreevin dialects can be distinguished. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 59.5,30.0 | |
10,797 | Vovo | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 475 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Central Vanuatu | Not to be confused with Bieria [brj], which is another Vanuatu language that may also be referred to as Vovo. | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.898421,167.202132; | ||||
531 | vum | Vumbu | Yivoumbou; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Several Hundred | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Gabon; | Africa | -1.8783, 10.816 | |||
10,768 | vnp | Vunapu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 380 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -14.834, 166.741 | ||||
1,745 | msn | Vurës | Mosina; Mosin; Banks-Inseln; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,050 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vetumboso; Vures; | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -13.874,167.5415 | ||
3,362 | wbm | Wa | K’awa; Kawa; Va; Vo; Wa Pwi; Wakut; Awa; Vü; Wa-Vü; Paraok; Praok; Parauk; Baraog; 佤語; ဝ | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austro-Asiatic; Palaungic; East Palaungic;Wa-Lawa; Waic | Kentung Wa; La; En; Son; Wa Lon; Wu | China;Myanmar; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 22.662531,99.567372 | |||
5,259 | wny | Waanyi | Wanji; Wainyi; Wanyu; Wanyee; Wanee; Waangyee; Wonyee;Wanyi; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Garrwan | Australia; | Australia | -18.0640749,137.2943933 | |||
2,705 | wab | Wab | Som; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 120 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.6296,146.39 | |||
6,800 | xwd | Wadi-Wadi | Wadi Wadi; Wathiwathi; Watthiwatthi; Wattewatte; Watty-watty; Wotti-wotti; Withaija; Wohdi Wohdi; Wadiwadi; Watte; Watte Watte; Watte-Watte; Watte watte; Wotte Wotte; Watty Watty; Wot te Wot te; Wathi-Wathi; Watty-Watty; Wa-thi-wa-thi; Wati wati; Wathi wathi; Wathi-wathi; Ouotti-Ouotti; Wathie Waithie; Wattee Wattee; Wathi-Watthi; Watthi-watthi; Watthi Watthi; Watty tribe; Wattu Wattu [Wati = no]; Wathi Wathi; Watti-watti; Watti Watti; Wati wathi; Wotty-wotty; Wotty Wotty; Wotty-Wotty; Wotty; Wati-wati; Wotti Wotti; Wata Wata; Wata; Wadi-wadi; Woani; Woonyi; Swan Hill tribe; Swan Hill and Tyntynder dialects; Piangill blacks; Piangil dialect; Piangil; Biangil; Dacournditch | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | |||
3,359 | wdu | Wadjigu | Wadja; Wainjago; Wainjigo; Wadjainggo; Wainggo; Waindjago; Maudalgo; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Australia; | Australia | -24.050281,146.628894 | |||
9,570 | wrx | Wae Rana | Waerana; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; West Flores | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
2,576 | waq | Wagiman | Wogeman; Wageman; Wagaman; Wongkakaringa; Wakiman; Woggeman; Wogiman; Ongkakaringa; | Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Isolate; Australian | Australia; | Australia | -14.18804631,131.6147964 | |||
3,351 | whk | Wahau Kenya | Kenyah, Wahau; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan | Uma Timai; Uma’ Ujok; Lebu’ Kulit; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | 1.584936,116.646503 | ||
3,363 | wbk | Waigali | Kalasa-alā; Waigalī; Wai-alā; Waigeli; Waygalī; Kalasha-ala; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Nuristani | Chima-Nishey; Varjan; Zamyākī | Afghanistan; | Near East | 35.0,71.25 | ||
3,338 | wlr | Wailapa | Ale | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.555683,166.921161 | |||
2,485 | wmh | Waima’a | Uai Ma’a; Waimaha; Waimoa; Uaimo’a | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Timor | East Timor; | Pacific | -8.4995,126.3372 | |||
1,956 | atr | Waimirí-Atroarí | Yawaperí; Atruahí; Atroarí; Atroahí; Krishaná; Atruahi; Atroaí; Atrowari; Ki’nya; Atroahy; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,120 | Cariban | Atruahi, Jawaperi (Yauaperi), Waimirí (Uaimirí, Wahmirí) | Brazil; | South America | -1.0985,-60.8203 | ||
1,519 | waw | Waiwai | Uaiuai; Wai Wai; Katawiana; Parukotó; Parukota; Uaieue; Ouayeone; Wabui; Uai Uai | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,154 | Cariban; Parukotoan | Some consider Tunayana (Katuena) a dialect of Waiwai. | Brazil;Guyana; | South America | 1.0,-59.0 | ||
2,577 | wbv | Wajarri | Watjari; Watjarri; Wadjari; Wadjeri; Wadgaree; Wajeri; Wajjari; Wajari; Waian-wonga; Baialdju; Pidong; Wad’arri; Iirrawad-‘ari; Irawadjari; Kurduwongga; Kurduwonga; Maliara; Miliarra; Miliara; Cheangwa; Wardal; Yajeri; Jamadj; Yamaidyi; Muliara; Malleyearra; Meloria; Waianwonga; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Pama-Nyungan; Kartu | Australia; | Australia | -27.017537,116.147032 | |||
6,802 | xwj | Wajuk | Beelia; Beeloo; Derbal; Ilakuri wongi; Juadjag; Juadjuk; Karakata; Karrakatta; Minalnjunga; Minnal Yungar; Wadjug; Wadjuk; Wadjup; Wadyuk; Whadjuk; Whajook; Witjaari; Yooadda; Yooard; Yoongar; Yuard; Yuatjek; Yungar; Yungur | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Nyungic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | |||
3,342 | wkw, wur | Waka-Waka | Enibura; Mungar; Nukunukubara; Wa; Wa:bar; Waa; Wacca-Wacca; Wackar; Waga; Wagawaga; Waga-Waga; Waka; Waka Waka; Wakar; Wakka; Wakka Wakka; Wakkar; Wakkawakka; Wakka-Wakka; Waku-wuka; Wapa; Woga; Wogga; Woka; Woka-Woka; Wokka; Wokkari; Wuka Wuka; Wakawaka; Wuliwuli | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Waka-Kabic | Duungidjawu; Wagawaga; Djakunda; Wuliwuli | Wuliwuli (ISO 639-3: wlu) is a dialect of Waka-waka (wkw). | Australia; | Australia | -27.011106,152.571077 | |
3,355 | wga | Wakaya | Akaja; Arkiya; Leewakya; Lee-wakya; Ukkia; Waagai; Waagi; Wagai; Wagaiau; Wagaja; Waggaia; Wakaja; Wakkaja; Warkaia; Warkya; Wogaia; Woorkia; Worgai; Worgaia; Workaia; Workia; Workii; Leeweakya;Wagaya; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | Pama-Nyungan; Warluwaric | Australia; | Australia | -20.3211411,137.4609852 | |||
3,155 | wbl | Wakhi | Guhjali; Wakhani; Wakhigi; Vakhan; Khik | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 37,570 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Gojal; Ishkoman; Yasin; Central Wakhi; Yarkhun; Eastern Wakhi; Western Wakhi | The Wakhi language belongs to the southern group of the Pamir languages, in the Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages, where the different Ishkashmi and Wakhi languages are included. The Wakhi language, rich in archaisms, differs considerably from the Pamir languages, and generally from the southeastern group of Iranian languages, having certain common characteristics with the Indian languages. Although divided by borders, the Wakhi language is still very much the same, and dialectal differences are not great. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Tajikistan;Afghanistan;Pakistan;China; | South Asia;Near East;East Asia | 37.1603,74.9047 | |
3,339 | wll | Wali | Walari; Walarishe; Nubian (Hill); Ajang; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 9,000 | Nubian | Karko [kko] and Wali speakers often identify themselves as speaking the same language, called Ajang… the term ‘Ajang’ is used among several Nuba Mountain languages of the Nubian group to refer to their common identity. (Krell 2012) | Sudan; | Africa | 11.9372, 29.3005 | ||
3,341 | wla | Walio | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Isolate | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.43658, 142.1783 | ||||
2,991 | wln | Walloon | Walon; Wallon; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~600,000 | Indo-European; Italic; Romance; Western Romance | Western Walloon; Eastern Walloon; Southern Walloon; Central Walloon; | Belgium;France;Luxembourg; | Europe | 50.4575,4.8559 | ||
2,578 | wmt | Walmajarri | Juwaliny; Tjuwalinj; Tjiwaliny; Djualin; Tjiwarliñ; Tjiwarliny; Djuwarliny Walmatjari; Walmatjiri; Walmajiri; Wolmeri; Pililuna; Walmatjari; Walmadjari; Warmala; Wulumari; Wolmera; Walmaharri; Wolmaharry; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 860 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Djuwarliny; | Australia; | Australia | -19.85264618,125.5392489 | ||
10,550 | van | Walman | Valman; Koroko | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,740 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.25, 142.50 | |||
4,918 | ola | Walungge | Olangchung Gola; Walungchung Gola; Walung; Walunggi Keccya; Halung | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 27.6831,87.8256 | |||
3,335 | wmc | Wamas | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 220 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.98, 145.54 | ||||
3,336 | wmb | Wambaya | MacArthur Subgroup; Wombaia; Wambaja; Wampaja; Won-baia; Wom-by-a; Wombya; Yumpia; Umbaia; Umbia; Wambaia; Umbai; Wampaya; Wom-By-A;Wambayan;Binbinka; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2-3 | Mirndi | Gudanji; Wambaya; Binbinka; | Australia; | Australia | -16.31666942,135.2617924 | ||
5,707 | wme | Wambule | Umbule; Chaurasya; Tsaurasya; Chaurasia; Chourase; Chourasia; Ambule; Ombule; Chaurāsya; Tśaurasya; Chouras’ya’ | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Wamdyal; Udaipure; Hilepāne;Jhāppālī | Nepal; | South Asia | 29.25,85.9166666667 | ||
5,525 | cou | Wamey | Wamay; Wamei; Konyagi; Coniagui; Conhague; Koniagui; Cogniagui; Koniagi; Tenda; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10,000-25,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Atlantic | Senegal;Guinea; | Africa | 12.5, -13.25 | |||
10,009 | wam | Wampanoag | Wôpanâak; Massachusett-Narragansett; Massachusett; Massachusetts; Natick; Wamponoag; | Awakening () | Algic; Algonquian; Eastern Algonquian | North Shore; Nauset; Natick; Cowesit; Wampanoag | Massachusett-Narragansett was a complex of Southern New England Algonquian dialects spoken around Massachusetts Bay from southern Maine to Cape Cod, as well as around Narragansett Bay and on Martha’s Vineyard. Several varieties of Massachusett-Narragansett are quite well documented from the Colonial period, including the dialect of the mission town of Natick, which was the basis of John Eliot’s translation of the whole Bible (1663) and grammatical sketch (1666), and the Narragansett dialect of Rhode Island (Roger Williams 1643). Currently there are efforts to revive the speaking of the language under the name Wampanoag. The language fell into disuse in most areas during the 18th century, but a variety continued to be spoken on Martha’s Vineyard until the end of the 19th century. (Golla et al. 2008.) | USA; | North America | |||
1,955 | gvc | Wanano | Uanana; Ananas; Wanana; Wanâna; Wanano; Anana; Kótedia; Kótirya; Uanano; Kotiria; Guanano; Kotedia; Wanana-Pirá; Piratapuyo; Waikena; Kotiria; Wanana; Wanano-Piratapuyo | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,000 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Ethnologue (2009) says Piratapuyo is close to Wanano linguistically (99%% lexical similarity) but ethnically distinct; the two groups do not intermarry. Ethnologue (2013) says Piratapuyo is reportedly similar to Guanano (Wanano) [gvc] but ethnically distinct, and that there is 75% intelligibility with Guanano (1992 N. Waltz). Campbell (2012:108) and Kaufman (2007: 68) lists Wanano and Piratapuyo as a single language. | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 0.833333333333,-69.5 | ||
5,708 | nnp | Wancho Naga | Wancho; Banpara; Banpara Naga; Joboka; Naga, Wancho | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Brahmaputran | Changnoi; Bor Muthun; Kulung Muthun; Horu Muthun; | India; | South Asia | 26.9759,95.4656 | ||
5,076 | wbh | Wanda | Iciwanda; Ichiwanda; Wandia; Vanda; Kiwanda; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <42,810 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Sichela; | Tanzania; | Africa | -8.312830, 32.297955;-7.974207, 31.620381; | ||
3,330 | wnm | Wanggamala | Tharlimanha; Wanggamanha; Wangkamala; Wangkamana; Wangkamanha; Wonggaman; Wonggawan; Wongkamala; Wonkamala; Wonkamudla;Wangkamadla | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -24.165636,136.873036 | ||
3,354 | wgg | Wangganguru | Wangkangurru; Wangka-Jutjuru; Wangkadjera; Wongkanguru; Wangkanguru; Wongkongaru; Wonkonguru; Ongkonguru; Wonkaooroo; Wonggongaru; Wonkongaru; Wonkaoora; Wongonooroo; Wonkongnuru; Wonkagnurra; Wychinga; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1-2 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -26.4041,136.878528 | ||
6,269 | 1kc | Wangkajunga | Wangkajungka; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -20.26867763,126.5343409 | |||
6,803 | xwk | Wangkumara | Wongkumara; Wangumarra; Karenggapa; Ngantangarra | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Ngantangarra (ISO 639-3: ntg) | Wangkumara may no longer have native speakers, but a revitalization program is underway. | Australia; | Australia | -27.10148693,143.1961902 | ||
2,800 | wno | Wano | Waano; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Dani | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.5463,137.9058 | |||
3,332 | wnc | Wantoat | Yagawak; Bam; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,200 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Bam; Central Wantoat; Wapu; Yagawak; | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.16666666667,146.5 | ||
9,949 | wnk | Wanukaka | Wanokaka | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Wanukaka; Rua | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -9.744249, 119.4104 | ||
2,065 | auc | Waorani | Auishiri; Auca; Sabela; Huarani; Warani; Auixiri; Huaorani; Waodani; Huao; Wao; Wao Tededö | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,616 | Isolate; South American | Ecuador; | South America | -1.0,-76.5 | |||
10,437 | juk | Wapan | Jinkum, Jukon, Juku, Juku Junkun, Jukum, Jukun Wapan, Jukun Wukari, Wakari, Wukari, Wukari Jukun | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukunoid | Wukan | Nigeria; | Africa | 8, 9 | ||
5,036 | juw | Wãpha | Wase; Wase Tofa; Jukun Wase; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,610 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Jukonoid | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.130,9.923; 9.07,9.943 | |||
1,954 | wap | Wapixana | Wapishana; Aruma; Upichana; Wapitxano; Vapidiana; Uapixana; Wapichan; Wapichana; Wapisana; Wapishiana; Wapishshiana; Wapitxana; Wapixiana; Wapixiána; Wapisiana; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,900 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Maritime | Atorai; Amariba; | Brazil;Guyana; | South America | 2.66666666667,-60.0 | ||
1,150 | wao | Wappo | Ashochimi; Napa | Awakening () | Yukian | USA; | North America | 38.5,-122.5 | ||||
3,819 | wbf | Wara | Wára; Ouara; Ouala; Samoe; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Gur | Negueni-Klani; Faniagara; Ouatourou-Niasogoni; Soulani; | Burkina Faso; | Africa | |||
1,953 | wba | Warao | Guarao; Guasay; Warrau; Guarauno; Uarow; Araote; Tivativa; Warau; Guaruno; Waraw; Faraute; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~32,400 | Isolate; South American | Venezuela;Guyana;Suriname; | South America | 9.33333333333,-61.6666666667 | |||
2,707 | wra | Warapu | Barupu; Varofu; Waropu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | a few hundred? | Sko | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.08333333333,142.083333333 | |||
2,580 | wrr | Wardaman | Wartaman; Warduman; Wadaman; Wadderman; Wordaman; Waduman; Waderman; Warda’man; Wardman; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30 | Yangmanic | Yangman; Dagoman; | Australia; | Australia | -14.465267,132.246841 | ||
6,730 | wxw | Wardandi | Wadarandee; Wardandie; Kardagur; Belliman; Dardanup; Doonin; Dordenup; Dornderupwongy; Dunanwongi, Jabaru; Nghungar; Waadandi; Waddarndi; Wadjandi; Yabaroo | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Nyungic | Australia; | Australia | -33.92108581,115.2692864 | ||||
3,322 | wsa | Warembori | Warenbori; Waremboivoro; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600-700 | Lower Mamberamo | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.535102, 137.906028; -1.642974, 137.717992; -1.805475, 137.279914 | |||
3,367 | wai | Wares | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Unclassified; Orya–Tor? | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
1,950 | pav | Wari’ | Yaru; Jaru; Ituarupa; Orowari; Pakaás-novos; Pacasnovas; Pacaha-novo; Uariwayo; Uomo; Oro Wari; Pakaasnovos; Jarú; Urup; Pacas Novas; Pacahanovo; Wari’; Pakasnovos; Pakaásnovos; Pakaanovas; Pacaas-Novos; Pakaanova; Wari; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2381 | Chapacuran; Southern Chapacuran | Brazil; | South America | -11.3333333333,-65.0 | |||
10,667 | wrs | Waris | Walsa | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <4,400 | Border; Waris | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -3.14, 140.93 | |||
2,801 | wbe | Waritai | Weretai; Wari; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 150 | Lakes Plain | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.2173,138.4497 | |||
5,566 | wji | Warji | Sirzakwai; Warja; Warjawa; Werji; Sar; Sarawa; Ajawa; Aja; Ajanci; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 77,700 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Gala; | Nigeria; | Africa | |||
3,906 | bgv | Warkay-Bipim | Bipim As-So; Bipim; Warkay; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Trans-New Guinea; Marindic | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -5.77,138.64 | ||||
2,581 | wrl | Warlmanpa | Wolperi; Wolpirra; Albura; Alpira; Alpiri; Elpira; Ilpara; Ilpira; Ilpirra; Nam-bulatji; Njambalatji; Ulperra; Wailbri; Walbiri; Walbrai; Wal-bri; Waljbiri; Waljpiri; Walmala; Walmanba; Walpari; Wanaeka; Wanajaga.; Wanajaka; Wanajeka; Waneiga; Waringari; Warrabri; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 36 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Australia; | Australia | -18.979026,134.293442 | |||
2,582 | wbp | Warlpiri | Albura; Alpira; Alpiri; Elpira; Ilpara; Ilpira; Ilpirra; Nam-bulatji; Njambalatji; Ulperra; Wailbri; Walbiri; Walbrai; Wal-bri; Waljbiri; Waljpiri; Walmala; Walmanba; Walpari; Wanaeka; Wanajaga.; Wanajaka; Wanajeka; Waneiga; Waringari; Warrabri; Wolperi; Wolpirra; Waibry; Walmama; Ngaliya; Ngardilpa; Walpiri; Ngalia; Ngallia; Nambuda; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3000 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Southern Warlpiri; Lander River Warlpiri; North-western Warlpiri; Central-northern Warlpiri; Hansen River Warlpiri; South-western Warlpiri; Western Warlpiri; | Australia; | Australia | |||
3,326 | wrb | Warluwarra | Didjadidja; Elookera; Maula; Mauula; Mawula; Walgra; Wallawarra; Walookera; Waloo-kera; Walugara; Walugera; Walukara; Waluwara; Wlookera; Wolga; Wollegara; Wollegarra; Yannalinka; Yunnalinka; Kapula; Parnkarra;Warluwara; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Warluwaric | Parnkara; Kapula; | Australia; | Australia | -22.29484937,138.5359391 | ||
3,310 | wrn | Warnang | Werni; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,100 | Niger-Congo; Heiban; Eastern Heiban | Sudan; | Africa | 10.6538, 30.6298 | |||
6,651 | wnd | Warndarrang | Wandaran; Wandarang; Wandarung; Wanderang; Wangarong; Warndarang; Wuyarrawala | Dormant () | 0? | Gunwinyguan; Maran | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -14.9, 134.95 | ||
2,579 | wbt | Warnman | Mardu; Nanidjara; Nanid-jara; Nenidjara; Njanidjara; Nyaani; Wanmanba; Wanmin; Warumala; Wanman; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <30 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -22.00041801,124.0387199 | |||
3,323 | wrz | Warray | Awarai; Awarra; Awarrai; Nawarray; Warai; Warei; Warrai; Wolwonga; Woolwonga; Wulwongga; Arwur; Waray (in Australia);Waray; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4 | Gunwinyguan; Warrayic | Australia; | Australia | -13.62902944,131.8232754 | |||
3,352 | wgy | Warrgamay | Warakamai; Wargamay; Waragamai; Wargamaygan; Bungabara; Ikelbara; Herbert River tribe; Biyay; Warkamai; Bandjin; Bijai; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Dyirbalic | Biyay; Biyay; Warrgamay; | Australia; | Australia | -18.4,145.877 | ||
6,652 | wri | Warriyangga | Wariyangga; Warriyangka; Wariengga; Warianga; Warienga; Warrijangga; Woorienga; Woorenga; Wariwongga; Wari-wonga; Warriwonga; Wariwonga; Malgaru; Malygaru; Wadiwangga; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Mantharta | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -24.62742781, 117.8773554 | ||
6,731 | gjm | Warrnambool | Dhauwurd Wurrung; Gunditjmara; Dhauhurtwurru; Gournditch-mara; Gurnditschmara; Kirurndit; Kuunditjmara; Kuurn-kopan-noot; Ngutuk; Nil-can-cone-deets; Tourahonong; Weeritch-Weeritch | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -38.345,142.4608 | ||
3,308 | wwr | Warrwa | Warwa; Warrawai; Wa:rwa; Warwai; Warrwai; Waruwa; Kolaruma; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Nyulnyulan; Eastern Nyulnyulan | Australia; | Australia | -17.2069978,124.2149579 | |||
2,802 | wru | Waru | Mopute; Mapute; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Bungku-Tolaki | Lalomerui; Waru; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.4393,121.9921 | ||
2,583 | wrm | Warumungu | Waramanga; Warramunga; Aira-manga; Leenaranunga; Uriminga; Waramunga; Warimunga; Warramonga; Warrmunga; Wurmega; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50 | Pama-Nyungan; Ngumpin-Yapa | Australia; | Australia | -19.08616819,134.5462824 | |||
1,938 | wac | Wasco-Wishram | Kiksht; Wasco; Wishram; Upper Chinook;Columbia Chinook; Chinook (Upper); Upper Chinookan; | Dormant () | Ø | Chinookan | Hood River; White Salmon; Clackamas; Multnomah; Wasco-Wishram; Cascades; | Wasco-Wishram is a variety of Kiksht, the only one that still has any speakers. | USA; | North America | 44.2708,-121.2871 | |
1,149 | was | Washo | Washoe; Washoa | Isolate; North American | USA; | North America | 38.9226,-119.7256 | |||||
10,618 | wtk | Watakataui | Waxe; Waxei | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 160 | Sepik; Sepik Hill; Central Sepik Hill | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.59, 143.00 | |||
10,645 | wax | Watam | Marangis | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,086 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Ramu; Lower Ramu | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.03, 144.58 | |||
6,732 | wth | Wathawurrung | Wudjawuru; Wadawio; Wadourer; Woddowrong; Wollowurong; Woddowro; Witowurrung; Wothowurong; Watorrong; Witaoro; Wudja-wurung; Witowurung; Witowurong. Witowurrong; Witowro; Witoura; Wadjawuru; Wuddyawurru; Wuddyawurra; Witouro; Wittyawhuurong; Warra; Wathaurong; Wathaurung; Wada wurrung; Wadthaurung; Waitowrung; Wudthaurung; Wod-dowrong; Waddorow; Wathawurung; Wathurung; Wadhaurung; Wudjawurung; Witowurrong; Witawurong; Wioura; Wiityahuurong; Wooeewoorong; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -37.68777565,144.1013148 | |||
864 | noa | Waunana | Noanamá; Huaunana; Woun Meu; Waun Meo; Waumeo; Wounmeu; Wounaan; Noanama; Noenama; Nonama; Chocama; Chanco; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~13,000 | Chocoan | Colombia;Panama; | South America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 4.0,-77.0 | |||
1,949 | wau | Waurá | Waura; Uaurá; Aura; Waurá; Uaura; Uara; Mahinacu; Waurá-Meinaku; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 410 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Central | Waurá-Mehinaku (Uara, Aura, Mahinacu): Ethnologue has Mehináku (Mehinaco, Mahinaku, Minaco) as a separate language, but said to be “somewhat intelligible with Waurá”, and Waurá is reportedly “partially intelligible with Mehináku”. Aikhenvald (1999a: 67) also has Waurá and Mehinaku as separate languages. ELCat would prefer to have a single entry for Mehinku and Waurá, but given the difference of opinion, both languages have separate entries. | Brazil; | South America | -13.0,-53.0 | ||
6,105 | www | Wawa | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Northern Bantoid | Gandua; | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | ||||
1,947 | oym | Wayampí | Wayampi; Oiampí; Oyapí; Oyampí; Wayãpi; Wayapi; Wajapi; Oiumpian; Emérillon; Karipuna; Guayapi; Guaiapi; Wajapae; Waiãpi; Waiampi; Wayapae; Oyampík; Oyanpík; Wajapuku; Wayampi (Amapari)/Wayampi (Oiapoque); Aipi; Oyampi; Wajãpi; Wayampí language area; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,655 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Northern Tupi-Guaranian | Jari; Amapari Wayampi; Oiyapoque Wayampi; | Brazil;French Guiana; | South America | 1.0,-52.0 | ||
1,948 | way | Wayana | Northern Wayana; Oyana; Urukuyana; Upuruí; Ouayana; Wyandot; Oayana; Wajana; Uaiana; Oiana; Alukuyana; Upurui; Roucouyenne; Wayâna; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,738 | Cariban; Guianan | Brazil;Suriname;French Guiana; | South America | 3.25,-54.1666666667 | |||
1,566 | wyr | Wayoró | Ayurú; Wayurú; Ajurú; Uaiora; Wajaru; Wayru; Uaioró; Ajuru; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Tupian; Tuparian | Brazil; | South America | -12.0178,-64.7534 | |||
3,399 | vay | Wayu | Hayu; Vayu; Wayo; Vāyu | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1520 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.25,86.0 | |||
4,404 | klh | Weliki | Weleki; Karangi; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Trans-New Guinea; Finisterre-Huon | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -5.99, 147.14 | |||
10,429 | cym | Welsh | Cymraeg; y Gymraeg; Kymrisch; Gallois; Galés; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 562,016 in Wales | Indo-European; Celtic; Brythonic | Argentina;United Kingdom; | Europe;South America | 53.14,-4.27; 53.256,-4.314; 52.411722,-4.082667; | |||
6,733 | xww | Wemba-Wemba | Wambawamba; Wambo Wambo; Wemba; Gorrmjanyuk; Gourrmjanyuk; Waamba; Waimbiwaimbi; Wamba; Wamba-wamba; Weumba; Womba; Yamba; Yambayamba; Wemba Wemba;Wembawemba; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Burabura; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -36.79503148,145.3852416 | ||
5,565 | weg | Wergaia | Meintangk; Meintank; Painbali; Djadjala; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Buibadjali; Djadjala; Bewadjali; Wudjubalug; | Australia; | Australia | |||
9,509 | kvw | Wersing | Kolana; Kolana-Wersin; Wersin; Warsina; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Timor-Alor-Pantar; Alor | Langkuru; Kolana; Maneta; | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.350974, 124.998557 | ||
10,425 | fry | West Frisian | Frysk; Fries; Frisian; West(er)lauwers Fries; West(er)lauwersk Frysk | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~300,000 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; Anglo-Frisian | Klaaifrysk; Wâldfrysk; Súdwesthoeks; Skylgersk; Hylpersk; Skiermûntseagersk | The main dialects Klaaifrysk, Wâldfrysk and Súdwesthoeks are mutually intelligible, whereas the archaic dialect of Hylpen and Skylge differ a lot from the main dialects and are difficult to understand for other speakers of Frisian. A general standard of Frisian has been accepted, which is mainly based on the Klaaifrysk dialect. (de Graaf 2014) | Netherlands; | Europe | 53.219359, 5.786210 | |
10,070 | txn | West Tarangan | West Trangan; Tarangan Barat; Tarangan (West); Aru; Aroesch | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8,000-9,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Aru | North Central Tarangan; Southwestern Tarangan | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -6.573, 134.147 | ||
701 | abe | Western Abenaki | Abenaki (Western); Abnaki (Western); Abnaki, Western; Abenaki; Abenaqui; St. Francis; Abnaki; St Francis; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 10 | Algic; Algonquian; Eastern Algonquian | USA;Canada; | North America | 44.0,-72.25 | |||
10,537 | mce, mdv, meh, mib, mie, mig, mpm, mvg, xti, xtj, xtl, xtm, xtn, xtt | Western Alta Mixtec | Itundujia Mixtec; Eastern Putla Mixtec; Mixteco de Santa Cruz Itundujia; Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec; Mixteco de Santa Lucía Monteverde; Mixteco de Yosonotú; Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec; Mixteco de Santiago Nuyoo; Mixteco del suroeste de Tlaxiaco; Nuyoo Mixtec; Southeastern Ocotepec Mixtec; Atatláhuca Mixtec; Mixteco de San Esteban Atatláhuca; San Esteban Atatláhuca Mixteco; South Central Tlaxiaco Mixtec; Ocotepec Mixtec; Mixteco de Santo Tomás Ocotepec; Mixteco de Sierra Sur Noroeste; Ocotepec Mixtec; Santo Tomás Ocotepec Mixtec; San Miguel el Grande Mixtec; Chalcatongo Mixtec; Mixteco de San Pedro Molinos; Mixteco del Sur Bajo; Yosondúa Mixtec; Mixteco de Santiago Yosondúa; Southern Tlaxiaco Mixtec; Yucuañe Mixtec; Mixteco de San Bartolomé Yucuañe; Mixteco del sureste central; Sinicahua Mixtec; Mixteco de San Antonio Sinicahua; San Juan Teita Mixtec; Mixteco de San Juan Teita; Teita Mixtec; Tijaltepec Mixtec; Mixteco de San Pablo Tijaltepec; Mixteco de Santa María Yosoyúa; Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec; Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec; Mixteco de San Juan Ñumí; Mixteco del norte de Tlaxiaco; Ñumí Mixtec; Tacahua Mixtec; Mixteco de Santa Cruz Tacahua; Mixteco del sur medio | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 61,530 | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco Central; Mixteco de Ñumi; Mixteco de San Agustín Tlacotepec; Mixteco de San Antonio Sinicahua; Mixteco de San Juan Teita; Mixteco de San Mateo Peñasco; Mixteco de San Pablo Tijaltepec; Mixteco de San Pedro Molinos; Mixteco de Santa Cruz Itundujia; Mixteco de Santa Lucía Monteverde; Mixteco de Santa María Yosoyúa; Mixteco de Sierra Sur Noroeste; Mixteco de Yosondúa; Mixteco de Yosonotú; Mixteco del Sur Bajo; Mixteco del Sur Medio; Mixteco del Sureste Central; Mixteco del Suroeste; Mixteco del Suroeste Central | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue of Endangered Languages identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.12, -97.55 | |
1,148 | apw | Western Apache | San Carlos-Southern Tonto; San Carlos Apache; White River Apache; Cibecu; Tonto; San Carlos Cluster; Arivaipa; Apache (Western); Apache; Apache, Western; Coyotero; | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <14,000 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; Apachean | USA; | North America | 33.2563,-110.4637 | |||
6,273 | are | Western Arrarnte | Arrernte; Arrernte (Western); Arrarnta (Western); Western Aranda; Aranda; Aldolanga; Aldolinga; A’randa; Aranta; Arinta; Arranda; Arrinda; Arrundta; Arrunta; Arunda; Arunta; Arunta Ulpma; Burrin-gah; Herrinda; Ilpma; Jairunda; Oiljpma; Paroola; Ulpma; Urrundie; Ur-rundie; Waitjinga; Wonggaranda; Wongkatjeri; Wychinga; Western Arranta; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,500 | Pama-Nyungan; Arandic | Akerre; | Australia; | Australia | -22.97968655,132.4794151 | ||
10,538 | Western Baja Mixtec | Mixteco del Oeste Alto | Otomanguean; Mixtecan | Mixteco del Oeste Alto | Note on Mixtec languages: The system of classification adopted here follows the most detailed linguistic survey of Mixtec languages yet undertaken (Josserand 1983). While other sources, such as Ethnologue (18th edition), may include as many as 52 varieties of “Mixtec”, the Catalogue identifies 12 distinct Mixtec languages. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 17.63, -98.22 | ||||
3,972 | brv | Western Bru | Bru, Western; Bru (Western); Bruu; B’ru; Baru; Bru; Baroo; Brou; Leu; Leung; Muong Leong; Tri; Quàngtri Vân Kiêu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Austro-Asiatic; Katuic; Eastern Katuic; West Katuic; Brou-So | Thailand; | Southeast Asia | 16.75,104.75 | |||
6,250 | mbb | Western Bukidnon Manobo | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 19,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Greater Central Philippine; Manobo | Pulangiyen; Ilentungen; Kiriyenteken; | Philippines; | Southeast Asia | 7.66666666667,124.75 | |||
4,012 | bxr | Western Buryat | Russian Buriat; бурят-монгольский язык; buryaad xelen; буриад аялгуу; Buryat; Northern Mongolian; Burjatisch; буряад хэлэн; buriaad xelen; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50,000 | Mongolic; Common Mongolic; Northern Common Mongolic | Alar; Unga; Oka; Ekhirit; Bohaan; Barguzin; Tunka; Bulagat; Ninzne-Udinsk | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 50.8336,109.5117 | ||
9,870 | cso | Western Chinantec | jujma; Chinanteco del oeste; Sochiapám Chinantec; Chinantec; Chinanteco; Chinanteko; Sochiapan Chinantec; Sochiapam Chinantec | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,590 | Otomanguean; Chinantecan | jujma | Some sources list up to 14 different Chinantec languages. According to the most recent and accurate sources available, there are 11 different Chinantec languages, with 20 different dialects. (INALI 2009) | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | ||
4,251 | gvr | Western Gurung | Gurung; Tamu Kyi; Gurnung; Gurung, Western | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 325,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Tamangic | Southern Gurung; Northwestern Gurung | Eastern and Western Gurung do not have adequate intelligibility to handle complex and abstract discourse. Daduwa town seems central linguistically. (Lewis 2009) | The new ISO code change resulted in the inclusion of Eastern Gurung into Western Gurung (http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/639-3_ChangeRequests_2015_Summary.pdf). | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 28.3333333333,84.3333333333 |
4,058 | ctp | Western Highland Chatino | Chatino (Sierra Occidental); Chatino, Western Highland; Chatino de la Zona Alta Occidental; Cha’t-An; Sierra Occidental Chatino; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12,000 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Yaitepec Chatino; Tatalpepec Chatino; Zacatepec Chatino; San Juan Quiahije Chatino; Teotepec Chatino | Ethnologue has 6 Chatino “languages”; INALI also has 6 Chatino “variantes.” | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.25,-97.25 | |
4,857 | nhw | Western Huasteca Nahuatl | Nahuatl, Western Huasteca; Western Nahuatl; Nahuatl (Huasteca); Nahuatl; Mexicano; | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400,000 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Nahuan | Ethnologue distinguishes 28 Nahuatl languages. INALI has 30 “variantes” of Nahuatl. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 22.0,-99.0 | ||
8,549 | 1od | Western Mansi | Western Vogul; Pelym; западно-мансийский язык; Vogul; West Vogul; вогульский; маньси; моаньсь; | Dormant () | 0? | Uralic; Mansi | Pelym; Middle Loz’va; Lower Loz’va; Vagil’sk | Mansi is, with some justification, often considered to be a single language with four main groups of dialects; the linguistic differences within Mansi are, indeed, smaller than those within the otherwise comparable cases of Khanty, Selkup, and Ket. | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 61.1432,62.4023 | |
1,825 | mrj | Western Mari | Hill Mari; Cheremis; High Mari; Hill Cheremis; кырык мары; горномарийский язык; vuorimari; Western Cheremis; Tscheremissisch; westliches Mundartgebiet; Bergtscheremissisch; Cheremissian; tchérémisse; marijcy; Gorno-Mariy; marij jylme; marijskij jazyk; gornomarijskij jazyk; Bergčeremissisch; Szeremissi; Cheremiss; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50,000 | Uralic; Mari | Yaran; Kozymodemyan; | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 57.0,58.0 | ||
5,325 | raf | Western Mewahang | Rai; Newang; Newahang; Newange Rai; Newahang Jimi; Mewahang; Jindā; Meohang, Western | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4650 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Bala; Bumdemba | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.5441,87.1401 | ||
3,839 | amw | Western Neo-Aramaic | Maalula; Maaloula; Siryon; Siryōn; Loghtha Siryanoytha; Loghtha Siryanōytha; Neo-Western Aramaic; Ma’lula; Aramaic; Neo-Aramaic, Western; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Aramaic | Jubb-‘adin; Ma’lula; Bakh’a; | Syria; | Near East | 33.5039, 36.3248 | |||
9,449 | lev | Western Pantar | Lamma; Mauta; Tubbe; Pantar Barat | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10804 | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Lamma; Mauta; Tubbe | Western Pantar is a cover term first used by Holton for three mutually intelligible dialects: Mauta, Tubbe, and Lamma. Stokhof (1975) uses the term “Lamma” for all varieties of the language. A fourth dialect, Illu, is remembered by a few speakers but no longer spoken. | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -8.450514, 124.054522 | |
2,990 | yih | Western Yiddish | Yiddish; Yiddish, Western; Central Yiddish; Yidish; Judeo-German; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,400 | Indo-European; Germanic; West Germanic; High German | Midwestern Yiddish; Northwestern Yiddish; Southwestern Yiddish; | Germany;Israel;Belgium;France;Netherlands;Switzerland;Hungary; | Europe;Near East | 51.670511, 12.744141 | ||
9,969 | wew | Weyewa | Wewewa; Wejewa; Waijewa; Wajewa; Wewjewa; Waidjewa; West Sumbanese; Veveva; West-Soembasch | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >240,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Sumba-Hawu | Loura; Tana Righu; Lolina; Wee Lurri; Mbukambero; Tana Maringi; Dhikira; Waibhangga | While the dialect varieties listed are considered dialects of Weyewa, they are associated with groups of people who have different traditional cultures, clan systems, and sociolinguistics contexts. (I Wayan Arka, personal communication, November 2013) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -9.552, 119.165955 | |
1,508 | giw | White Gelao | Tú Du; Telue; Southwestern Gelao; Gelao, White; 仡佬語多羅方言; 白仡佬 | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,000 (including all the Gelao languages) | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi | White Gelao (self-designation: Telue), together with Red Gelao (gir), Green Gelao (giq), and Gao Gelao (gqu), forms the Gelao subgroup of Tai-Kadai. | China;Vietnam; | Southeast Asia;East Asia | 26.212, 105.478; 26.305, 105.743; 26.669, 105.768; 26.559, 104.960 | ||
4,542 | lwh | White Lachi | Lachi, White; Lipupõ; 白拉基 | Dormant () | 0 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Ge-Chi; Lachi | Vietnam; | Southeast Asia | 22.818, 104.571 | |||
3,346 | wii | Wiaki | Menandon; Miniden; Minidien; Wiakei | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Torricelli; Maimai | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.55974,142.4135 | |||
3,489 | tua | Wiarumus | Mandi; Imandi | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 460 | Torricelli; Marienberg Hills | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.61529, 143.7268 | |||
1,850 | mzh, wlv, mtp | Wichí | Mataco; Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay; Mataco Güisnay; Mataco Pilcomayo; Matako; Wichí; Pilcomayo Wichí | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 30,560 | Matacoan | Güisnay; Vejoz; Nocten (Weenhayek | Ethnologue lists 3 Wichí language: ([mzh] Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay, [mtp] Wichí Lhamtés Nocten, and [wlv] Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz); others have only one. | Argentina;Bolivia; | South America | -22.5, -62.5833333333 | |
1,003 | wic | Wichita | Witchita; | Dormant () | 0 | Caddoan | Waco; Tawakoni; | USA; | North America | 35.0647,-98.2788 | ||
3,349 | wie | Wik-Epa | Wikepa; Wik Epa; Wik-Eppa; Wik-Iita; Wik-Ep; Wikʔep; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -13.57825,141.720753 | ||
2,584 | wij | Wik-Iiyanh | Wik-Iyanh; Wikianji; Wikianyi; Wik-Iyena; Wik-Iiyanyi; Wik-Iiyeny; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <40 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -14.768206,142.717761 | |||
3,348 | wif | Wik-Keyangan | Wik-Keyenganh; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -13.616014,141.739978 | ||
3,347 | wih | Wik-Me’anha | Wik-Em’an; Wik; Wikmean; Wik Me’nh; Wik Muinh; Wik Me-enh; Wik Meʔnh; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <12 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -13.532244,142.033864 | |||
2,585 | wim | Wik-Mungkan | Wik-Munkan; Wik-Mungkhn; Munkan; Wik Mungkan; Wik Mimungkum; Wik-Mungkana; Wikmunkan; Mimungkum; Munkanj; Munkanu; Monkanu; Munggano; Wikmungkan; Wikmungken; Wik Mongkan; Wik Monkan; Wik-Mungken; Wik-Mongken; Munggan; Mungkañ; Wik-Mungkanha; Mungkanhu; Wik Munkan; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,060 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -22.48008965,128.9740522 | |||
1,133 | wig | Wik-Ngathana | Wikngatara; Wik Ngathara; Wik Ngathana; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Australia; | Australia | -13.754717,142.173939 | |||
2,586 | wik | Wik-Ngatharr | Wik-Ngathara; Wik-Ngatharra; Wik-Ngathrr; Wikngatara; Wik Ngathara;Wikalkan; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <86 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Kuku-Uwanh; Kuku-Muminh; Ngadanja; Kuku-Mu’inh; Kuku-Mangk; Kuku-Ugbanh; Wik-Iiyanh; Wik-Ngandjara; | Australia; | Australia | -14.192111,141.771564 | ||
3,345 | wil | Wilawila | Wila-Wila; Northern Language; Walmbi; Wila-wila; ‘Wila’Wila | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Worrorran; Northern Worrorran | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -15.98488583,126.5727527 | ||
1,146 | win | Winnebago | Ho-Chunk; Hocak Wazijaci; Hocák; Hocank; Hochank; Hock; Hochunk; Hocangara; Hotcangara; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >250 | Siouan; Mississippi Valley Siouan; Chiwere-Winnebago | USA; | North America | 42.2475,-96.4722; 44.2986,-90.8508 | |||
1,145 | wnw | Wintu | Colouse; Wintun; North Wintun; Wintu-Nomlaki; | Dormant () | 0 | Wintuan | Hayfork-Norrelmuk; Wintu proper; French Gulch; Keswick; Stillwater; Upper Sacramento; McCloud; Upper Trinity-Numsoos; Bald Hills; | Wintu-Nomlaki: 2 major dialects (dialect complexes), Wintu and Nomlaki. | USA; | North America | 39.8637,-122.0822 | |
3,324 | wrh | Wiradjuri | Wuradjeri; Wordjerg; Woradjerg; Woradjera; Woradgery; Wooratherie; Wooratheri; Woorajuri; Wooragurie; Woorad-gery; Wirrathuri; Wirrajerry; Wirrajeree; Wirrai-yarrai; Wirrai’yarrai; Wirraiyarrai; Wirraijuri; Wirraidyuri; Wirra-dthoor-ree; Wirra-dthooree; Wirradjery; Wirradhurri; Wirra-dhari; Wira-durei; Wiradurei; Wiradthuri; Wiradthery; Wiradjeri; Wiradhurri; Wiradhari; Wira-Athorree; Wi-iratheri; Wiiratheri; Wiiradurei; Werogery; Weradgerie; Weorgery; Weerarthery; Wayradgee; WarraiDurhai; Warradjerrie; Warandgeri; Waradgery; Waradgeri; Kunamildan; Berrembeel; Wirradgerry; Wirraddury; Wirrach-arree; Wirracharee; Wir-ra’jer-ree; Wirra’jerre’; Wirotheree; Wiratu-rai; Wiratheri; Wirathere; Wira-shurri; Wirashuri; Wirajeree; Wiraijuri; Wiraidyuri; Wiragere; Wiradyuri; Wiraduri; Wira-Athoree;Wiradhuri; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Pama-Nyungan; Wiradhuric | Australia; | Australia | -33.72620502,147.0281347 | |||
3,344 | wgu | Wirangu | Nhawu; Njangga; Nyangga; Warrangoo; Wirongu; Wironguwongga; Wirrung; Wirrunga; Wirrongu; Wirangga; Naljara; Wanbiri; Jilbara; Windakan; Wangon; Ngoleiadjara; Tidni and Hilleri; Tidnie; Titnie; Willeuroo; Yilrea; Nonga; Weerung; Wanggan; Yulbara; Julbari Wonnga; Yulbara wonga; Ulbarara; Youlbara; Willuro; Wilyaru; Kartawongulta; Nhangga; Tidni; Hilleri; Hillery; Illarie; Ngadha Wangga; Ngadhu wangga; Warna-biri; Wambira; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Thura-Yura | Modern Wirangu; Gawler Ranges Wirangu; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -31.57687017,132.8519652 | ||
5,177 | wiu | Wiru | Witu; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 15,300 | Isolate | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.43333,144.1333 | |||
1,674 | bcr | Witsuwit’en | Witsuwit’en-Nedut’en; Witsuwit’en-Babine; Witsuwit’en; Wet’suwet’en; Northern Carrier; Babine-Witsuwit’en; Babine; Babine Carrier; Bulkley Valley Language; Lakes District Language; Nedut’en (variety); Nadot’en; Nat’oot’en; Lake Babine | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 523 | Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit; Athabaskan; | Western ( Witsuwet’en), Eastern (Babine proper / Nedut’en) | Witsuwit’en and Nedut’en are the two main varieties of the language. Although there is a tradition of grouping Babine with Carrier (it has sometimes been referred to as “Northern Carrier”), there is a sharp linguistic and cultural boundary between the two speech communities. | Canada; | North America | 54.2395,-125.7621 | |
853 | wiy | Wiyot | Wishosk; Kowilth; Wiyoshk; Weyot | Awakening () | Algic; Ritwan | USA; | North America | 40.8333333333,-124.166666667 | ||||
10,583 | wog | Wogamusin | Wongamusin | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 368 | Sepik; Wogamus | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.23, 142.40 | |||
10,525 | woc | Wogeo | Wokeo; Uageo | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1,500 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.22, 144.10 | |||
2,214 | wbw | Woi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1800 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea | the language is claimed to have 77%% lexical similarity with neighboring Pom, Marau, and Ansus (DoBeS) | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.63, 135.48 | |||
6,734 | wyi | Woiwurrung | Bayry-Binip; Coraloon; Djadjuwuru; Douta Galla; Doutta Galla; Dutagall; Dutigalla; Gungung-willam; Gunungwillam; Jacka Jacka; Jacky Jacky; Jaga Jaga; Jagger Jagger; Jigga Jigga; Kukeruk; Kukuruk; Kurunjang; Melbourne dialect; Mort Noular; Mortnoular; N’ uther Galla; Ngarukwillam; N’uther Galla; Nuthergalla; Oorongie; Oorongir; Port Phillip; Urunjeri; Waarengbadawa; Waewarung; Wainworra; Wairwaioo; Waoorong; Warerong; Warorong; Warwaroo; Warweroo; Warworong; Wauerong; Wavarong; Wave ver rong; Waverang; Wavererong; Waverong; Wa-ver-ong; Wavoorong; Wavoo-rong; Wavorong; Wawarong; Wawaurrong; Wawoorong; Wa-woorong; Wawoo-rong; Waworong; Wa-wo-rong; Waworung; Wawroonong; Wawurong; Wawurrong; Wayoerong; Woeewoorong; Woeworong; Woeworun; Woeworung; Woewo-rung; Woewurong; Woe-wu-rrong; Woewurung; Woe-wurung; Woeywurong; Woey-wurung; Woi worung; Woi wurrung; Woi wurung; Woiwoeung ; Woiworung; Woiwurong; Woiwurra; Woi-wurrong; Woiwurru; Woi-wurru; Woiwuru; Woiwurung; Woi-Wurung; Wooeewoorong; Woororong; Woovoorong; Wooworong; Worworong; Wowerong; Wowoorong; Wurrundyirra-baluk; Wurrunjeri; Wurundjeri; Wurunjeri; Wurunjerri; Wurunjerri-baluk; Wuywurrung; Yarra; Yarra River; Yarra Yar; Yarra Yarra | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -37.64264501,145.5879962 | |||
3,328 | woe | Woleaian | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,630 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Micronesian | Woleaian; Lamotrek; | Micronesia; | Pacific | 7.33333333333,143.833333333 | |||
10,565 | wmo | Wom | Wam | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,500 | Torricelli; Kombian | Eastern Wom; Western Wom | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.53, 142.87 | ||
2,803 | wor | Woria | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6 | East Geelvink Bay | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.5893,137.9127 | ||||
5,452 | 1ke | Worla | Ola; Walajangarri; Wula; Waladjangari; Waladjaŋari; Worlaja; Walar; Wuladja; Wuladjangari; Wulu; Woorlaja; Woorla;Wurla; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5 | Worrorran; Southern Worrorran | Australia; | Australia | -17.12222176,126.7823205 | |||
2,588 | wro | Worrorra | Worora; Worrora; Wurora; Wo’rora; Worrara; Wurara; Wurura; Maialnga; Yangibaia; Wororra; Ong Komi | Dormant () | 0 | Worrorran; Western Worrorran | Australia; | Australia | -15.69549526,124.8442304 | |||
3,319 | wsv | Wotapuri-Katarqalai | Wotapūrī-Katāqalāī; Wotapuri; Dardu; Katarkalai; | Dormant () | 0? | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | This language has also been classified as Indo-Iranian, Nuristani (Edel’man 1994) | Afghanistan; | Near East | 34.4166,70.3333 | ||
6,736 | xwt | Wotjobaluk | Guli-ballaiuk; Watjo; Wattyabullak; Woitu-bullar; Wotjbaluk; Wotjo; Wotjo-ba-laiuruk; Wotjobalak; Wotjobalek; Wotjoballaiuk; Wotjoballuck; Wotjoballuk; Wotjo-balluk; Wotjo-baluk; Wotjobolak; Wotjobuluk; Woychibirik; Wudjubalug; Wudjubaluk; Wutjubaluk; Wuttyabullak; Wuttyubullak; Wutyuballeak | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Kulinic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -35.82104542,141.4179142 | |||
2,804 | wtw | Wotu | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Celebic; Wotu-Wolio | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.6303,120.888 | ||||
2,589 | nuy | Wubuy | Nunggubuyu; Nangabuya; Ningburia; Nuggaboju; Nugubuyu; Nungabuya; Nungabuyu; Nungbuju; Nunggabuyu; Nungguboiju; Nungguboiyu; Nunggubuju; Nunggubu’ju; Nungkubuyu; Nun-guboiyu; Nungubuju; Nungubuyu; Yingkwira; Nunggubuju̇; Nunggebuyu; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 300 | Gunwinyguan; East Arnhem | Australia; | Australia | -13.870039,135.736922 | |||
6,271 | 1kf | Wudjari | Widjara; Warangoo; Warranger; Warrangle; Ngokwurring; Ngokgurring; Nonga; Nunga; Yunga; Daran; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~1 | Pama-Nyungan; Nyungic | Australia; | Australia | -33.76168825,122.1094206 | |||
3,312 | wux | Wulna | Woolna; Beriguruk; Berrigurruk; Birrigarak; Djeramanga; Djerimanga; Erei; Eri; Jermangel; Perrigurruk; Waak; Wolna; Woolnah; Woolner; Woolnough; Wulnar;Wuna; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Limilngan | Australia; | Australia | -12.507736,131.334011 | |||
1,327 | bwn | Wunai Bunu | Punu; Wunai; Ngnai; Hm Nai; Wu-nai; Bunu, Wunai; 布努語唔奈方言 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Hmong-Mien; Hmongic | China; | East Asia | 24.4146,107.8378 | ||||
3,315 | wub | Wunambal | Unambal; Wunambul; Northern Language; Wumnabal; Wunambullu; Yeidji; Yeithi; Jeidji; Jeithi; Wunumabal; Woonambal; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <20 | Worrorran; Northern Worrorran | Australia; | Australia | -15.00496682,125.5973866 | |||
3,321 | wsi | Wusi | Wusi-Kerepua; Kula | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 350 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Northern Vanuatu | Vanuatu; | Pacific | -15.305522,166.704867 | |||
10,589 | wut | Wutung | Udung; Sangke | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 610 | Sko | Wutung; Sangke (Nyao) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -2.65, 141.10 | ||
1,311 | wuh | Wutunhua | Wutun; 五屯話 | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Mixed Language; Chinese-Tibetan-Mongolian | China; | East Asia | 35.791,102.4365 | |||
2,050 | hdn, hax | Xaad Kil (Haida) | Haida; K’iis Xaat’aay; Northern; Skidegate; Masset; Northern Haida; Haida (Northern); X̱aaydaa Kil | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50-100 | Isolate; North American | Skidegate; Massett; | Ethnologue considers Haida [hai] a “macrolanguage” which includes 2 languages, Northern Haida [hdn] and Southern Haida [hax]. | USA;Canada; | North America | 53.4800000, -132.3300000 | |
3,975 | xkr | Xakriabá | Chicriaba; Xacriabá; Chakriaba; Shacriaba; Chikriaba; Shakriabá; | Dormant () | 0 | Jean; Central Je | Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xakriab%C3%A1_language) says Xakriabá has been extinct since 1864. The IBGE censo (2010) says there are 40 speakers in a population of 8,074 (almost certainly inaccurate for speaker numbers). | Brazil; | South America | -14.5306,-44.0438 | ||
1,653 | xav | Xavante | Chavante; Xavánte; A’uwe Uptabi; Akuên; Akwen; A’we; Shavante; Crisca; Pusciti; Tapacua; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 13,303 | Jean; Central Je | Brazil; | South America | -15.0,-52.5 | |||
1,652 | xer | Xerente | Xerénte; Sherenté; Xerenti; Sherente; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,569 | Jean; Central Je | Brazil; | South America | -10.0,-48.1666666667 | |||
1,651 | xet | Xetá | Aré; Sheta; Cheta; Šetá; Shetá; Heta; Notobotocudo; Chetá; Setá; Ssetá; Yvaparé; Botocudo | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guaranian | Brazil; | South America | -23.2867,-53.3935 | |||
3,255 | acn | Xiandao | Xiandaohua; Chintaw; Xiantao; 仙島話 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 40 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | “Because of lack of documentation prior to 1980, the Xiandao people were incldued in the unclassified national minority category. Since 1980 they have been classified as a part of the Achang nationality. Xiandao people don’t agree with this classification; they believe they are different from Achang and should be an independent group. However, the Xiandao language is genetically very close to the Achang language. …” (Tsung and Dai 2005:179) | China; | East Asia | 24.9263,98.2414 | ||
1,185 | sjo | Xibe | Sibe; Sibo; Xibo; Xibe; Sibin; Colloquial Manchu; 錫伯語 | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~27,000 | Tungusic; Southern Tungusic; Jurchenic | A diaspora group (since 1763) of Manchu from Manchuria | China; | East Asia | 43.6599,81.3427 | ||
1,001 | xiy | Xipaya | Shipaja; Xipaia; Shipaya; Chipaia; Xipáya; Šipaya; Chipaya; Achipaie; | Dormant () | No fully competent speakers. | Tupian; Jurunan | Brazil; | South America | -4.3902,-53.9648 | |||
1,650 | xok | Xokleng | Aweikoma; Botocudo; Bugre; Shocleng; Chocleng; Shokleng; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 790 | Jean; Southern Je | Brazil; | South America | -24.5,-50.0 | |||
2,385 | has | X̄enaksialak̓ala / X̄a”islak̓ala (Haisla) | X̄enaksialak̓ala; X̄a”islak̓ala; Xiʔslak’ala; Kitamat; Kitlope; Northern Kwakiutl; Haishilla; Haisla | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 89 | Wakashan; Northern Wakashan | Kitlope; Kitamaat; | Canada; | North America | 53.6200000, -128.3700000 | ||
4,727 | muu | Yaaku | Yakunte; Yiakunte; Yiaku; Mukogodo; Mogogodo; Mukoquodo; Siegu; Yaakua; “Ndorobo”; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~50 | Afro-Asiatic; Cushitic; Lowland East Cushitic | Kenya; | Africa | .4394, 37.1777 | |||
6,740 | yxy | Yabula-Yabula | Jabulajabula; Narinari; Yabala-Yabala; Yabola; Yabulla; Yabbilyabbila; Yabbil-Yabbila; Yabula-yabula; Yillib-Yilliba; Yullaba Yullaba; Jabalajabala;Yabula Yabula; Maraban; Maragan; Moiraduban; Moitheriban; Ngarrimowro; Owanguttha; Pallaganmiddah; Panggarang; Waningotbun; Yoorta; Yurt | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yotayotic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -35.76116312,145.2320913 | |||
5,353 | rys | Yaeyama | Yayeyama; Ryukyuan; Southern Ryukyuan; Saskisima; Saskishima; 八重山語; 八重山方言 | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Unknown; perhaps only a few thousand | Japonic; Ryukyuan; Southern Ryukyuan; Macro-Yaeyama | Taketomi; Hatoma; Hateruma; Kabira; Kohama; Sonai; Ishigaki; Kuroshima; Shiraho; Aragusuku | The classification of Yaeyama as a member of the Macro-Yaeyama subgroup of Southern Ryukyuan is based on Pellard (2015). The macro-Yaeyama subgrouping is not included in classfiications such as Miyara (2015). | Japan; | East Asia | 24.342,124.1537 | |
3,356 | wfg | Yafi | Jafi; Jafi Wagarindem; Wagarindem; Wargarindem; Warlef; Yaffi; Zorop | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~170 | Pauwasi | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -3.40, 140.90 | |||
1,647 | yag | Yagan | Yahgan; Yaghan; Yamana; Yámana; Yamaná; Tequenica; Yapoo; Yagán; Háusi Kúta; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Isolate; South American | Chile; | South America | -55.0,-68.0 | |||
6,804 | yxg | Yagara | Yuggera; Jagara; Jagarabal; Jergarbal; Yaggara; Yuggara; Yugg-ari; Yackarabul; Turubul; Turrbal; Turrubul; Turrubal; Terabul; Tor-bul; Turibul; Yerongban; Yeronghan; Ninghi; Yerongpan; Biriin; Cateebil; Jagera; Jinibara; | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Durubulic | Yagara may no longer have any native speakers. However, a revitalization program is underway. | Australia; | Australia | -27.87647555,152.4602773 | |||
3,217 | yai | Yaghnobi | Yagnob; Yaghnob; Yagnobi; Yaghnabi; yaγnobīˊ zivók; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~13,500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Eastern Yagnobi; Western Yagnobi; | Tajikistan; | Near East | 39.0,69.0 | ||
1,648 | yad | Yagua | Nijyamïï Nikyejaada; Yahua; Llagua; Yava; Yegua; Yihamwo; Nijyamïï; Nikyejaada; Mishara; Yawa; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,297 | Yaguan | Peru;Colombia; | South America | -3.5,-72.0 | |||
10,557 | rhp | Yahang | Rurihi’ip; Ruruhip; Ruruhi’ip; Ya’unk | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | < 1,182? | Torricelli; Maimai | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | ||||
1,641 | ynu | Yahuna | Yaúna; Yayuna; Yauna; Jaúna; | Dormant () | Ø | Tucanoan; Western Tucanoan | Colombia; | South America | 0.174089,-70.464358 | |||
2,347 | axk | Yaka | Aka; Nyoyaka; Beká; Pygmée de Mongoumba; Pygmée de la Lobaye; Pygmées de la Sanghas; Babinga; Bambenga; Binga; Beka; Mòáka; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~30,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Nzari; Beka; Bambenzele; Basese; | Congo;Central African Republic; | Africa | 2.66666666667,16.25 | ||
3,188 | ykk | Yakaikeke | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 100 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Papuan Tip | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -10.09, 149.98 | ||||
1,380 | ybh | Yakha | Yakkha; Yakkhaba; Yakkhaba Cea; Yakkhaba Sala; Dewansala; Yākhā; Yakthomba; Rōi | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Southern Yakha; Northern Yakha; Eastern Yakha | India;Nepal; | South Asia | 27.1908,87.3358 | ||
10,454 | sah | Yakut | Sakha; якутский язык; Saxa tıla; Саха тыла; Yakutça; Yakut Türkçesi; Saha Türkçesi; Yakoute; Yakuto; 雅库特语; 야쿠트어; サハ語 | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 456288 | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Lena Turkic | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 62.3496; 130.8691 | |||
6,653 | ylr | Yalarnnga | Jalanga; Wonganja; Yalarrnga; Yallunga; Yelina; Yellanga; Yellunga; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Kalkatungic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -21.97436706, 139.9133497 | ||
10,682 | nce | Yalë | Yale; Yade; Yadë; Yare; Yarë; Nagatiman; Nagatman | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 580 | Isolate; Pacific | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.80, 141.57 | |||
10,564 | ymb | Yambes | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 860 | Torricelli; Kombian | East Yambes; West Yambes | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.51, 142.76 | |||
3,180 | yme | Yaméo | Yameo; Masamae Yameo; Llameo; Camuchivo; Masamae; Mazan; Parara; | Dormant () | 0 | Yaguan | Peru; | South America | -4.4449,-73.5644 | |||
2,945 | yaa | Yaminawa | Yaminahua; Yawanawa; Morunahua; Jaminawá; Yuminahua; Yamanawa; | Dormant () | Pano-Tacanan; Mainline | Yaminawa (large dialect complex): Brazilian Yaminawa (probably represents 2 or more dialects); Peruvian Yaminawa; Chaninawa; Chitonawa; Mastanawa; Parkenawa; Shanenawa; Sharanawa (Marinawa); Shawannawa (= Arara); Yawanawa; aminawa-arara (very similar to Shawannawa/Arara); †Nehanawa. (Fleck 2013: 12.) | Ethnologue distinguishes Sharanahua [mcd], Yaminahua [yaa], Yawanawa [ywn], and Yora [mts]. These are considered dialects of Yaminawa by Fleck (2013: 4, 12) and others. Campbell (2012:101): Sharnawa is a dialect of Yaminawa; Yaminawa includes the dialects: Sharanawa, Yawanawa, Shanenawa [Katukina de Feijó], Shawanawa [Arara], Mastanawa, Marinawa. | Brazil;Peru;Bolivia; | South America | -8.0,-73.0 | ||
3,178 | ymn | Yamna | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 560 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -2.09, 139.21 | ||||
3,216 | ybi | Yamphu | Rai; Yamphu Rai; Yamphu Kha; Yanphu; Yamphe; Jindā | Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,722 | Sino-Tibetan; Kiranti | Tomyang | Nepal; | South Asia | 27.5833333333,87.3333333333 | ||
3,788 | jay | Yan-nhangu | Yarnango; Yan-Nhangu; Nangu; Yanangu; Djinaŋ; Gunbirrdji; Gunbirri; Jaer-nungo; Jan:angu; Janango; Janjango; Jarnangu; Malara; Malarra; Murrungun; Murruŋun; Nango; Yaernungo; Yaerungo; Yanango; Yannangu; Yannaŋu; Yannhangu; Yannhaŋu; Yarenango;Jarnango; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 265 | Pama-Nyungan; Yolngu | Gurjindi; Garmalangga; Mälarra | Australia; | Australia | -12.0253188,134.9636469 | ||
6,741 | yda | Yanda | Janda; Yunda | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Maric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -21.23270508,140.5134756 | ||
8,734 | dym | Yanda Dom | Yanda Dom Dogon | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,000 | Niger-Congo; Dogon; North Plateau | Mali; | Africa | ||||
3,173 | ynd | Yandruwandha | Endawarra; Innamouka; Jandruwanta; Jandruwalda; Jendru-wonta; Jendruwonta; Yandruwunta; Yandruwonta; Yantruwanta; Yandra Wandra; Yandrawontha; Yanderawantha; Yanderawartha; Yantowannta; Yandu-wulda; Yanduwulda; Yantruwunta; Jandruwontha; Yanderwartha; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Australia; | Australia | -27.60748622,140.5779752 | |||
4,887 | nny | Yangkaal | Jangga; Jang-Kala; Janjula; Leanawa; Leeanuwa; Njangga; Njanggala; Nyangga; Njangkala; Anyuwa; Aniula; Anjula; Anula; Anuwa; Anyoola; Anyula; Unalla; Yangala; Yangarella; Yanggal; Yanula; Yanular; Yanyuwa; Yuckamurri; Yuggamurra; Djirukurumbant; Iangkala; Janga; Jangaa; Southern Tangkic; Yangkaal-Kayardild; South Wellesley; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Tangkic | Australia; | Australia | -16.906858,137.740956 | |||
302 | bsx | Yangkam | Yankam; Basharawa; Bashiri; Bashar; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.1048, 9.8904 | |||
5,986 | jng | Yangman | Jungman; Dagoman; Yungman; Yungmun; Yungmunni; Yungmanni; Yungmunee; Yungmunnee; Jongman; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Yangmanic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -15.02163749,132.7379726 | ||
4,600 | yng | Yango | Gbendere; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Ubangi | Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | ||||
10,966 | yang1309 | Yangon Sign Language | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Sign Language, Southeast Asia | Considered by some to be a dialect of “Myanmar Sign Language” (ysm) | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 16.84,96.17 | ||||
3,789 | kdd | Yankunytjatjara | Alinjera; Ankundjara; ‘Everard Range Tribe’; Janggundjara; Jangkundjadjara; Jangkundjara; Jangundjara; Jangwundjara; Jan-kundjadjara; Jan-kundjindjara; Jankuntjatara; Jankunzazara; Jankunzazzara; Kaltjilandjara; Nan-kundjara; Wirtjapakandja; Wirtjapokandja; Yangundjadjara; Yankunjara; Yankunjtjatjarra; Yankuntatjara; Kulpantja; Yankuntjatjara; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 50-70 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -27.26048662,131.9855272 | |||
1,375 | wca | Yanomam | Yanomami; Waiká; Yanoam; Yanomaé; Surara; Xurima; Parahuri; Central Waicá; Waicá; Yanam; Yanomaman language area; Yanomámi; Yanomamé; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >4,000 | Yanomaman | Yanamam; Jauari (Aica / Joari / Yoari); Kohoroxitari; Nanomam (Karime); Xamatari; Yanamam (Patimitheri /Waika); Yanomam (Guadema / Naomam / Wadema / Warema); Yanomay (Toototobi). | Brazil; | South America | 2.650011,-63.15385 | ||
4,248 | guu | Yanomamö | Guaicá; Shamateri; Guaharibo; Guajaribo; Yanomamɨ; Yamomame; Guaica; Yanomaman language area; Yanomame; Yanomami; Shamatari; Cobari Kobali; Cobariwa; Yanomani; Yanomamï; Shamatri; Shaathari; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 18,234 | Yanomaman | Western Yanomami (Parima); Eastern Yanomami (Padamo-Orinoco); | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 1.68, -64.88 | ||
4,317 | jao | Yanyuwa | Aniula; Anjula; Anula; Anuwa; Anyoola; Anyula; Anyuwa; Djirukurumbant; Iangkala; Janjula; Leanawa; Leeanuwa; Njangga; Njangkala; Unalla; Wadere; Waderi; Wadiri; Yangala; Yanula; Yanular; Yanyula; Yuggamurra; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 52 | Pama-Nyungan; Warluwaric | Australia; | Australia | -16.49279406,136.7840759 | |||
851 | yaq | Yaqui | Yaki; Cahita; Yaqui-Mayo; Kahita; Yoeme; | Vulnerable (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 21,000 | Uto-Aztecan; Southern Uto-Aztecan; Cahitan | Yaqui; Mayo; Cahita | Yaqui [yaq], Mayo [mfy], and Cahita are often distinguished though generally they are considered mutually intelligible and not separate languages. Ethnologue distinguishes Yaqui [yaq] and Mayo [mfy] as separate languages, but does not mention Cahita. | USA;Mexico; | North America;Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 27.868742,-110.279364 | |
6,806 | 1js | Yaraldi | Jarildekald; Yarrildie; Yaralde; arilde; Jaraldi; Yarildewallin; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Lower Murray | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -35.5755995, 139.2054327 | ||
3,165 | yrw | Yarawata | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 130 | Trans-New Guinea; Madang | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.9377,145.4946 | ||||
6,742 | yxl | Yardliyawarra | Yardliwarra; Yadliura; Arabatura; Jadliaura; Wonoka; Aluri; Alury; Arkaba-tura; Arkabatura; Eura; Jadlijawara; Jadloori; Yadliaura; Yadlikowera; Yadliyawarra; Yadlouri; Yaldikowera;Yardliyawara; | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Yarli | Ngurunta; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -29.79542818,141.7735309 | |
6,807 | yry | Yarluyandi | Jeljujendi; Yelyuyendi; Yarleeyandee; Yelyayendi; | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -25.83704896, 139.5843623 | ||
3,166 | yrs | Yarsun | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 200 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; North New Guinea | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
5,315 | qvn | Yaru Quechua | Northern-Junín-Pasco Quechua | Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60,000 | Quechuan; Quechua I | Oyón; Huaura; Chancay (Lima) | The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) Tarma (Quechua) is not an equivalent of Yaru Quechua, but part of it. North Junín Quechua, includes Tarma, and is more or less equivalent with Yaru Quechua. This variety extends into neighboring departments of Pasco and Lima. Several subdialects: Tarma Quechua, San Pedro de Cajas Quechua, Junín Quechua, Carhuamayo Quechua, etc. (Willem Adelaar personal communication). | Peru; | South America | -11.4166666667,-75.75 | |
1,644 | yae | Yaruro | Jaruro; Pumé; Llaruro; Yaruru; Yuapín; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 7,400 | Isolate; South American | Venezuela; | South America | 7.0,-68.0 | |||
1,642 | fun | Yaté | Fulnio; Fulino; Fulnió; Furniô; Carnijó; Fornió; Iatê; Yatê; Fórnio; Iaté; Yathé; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,998 | Isolate; South American | Yatê; Fulniô; | Brazil; | South America | -8.0,-37.5 | ||
3,158 | yyu | Yau | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -6.09554,146.8213 | ||||
5,082 | yax | Yauma | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 22,200 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Angola;Zambia; | Africa | |||||
3,128 | zpb | Yautepec Zapotec | Northwestern Yautepec Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Bartolo Yautepec | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 310 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Ethnologue list 57 Zapotec languages. INALI gives 62 “variantes” of Zapoteco. The exact number of distinct languages that need to be recognized is unclear. For most linguists the number is much lower, between 4 and 10. | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.4333,-95.9666 | ||
5,312 | qux | Yauyos Quechua | Quechua, Yauyos; Yauyos Kechua; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <450 | Quechuan; Central Quechua; Wankay | Huangascar-Topará Quechua; Chocos Quechua; Madeán | Ethnologue (2016) says of its Yauyos Quechua [qux]: “Not 1 language–a cover term for a highly differentiated linguistic area with many 1-village varieties. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].” The question of how to distinguish between entities that are dialects of a single language vs. those that are separate languages is particularly serious in the case of Quechuan languages and dialects, and much work remains to be done. Though it is well-known and very clear that there are a number of distinct languages in the Quechuan complex, some very distinct, the tendency to consider them all merely dialects of “Quechua” persists in many circles. (Cerrón-Palomino 1987.) | Peru; | South America | -12.983333,-75.116667 | |
1,640 | yvt | Yavitero | Paraene; Yavitano; | Dormant () | 0 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Venezuela; | South America | 2.800281,-68.084219 | |||
7,173 | mya-yaw | Yaw | ယော | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Myanmar; | Southeast Asia | 21.6, 94.8333 | |||
1,639 | yaw | Yawalapití | Jaulapiti; Yaulapiti; Yawalpití; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 8 | Arawakan; Southern Arawakan; Central | Brazil; | South America | -12.1702,-53.3365 | |||
1,649 | yar | Yawarana | Yabarana; Yavarana; Yauarana; Mapoyo-Yavarana; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 25? | Cariban; Venezuelan | Ethnologue (2013) lists 4 languages in its Mapoyo-Yavarana subgroup of Cariban: Mapoyo [mcg] , Pémono [pev], Tamanaku [tmz], Yabarana [yar]. Other sources differ by considering some of these to be dialects of Mapoyo-Yawarana. Gildea (personal communication 2014) reports that until we get some more reliable data, it appears that there are/were three languages: †Tamanaku, Mapoyo (ethnonym Wanai, dialect †Pémono), and Yawarana (with alternate names Orechicano, Curachicano, Woquiare). (See also Gildea 2013.) Tamanaku is long extinct, with no attested speakers for at least a century, and therefore does not have an entry of its only in this Catalogue. Mapoyo and Yawarana are generally considered separate languages, each with its own entry in this Catalogue. However, there were just some old wordlists for Yawarana and almost nothing for Mapoyo. Marie-Claude Mattéi Muller went to the Mapoyo area in the 1970s and collected some data, from which she extracted a Mapoyo wordlist (Mattéi Muller1977a, 1977b). Mattéi-Muller and Henley (1990) published Mattéi-Muller’s comparative wordlists, comparing her Mapoyo data to the published Yawarana words; they found 80% cognacy between the two and suggested maybe they were dialects of a single language. In 1998, Mattéi-Muller did fieldwork with the Yawarana, where she played a 1970s tape of Mapoyo speakers, and the Yawarana speakers (i) had difficulty understanding, but recognized Mapoyo as very closely related, and (ii) recognized the manner of speech as that of an old woman living in an isolated village far upstream. She went to this old speaker, who turned out to be the last speaker of Pémono, which seems to have been a dialect of Mapoyo (Mattéi Muller 2003). | Venezuela; | South America | 5.3863,-66.0058 | ||
3,159 | yww | Yawarrawarrka | Yawarrawarka; Jauraworka; Jaurorka; Yara-wuarka; Yarrawaurka; Yarrawurka; Yarroworka; Yauarawaka; Yaurawakka; Yauroka; Yaurorka; Yauroworka; Yawarawarka; Yerawaka; Yowerawarrika; Yowerawoolka;Yawarawarga; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Karnic | Australia; | Australia | -26.49578047, 140.609109 | |||
6,744 | jbw | Yawijibaya | Jawdjobara; Yaudjibara; Yawjibarra; Jawdjibara; Jaudjibara; Jawdjibaia; Yaudjibaia; Yawjibara; Jawadjag; Winjawindjagu; Bergalgu; Jadjiba; Jadjibaia; Jaudjibaia; Jaudji-Bara; Jawutjubar; Yaujibaia; | Dormant () | 0? | Worrorran; Western Worrorran | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -16.14740026, 123.3986329 | ||
3,212 | ybx | Yawiyo | Yabio | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60-100 | Unclassified; Leonhard Schultze? | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.45322, 142.0981 | |||
3,160 | ywr, dyd | Yawuru | Yaoro; Jaudjibara; Jawdjibaia; Jawdjibara; Yaudjibara; Yaudijbaia; Yawjibara; Jawadjag; Winjawindjagu; Jauor; Yauor; Yauera; Djauor; Yauro; Yaroro; Yawur; Jaoro; Jauro; Jawuru; Kakudu-Kakudu; Gawor; Nawudu; Jukun; Dyugun | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Nyulnyulan; Eastern Nyulnyulan | Southern Coastal Yawuru; Eastern Inland Yawuru; Northern Yawuru; Jukun; | Jukun (Dyugun, ISO 639-3: dyd) is a dialect of Yawuru (ISO 639-3: ywr). | Australia; | Australia | -17.91457525, 122.3569459 | |
6,654 | xya | Yaygir | Yegir; Jeigir; Jungai; Yegera; Yiegera; Youngai; Yaygirr | Dormant () | 0 | Pama-Nyungan; Gumbaynggiric | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -29.91558791, 153.2691386 | ||
3,156 | yah | Yazgulyami | Iazgulem; Yazgulam; Yazghulami; Yazgulyam; Yuzdomi zəvég; Zgamígi zəvég; Zgamígayi zəvég; | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000-9,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Upper Yazgulyam; Lower Yazgulyam; | The Yazgulami language belongs to the northern group of the Pamir languages which form a part of the Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages. In addition to the Yazgulami language, the other Shughni-Roshani languages — the Shughni, the Roshani, the Bartangi, the Oroshori and the Khufi languages from the West-Pamirs and the Sarikoli language from China — belong to the group. It is probable that the Vandzh language, once spoken in the River Vandzh valley, but now extinct, also belonged to the same linguistic group. (The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire) | Yazghulami is closely related to the Shughni language group | Tajikistan; | Near East | 38.5,71.5 |
3,280 | kpv-yaz | Yazva | Komi-Yazva; Eastern Permyak; коми-язьвинский язык; Коми-Ёдз кыл; Komi-Yodz kyl; jazvan komi; Komi-Javinisch; Yaz’va; Yaźva; | Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~200 | Uralic; Permian | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 60.72, 55.76 | |||
1,637 | mch | Yekuana | Ye’kuana; Yecuana; Ye’cuana’ Maquiritare; Maquiritari; Maiongong; Pawana; Pauana; Soto; Makiritare; Cunuana; De’cuana; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,630 | Cariban; Guianan | Brazil;Venezuela; | South America | 5.5,-65.0 | |||
10,812 | yle | Yele | Yélî Dnye | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 6,000 | Isolate; Pacific | Yele is sometimes grouped with the other languages of the East Papuan islands (Dunn et al. 2005a,b, Ross 2001, Wurm 1975b) but none of these groupings can be demonstrated with orthodox comparative methodology” (Hammarström, forthcoming). | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | |||
1,207 | ybe | Yellow Uyghur | Yellow Uighur; Saryg Yughur; West Yugur; Yugur, West; Sarygh Uygur; Sarig; Ya Lu; Sari Yogur; Yuku; Yugu; Sary-Uighur; šira-jögur; Sprache der gelben Uiguren; Turkic Yellow Uighur; 西部裕固語 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,600 (as of Chen & Lei 1985) | Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Yenisei Turkic | China; | East Asia | 39.002, 99.502; 38.838, 99.618 | |||
10,615 | ylg | Yelogu | Yalaku; Buiamanambu; Kaunga; Buiamanambu; Bwiamanambu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~700 | Sepik; Ndu | A language referred to as “Buiamanambu” is listed in Laycock’s (1973) survey of Sepik languages; there was no data available, but later references suggest that the village in question speaks Yelogu, and so its speaker numbers are reflected in the data below. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.10, 142.81 | ||
2,702 | jnj | Yem | Yemsa; Yemma; Janjero; Janjerinya; Janjor; Yangaro; Zinjero; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic | Toba; Fuga of Jimma; | Ethiopia; | Africa | 7.83333333333, 37.3333333333 | |||
10,602 | yra | Yerakai | Yerekai; Garamambu | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 390 | Isolate | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.29, 142.95 | |||
2,709 | yev | Yeri | Yapunda; Reiwo; Hiro; Giro; | Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 60 | Torricelli; Wapei | Older sources refer to this language as Yapunda because it is spoken in Yapunda village; however, speakers refer to their language as Yeri. | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.4667, 142.4500 | ||
1,790 | ire; ires1239 | Yerisiam | Beduba; Yeresiam; Iresim | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Close to 1,000 | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian; South Halmahera-West New Guinea; Southwest Cenderawasih Bay | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | ||||
1,435 | yrn | Yerong | 雅郎布央; 耶容布央; 土瑤; 鐵瑤; 六瑤; 央瓊 | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >300 | Tai-Kadai; Kadai; Buyang | China; | East Asia | 23.0732,106.0789 | |||
10,593 | yss | Yessan-Mayo | Maio-Yesan; Mayo-Yesan; Yasyin; Yesan; Mayo; Yamano | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 900 | Sepik; Tama | Yau (Yaw) | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.16, 142.57 | ||
10,579 | yet | Yetfa-Biksi | Yetfa; Biaksi; Biksi; Inisine | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Isolate | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -4.06, 140.65 | |||
3,201 | yej | Yevanic | Judeo-Greek; Romaniyot; Romaniote; Yevanitika; | Dormant () | Indo-European; Greek; Attic | Israel; | Near East | 31.80, 35.11 | ||||
1,886 | yey | Yeyi | Shiyeyi; Yeei; Yei; Ciyei; Koba; Kuba; Seyeyi; Seyei; Ceyei | Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 20,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Shirwanga; | Botswana;Namibia; | Africa | -20.0, 23.5 | ||
3,210 | ydg | Yidgha | Yudgha; Yudga; Yidga; Lutkuhwar | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <6,000 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Eastern Iranian | Yidgha is closely related to Munji; sometimes Munji-Yidgha is treated as one language ~Habib Borjian | Pakistan; | South Asia | 36.0024,71.6006 | ||
3,197 | yii | Yidiny | Yidini; Idinji; Boolboora; Deba; Eneby; Gerrah; Gijow; Gillah; Guwamal; Idin Idindji; Idin-Wudjar; Indindji; Jidindji; Kitba; Maimbie; Mungera Ohalo; Pegullo-Bura; Warra-Warra; Warryboora; Woggil; Yetinji; Yiddinji; Yidin; Yidindji; Yitintyi; Yukkaburra; Ilba; Mungerra; Peulloburra; Yiti-ntyi; Mungera; Pegullobura; Idin; Wudjar; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 12 | Pama-Nyungan; Yidinic | Yidiny; Madyay; Gunggay; | Australia; | Australia | -17.11594422, 145.7736814 | ||
5,447 | 81 | Yiiji | Jeidji; Yeidji; Northern Language; Forrest River; ‘Jeidji; Jeithi; Yeeji; ‘Ye’dji; Bugay; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <50 | Worrorran; Northern Worrorran | Australia; | Australia | ||||
10,545 | yll | Yil | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2,134 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.5, 142.2 | ||||
10,717 | Yilan Creole | Hanhsi Atayal; Hanxi; 寒溪話; 宜蘭克里奧爾; 寒溪泰雅語 | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~3000 | Pidgin or Creole; Japanese based | The grammar is based on Atayal, whereas 70% of the lexicon is from Japanese. | Taiwan; | East Asia | 24.610, 121.687; 24.559, 121.800; 24.417, 121.559; 24.362,121.731 | |||
2,711 | yee | Yimas | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 250 | Lower Sepik-Ramu; Lower Sepik | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -4.66666666667, 143.55 | ||||
5,709 | yim | Yimchungru Naga | Yimchungrü; Yachimi; Yanchunger; Yimchungru; Yimchunger; Yimchungre; Tozhuma; Yachumi; Yatśumi; Yimtśurr; Yimchungru | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 92,100 | Sino-Tibetan; Angami-Pochuri | Wai; Southern; Minir; Pherrongre; Yimchungru; Tikhir; Chirr | India; | South Asia | 25.9629, 94.9713 | ||
3,193 | yij | Yindjibarndi | Binjiebandie; Indjiban; Indjibandje; Indjibandji; Ingibandi; Ingi-bandi; Indjibandi; Injibandi; Jana:ri; Jind’iparndi; Jindjibandi; Jindjibanji; Jindjiparndi; Kakardi; Mandanjongo; Mardanjungu; Yanari; Yingiebandie; Yinytjiparnti; Yinjtjipartnti; Kurama-Jindjibandi; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 600-700 | Pama-Nyungan; Warluwaric | Australia; | Australia | -22.10432211, 118.0814646 | |||
3,192 | yil | Yindjilandji | Bularnu; Dhidhanu; Injdjiladji; Indjilandji; Yinjilanji; Indjilindji; Injilinji; Intjilatja; Indjurandji; Indkilindji); Inchalachee; Inchalanche; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Warluwaric | Australia; | Australia | -19.206136, 137.392852 | |||
3,198 | yia | Yingkarta | Yinggarda; Ingarda; Ingada; Jinggarda; Ingara; Ingarrah; Inparra; Kakarakala; Inggadi; Angaardi; Angaardie; Ingarra; Ingra; Ingadi; Kurudandi; Jaburua; Inggarda; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2 | Pama-Nyungan; Kartu | Southern Inggarda; Northern Inggarda; | Australia; | Australia | |||
6,808 | ywg | Yinhawangka | Inawangga; Inawongga; Ngaunmardi. Nalawonga; Ngalawongga; Ngalawonga; Ngarla; Ngarla-warngga; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Pama-Nyungan; Ngayarta | Australia; | Australia | -23.91785237, 117.5628279 | ||||
2,590 | yiy | Yir-Yoront | Jir Joront; Yirʔ Yoront; Kokomindjin; Kokomandjoen; Kokominjen; Yir Yiront; Gwandera; Kokomindjen; Mandjoen; Millera; Mind’jana; Mundjun; Myunduno; Jirjoront; Koka-mungin; KokoMandjoen; Koko-manjoen; Kokomindjan; Kokominjan; Koko-Minychéna; Kuuk-Thawvnhon; Yirrq-Thuch; Yirrq Yorront; Yirr-Yorront; Yir-yiront;Yir Yoront; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <15 | Pama-Nyungan; Paman | Dangedl; Jir’jorond; Gorminang; | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -15.15400921, 141.7960017 | |
10,542 | yis | Yis | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 489 | Torricelli; Wapei | Papua New Guinea; | Pacific | -3.5, 141.9 | ||||
6,747 | xth | Yitha-Yitha | Yitha Yitha; Eetha-eetha; Eethee Eethee; Eethie-eethie; Ita-ita; Ithi-ithi; Iti-iti; Tjuop; Yetho; Yitsa; Yit-tha | Dormant () | 0? | Pama-Nyungan; Lower Murray | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -33.9470874, 141.5854211 | ||
7,193 | 1ky | Yogyakarta Sign Language | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,600-3,300 | Sign Language; Southeast Asian | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | |||||
2,760 | yki | Yoke | Yoki; Yauke; Jauke; Pauwi; Pauwi I; Pauwi II; | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <200 | Lower Mamberamo | Indonesia; | Southeast Asia | -1.8151,137.8193 | |||
6,146 | yok | Yokuts | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10 | Yokutsan | Yokuts is a large complex of dialects, with over 40 local varieties and 6 emergent languages; 3 no longer have any native speakers. | USA; | North America | 36.0269,-118.7213 | |||
10,691 | yon | Yonggom | Yongom; Yongkom | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 4,000 | Trans-New Guinea; Ok; Lowland Ok | Indonesia;Papua New Guinea; | Southeast Asia;Pacific | -6.43, 141.21 | |||
6,656 | xyy | Yorta Yorta | Arramouro; Boonegatha; Echuca; Gunbowerooranditchgoole; Gunbowers; Jodajoda; Jotijota; Joti-jota; Kwart Kwart; Loddon tribe; Moira; ‘Ngarrimouro; Ngarrimowro; Unungun; Wol-lithiga; Woollathura; Yabola; Yodayoda; Yoda-Yoda; Yoorta; Yota; Yota Yota; Yotayota; Yota-Yota; Yoti Yoti; Yotta-Yotta; Youta; Bangerang | Awakening () | Pama-Nyungan; Yotayotic | Note on Australian languages with no known speakers: For some languages, we haven’t been able to confirm speaker numbers. In other cases, there isn’t anyone who has grown up speaking the language, but there are still people who identify with the language, and who are working to revitalize their languages. We’ve chosen to include these languages in the Catalogue for this reason. | Australia; | Australia | -36.0469555, 144.8188789 | |||
4,328 | jiu | Youle Jinuo | Jinuo; Jino; Youle; Jinuo, Youle; 攸樂基諾語 | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <10,450 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | China; | East Asia | 22.0,101.0 | |||
1,325 | buh | Younuo Bunu | Punu; Pu No; Younuo; Yunuo; Yuno; Yu-no; Hong Yao; Bunu, Younuo; 優諾語 | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Hmong-Mien; Hmongic | China; | East Asia | 24.0,107.0 | ||||
6,949 | yua | Yucatec | Yukateko; Maya (Yucatan); Yucatec(o) Proper; Maya; Yucatán Maya; Peninsular Maya; Yucateco | At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 706,000 | Mayan; Yucatecan | Mexico;Belize; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 18.78, -88.96 | |||
7,000 | msd | Yucatec Maya Sign Language | Nohya Sign Language; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Sign Language; Mexican, Central American, or Caribbean | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 20.50, -89.00 | |||
1,002 | yuc | Yuchi | Euchee; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5-7 | Isolate; North American | USA; | North America | 36.0009,-96.0988 | |||
1,635 | ycn | Yucuna | Chucuna; Matapi; Yukuna; Matapí; Jukuna; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 550 | Arawakan; Northern Arawakan; Upper Amazon | Yucuna and Garú may be dialects of a single language or separate languages. | Colombia; | South America | -0.75,-71.0 | ||
3,162 | yuu | Yug | Yugh; Southern Ket; Sym Ket; D’uk; югский язык; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <5 | Yeniseian; Northern Yeniseian | Russia; | Caucasus;Europe;East Asia | 61.0,90.0 | |||
5,257 | yub | Yugambal | Jugumbir; Jukamba; Jukambal; Jukambil; Manaldjali; Minjanbal; Ngarabal; Ngarrabul; Ngarrbal; Ngarrubul; Pregalgh; Ucumble; Ukumbil; Yacambal; Yoocomble; Yoocumbill; Yookambul; Yookumbil; Yookumbill; Yookumble; Yookumbul; Yugabeh; Yugambeh; Yugumbal; Yugumbil; Yukambal; Yukambil; Yukumba; Yukumbil; Yukumbul; Yurimbil; Minjangbal; Minyung; Minyowa; Boggangar; Kwaimbal; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Yuin-Kuric | Australia; | Australia | -29.49940566, 151.6720892 | |||
634 | yab | Yuhup | Makú-Yahup, Yëhup, Yahup, Yahup Makú, “Maku” | Vulnerable (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400-550 | Nadahup; Eastern Makuan | The term “Makú” has pejorative connotations; “Nadahup” is the preferred term for this group of languages. | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | -.5493,-69.9169 | ||
633 | yuq | Yuki | Yuqui; Bia; Yúki; mbiá | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 140 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Guarayoan | Bolivia; | South America | -16.2463,-65.0061 | |||
632 | yup | Yukpa | Yucpa-Yaprería; Japrería; Macoíta; Yuco; Yucpa; Yuko; Yupa | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <11,173 | Cariban | Coyaima; Río Casacará (Iroka); Río Maracas; Yukpa sur (Caño Padilla-La Laguna). At least 5 extant dialects including 2 in Venezuela. The Río Cascará and Río Maracas dialects are probably largest and may be separate languages. Venezuela dialects seem more similar to Río Maracas. (Ethnologue 2016.) | Colombia;Venezuela; | South America | 10.1666666667,-72.75 | ||
6,107 | ybl | Yukuben | Boritsũ; Nyikuben; Nyikobe; Ayikiben; Boritsu; Balaabe; Balaaben; Oohum; Uuhum; Uuhum-Gigi; Uhumkhegi; Gohum; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <16,000? | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Plateau | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 6.852805, 9.892777; 6.936651, 10.056507 | |||
5,245 | 1kh | Yulparija | Yulparrija; Yilparitja; Yulbaridja; Yulbaridya; Nangatara; Nangadjara; Njangadjara; Julbaritja; Julbaritja (of Man-gala); Yulbari-dja; Julbaridja; Ilbaridja; Nanidjara; Nangi; Mangai; Mangi; Julbre; YulapaRitʸa;Yulparitja; | Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Pama-Nyungan; Wati | Australia; | Australia | -20.81469107,124.5495702 | |||
2,307 | yul | Yulu | Youlou; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3,000 – 5,000 | Central Sudanic; Bongo-Bagirmi | Yulu; Binga; | Central African Republic;South Sudan;Democratic Republic of the Congo; | Africa | |||
1,634 | yuz | Yuracaré | Yurakaré, Yurucar, Yuracar, Yurujure, Cuchi, Enete | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,809 | Isolate; South American | Bolivia; | South America | -16.5833333333,-65.25 | |||
1,041 | yur | Yurok | Chillula; Mita; Pekwan; Rikwa; Sugon; Weitspek; Weitspekan; | Awakening () | Algic; Ritwan | Several sources report: Archie Thompson, the oldest living member of California’s Yurok tribe and the last known active speaker raised in the tribal language, passed away in 2013 at the age of 93. | USA; | North America | 41.0607,-124.1413 | |||
2,770 | yui | Yurutí | Yuruti; Juruti; Jurutí; Yuruti-Tapuya; Luruty-Tapuya Juriti; Juriti-Tapuia; Wayhara; Patsoka; Wajiaraye; Yuruti; Wajiara;Totsoca; Wadzana; Waikana; Waimasá; Yurutiye; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 687 | Tucanoan; Eastern Tucanoan | Brazil;Colombia; | South America | 1.0,-70.4166666667 | |||
5,987 | 1ki | Yuwaalaraay | Yualyai; Ualari; Juwalarai; Yualarai; Wullaroi; Yualai; Yerraleroi; Yuwaalayaay; | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1 | Pama-Nyungan; Wiradhuric | Yuwaalaraay proper; Yuwaaliyaay; Yuwaalayaay; | Australia; | Australia | -29.84291122,149.806501 | ||
10,434 | say | Zaar | Za:r, vik-Zaar, Vikzar, Vigzar, Saya, Sayanci, Sayawa, Seya, Seyawa, Seiyawa, Seiyara, Sayara | Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~150,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Zaar of Ɓogoro (formerly called the Lusa dialect); Zaar of Gambar Lere; Zaar of Marti; Zaar of Kal; Sigidi (Gus or Guus) | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.756303, 9.555917 | ||
3,140 | zkr | Zakhring | Charumba; Zaiwa; Meyor; Zha; 扎語; 扎話 | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <1,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Midzu | “Those in China have various clan surnames but no group autonym and are included in the Tibetan nationality, while those in India are classified as the Meyor and Zakhring tribes according to their clan names; more recently they have started to use the group name Zaiwa. The Chinese literature refers to them as Zha, from the local Tibetan term for this group, (tsa35), probably derived from the local place name Zayul” (Bradley 2007: 395). Also this language is different from Zaiwa (atb) in Yunnan, China. | India;China; | South Asia;East Asia | 28.4735,96.4764 | ||
10,489 | zaz-zak | Zakshi | Zaksi, Zaksə | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.733333, 9.233333 | |||
4,587 | zna | Zan Gula | Gula Guera; Goula; Moriil; Morre; mòrḭ̀ḭ̀l; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; North Volta-Congo; Adamawa | Zan; Chinguil; | Chad; | Africa | |||
3,144 | zau | Zangskari | Zanskari; Zaskari; Zangs-dkar; Z’angkar | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 5,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Bodish | Pakistan;India; | South Asia | 34.0833,76.85 | |||
3,146 | zah | Zangwal | Zwangal; Twar; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~100 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.229789, 9.730350 | |||
10,953 | zani1235 | Zaniza Zapotec | Zaniza Papabuco | Otomanguean; Zapotecan; Papabuco | 1 of approximately 3 Papabuco languages | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | |||||
629 | zro | Záparo | Záparo; Zápara; Kayapwe; Zaparo; Kayapi; Záparo-Conambo; Sáparo-Konambo; Sápara | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 3 | Zaparoan | Peru;Ecuador; | South America | -2.0,-76.3333333333 | |||
3,145 | zaj | Zaramo | Zalamo; Kizaramo; Dzalamo; Zaramu; Saramo; Myagatwa; | Critically Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | A few elderly speakers. | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid | Tanzania; | Africa | -6.922, 39.2409 | |||
10,485 | zaz | Zari | Zariwa; Kopti; Kwapm | Dormant () | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 9.71, 9.40 | |||
5,168 | zal | Zauzou | Rouruo; Raoruo; Jaojo; Independent Lolo; 柔若語 | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <2,100 | Sino-Tibetan; Lolo-Burmese | Bijilan; Wupijiang | classified under the Nu 怒 nationality in China | China; | East Asia | 26.1554,99.2944 | |
3,092 | zwa | Zay | Zway; Lak’i; Laqi; Gelilla; Zoay; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <4,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Semitic; Ethiopic | Ethiopia; | Africa | 8.0728, 38.8476 | |||
5,808 | zay | Zaysé-Zergulla | Zayse; Zayse-Zergulla; Zaysse; Zeyse; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 21,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Omotic; Ometo | Zergulla; Zayse; | Ethiopia; | Africa | |||
2,425 | jaj | Zazao | Jajao; Kilokaka; | Critically Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; Oceanic; Meso Melanesian | Solomon Islands; | Pacific | -8.1832,159.2269 | ||||
3,094 | zua | Zeem | Dormant () | 0 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.15, 9.266667 | ||||
10,072 | 7ri | Zefra’i | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <3,000? | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 32.805918, 52.116672 | ||||
1,259 | nzm | Zeme Naga | Zeme; Empeo; Kachcha; Kacha; Kutcha; Mezama; Sangrima; Sengima; Arung; Empui; Jeme; Zemi; Naga (Zeme); Kachcha Nagas; Naga, Zeme | Threatened (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 34,110 | Sino-Tibetan; Tibeto-Burman; Baric; Kamarupan; Kuki-Naga; Southern Naga; Zemeic | Njauna; Paren | India; | South Asia | 24.5911,93.2946;25.2318,93.0109;25.3044,93.4416; | ||
1,253 | nli-zem | Zemiaki | Zamyaki; Jamlám basa; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 400-500 | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone | Classified as being a Nuristani language by some, and a variety of Waigali by others. See Van Driem 2007 and Kieffer 1983 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages | Afghanistan; | Near East | |||
241 | zen | Zenaga | Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | >200 | Afro-Asiatic; Berber | Mauritania;Western Sahara; | Africa | 17.3333333333, -16.0 | ||||
10,872 | czn | Zenzontepec Chatino | Chatino; Northern Chatino; Chatino Occidental Alto | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~8,000 | Otomanguean; Zapotecan | Ethnologue has 6 Chatino “languages”; INALI also has 6 Chatino “variantes.” | Mexico; | Mexico, Central America, Caribbean | 16.53,-97.5; | ||
5,610 | zhb | Zhaba | Zaba; Bazi; Bozi; Draba; nDrapa; Zha; 扎巴語 | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <7,700 | Sino-Tibetan; Qiangic | China; | East Asia | 31.4,100.4734 | |||
4,573 | zil | Zialo | Ziolo; | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~25,000 | Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande | Bayawa; Wolo-Ziolo; Woyjawa; Kelighigo; Lawolozu; | Guinea; | Africa | |||
2,653 | zrn | Zirenkel | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~2,500 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; East Chadic | Chad; | Africa | 12.136, 18.4735 | ||||
3,142 | zir | Ziriya | Jiriya | Dormant () | 0 | Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Kainji | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.350721, 8.850492; 10.466733, 8.807642; | |||
3,802 | ziz | Zizilivakan | Ziziliveken; Ziliva; Àmzírív; Fali of Jilbu; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Biu-Mandara | Nigeria;Cameroon; | Africa | 10.343122, 13.555043;10.352410, 13.527552 | ||||
1,632 | pto; zoee1240 | Zo’é | Zoé; Jo’é; Buré; Poturu; Poturujara; Putur; Tupí of Cuminapanema | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 310 | Tupian; Tupi-Guaranian; Northern Tupi-Guaranian | Brazil; | South America | -0.089888,-55.785014 | |||
1,249 | zom | Zome | Zorni; Zomi; Zou; Zo; Kuki Chin; Jo; ဇိုမီး | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 17,000 | Sino-Tibetan; Kukish | India;Myanmar; | South Asia;Southeast Asia | 24.06,93.93 | |||
1,630 | gvo-zor | Zoró | Zoró; Panginey; Cabeça Seca; Pageyn | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 599 | Tupian; Mondean | Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2016) considers Zoró a dialect of Gavião do Jiparaná. For both together it gives 340 speakers (Moore 2006), and an ethnic population of 520 (2004 Associação de Defensa Etnoambiental). | Brazil; | South America | |||
4,196 | gbz | Zoroastrian Dari | Dari; “Gabri”; “Gabar”; “Yazdi”; Gabri; Yazdi; Dari, Zoroastrian; Behdinan dialect | Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Iranian; Western Iranian | Iran; | Near East | 31.8402,54.1625 | ||||
10,464 | Zul | Zùl, Bi Zule, Mbarmi, Barma, Zulawa, Zull | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~4,000 | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; West Chadic | “The Zul language is part of the Polci cluster… It is said to be the same as (m)Barma or Mbaram in older sources, but Mbaram is probably a related dialect.” (Blench 2014) | Nigeria; | Africa | 10.2, 9.566667 | |||
559 | zuy | Zumaya | Critically Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Afro-Asiatic; Chadic; Masa | Cameroon; | Africa | 10.5323, 14.3591 | |||||
627 | zun | Zuni | Zuñi; Shiwi’ma; | Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ~9,000 | Isolate; North American | USA; | North America | 35.082,-108.76 | |||
1,629 | swx | Zuruahã | Suruahá; Sorowahá; Suruwahá; Indios do Coxodoá; Zuruahá | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 136 | Arawan | Brazil; | South America | -6.8828,-66.9726 | |||
595 | gwj | |Gui | |Gwi; G/wi; /Gwi; G|wi | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,470 | Khoe; Kalahari | Khute; | |Gui and ||Gana [gnk] form a dialect cluster. | Botswana; | Africa | -22.121346, 22.416744 | |
597 | hnh | ||Ani | //Ani; /Anda; Handá; |Anda; Handádam; Handakwe-Dam; Handa-Khwe; Khwe-||Ani; ||Anikhwe; | Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,000 | Khoe; Kalahari | Khwe [xuu] and ||Ani [hnh] form a dialect cluster. | Botswana; | Africa | -18.340187, 21.792755 | ||
596 | gnk | ||Gana | //Gana; G//ana; Dxana; G//anakhwe; Gxana; Gxanna; /Khessakoe; //Ganakhwe; Kanakoe | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 1,030 | Khoe; Kalahari | |Khessákhoe; G||anakhwe; Domkhoe; G||aakhwe; | ||Gana and |Gui [gwj] form a dialect cluster. | Botswana; | Africa | -22.121346, 22.416744 | |
594 | huc | ǂHoan | ǂHua; ǂHuan; ≠Hû; =|Hua; =|Hua-Owani; |Hua; |Hû; =|Hoan; =|Hoa; ǂHõã; ǂQhôã; ǂHua-Owani; ǂHoa; Eastern ǂHuan; ǂHũã; | Severely Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | <40 | Kx’a | ǂHua; Sasi; | Botswana; | Africa | -23.735069, 23.631592 | ||
9,389 | aue | ǂKx’au||’ein | ≠Kx’au//’ein, Gobabis Kung, Kaukau, Kung-Gobabis, ≠Kx’ao//’ae, Tcg’aox’ãe, //Au/ei, ≠X’ao//’ai, Koko, Auen | Threatened (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Kx’a | Nogau; | Botswana;Namibia; | Africa | -21.238182,21.64135 | |||
1,684 | chr | ᏣᎳᎩ (Cherokee) | Iroquois; Tsalagi; Tslagi; Rickohockan; Rechahecrian; Southern Iroquoian; ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ; チェロキー語; | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 2100 | Iroquoian | Western Cherokee; Eastern Cherokee; | USA; | North America | 35.113,-84.0588; 36.7544,-98.3569 | ||
id | language_code | Language | language_family | status | speakers | origin | details | desc1 | desc2 | Country | Region | Geo-locations |
I created a new report in Data Studio and connected Google Sheet as the dataset. The rest was just to select the bubble map and add the fields I wanted to use, I did have to change the geo-coordinates to be known in the Data Studio as a longitude, latitude field.
From the map I did as part of the analysis you can see that there are thousands of languages from around the world that are currently in danger of dying out. This is a sad trend, as languages provide an identity to cultures from where societies develop and language promotes interaction and bonding between people of a group, sharing the same languages might attenuate any potential conflict felt between people.
I could find that Meänkieli the language of my maternal family is an endangered language, which is sad, there is some hope that it will live on as Meänkieli is recognized as a minority language in Sweden and that there are TV programs being made in Meänkieli and other minority languages such as the Sámi languages.
Why Languages are Dying
Most languages die out gradually as successive generations of speakers become bilingual and then begin to lose proficiency in their mother languages. This often happens when speakers seek to learn a more-prestigious language in order to gain social and economic advantages or to avoid discrimination.
Globalization is another killer of languages, the dominating effect of GDP per capita, on speaker growth rate suggests that economic growth and globalization are primary drivers of recent language speaker declines, for more details this 2014 research paper can shade more light on how globalization affects languages.
I hope this was an eye-opener for you on the languages spoken around the world and how some of them are endangered. I will leave you with an eye-opener about which countries have the most linguistic diversity.
You will find more infographics at Statista
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